Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

English (EN)·Polski (PL)·Yкраїнський (UK)
Przejdź do strony domowej biblioteki Centralna Biblioteka Wojskowa Link otwiera się w nowym oknie Logo biblioteki Prolib Integro - strona głównaCentralna Biblioteka Wojskowa

Wyszukujesz frazę "use" wg kryterium: Wszystkie pola

  Lista filtrów
Wyrównaj
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 28
Tytuł:
The use of the adjective „clair(e)” and its informational potential
Autorzy:
Perz, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/605508.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
adjectives, object classes, translation, equivalence
adjective
semantics
object classes
translation
correspondences
Opis:
Das Volume enthält keine Abstracts in deutscher Sprache.
This study seeks to approach the problem of correspondences between adjectives in the context of translation. On the basis of the French adjective clair, e analyzed as a case of study, the author demonstrates that these items could have a few interpretations in French and in Polish. Such multiple interpretations raised by polysemy can be a problem for the description of these items in lexicographical publications, as well as for translation. Correspondences between adjectives are rarely bi-univocal in two languages and this study gives some insights into the possibilities of using these terms in both languages. Differences between the senses are often highly subtle and contextually determined, so the author makes use of the theory of classes of objects. This kind of complex description allows to find the correct equivalent in another language and to make explicit the relations of equivalence between the two languages.
L'article contient uniquement les résumés en anglais.
Том не содержит аннотаций на русском языке.
Źródło:
Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature; 2018, 42, 4
0137-4699
Pojawia się w:
Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Le verbe "dire" en tant que marqueur d’approximation
The verb dire as a marker of approximation
Autorzy:
Kwapisz-Osadnik, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2051112.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
verb dire
approximative use
exact structure
almost structure
Opis:
The objective of the article is to examine the approximative and adjustive uses of the verb dire, which is mostly regarded as an assertive and eventful verb; hence nonapproximative. Meanwhile, in many expressions, in an impersonal use, in negation when the subjunctive mode is used, in the conditional forms, its evidence value is weakened and the verb dire can express approximation. The study is situated in light of the enunciation theory, notably it refers to a notion of modalisation. The corpus was established on the basis of dictionaries, which are representative for normative uses, but we will refer as well to press texts, particularly interviews, where the verb say is frequently used as a marker of the position of the speaker.
Źródło:
Linguistica Silesiana; 2019, 40; 309-320
0208-4228
Pojawia się w:
Linguistica Silesiana
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Le recours aux domaines tabouisés dans la publicité sociétale
The use of taboo areas in social advertising
Autorzy:
Woch, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/676291.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
campagne sociétale
tabou
mort
discrimination
social advertising
taboo
death
Opis:
This paper discusses the appearance of taboo topics in social advertising. It analyses the taboos employed by the authors of social campaigns in order to raise awareness of social issues relevant to their contemporary society. The corpus comprises slogans from French, Italian and Polish social campaigns.
L’article traite du tabou dans la publicité sociétale. En s’appuyant sur les exemples relevés dans un corpus de campagnes sociétales francophones, italiennes et polonaises, l’auteur analyse les tabous auxquels recourent les spécialistes de la publicité en question en vue de sensibiliser le destinataire aux sujets importants pour la société contemporaine.
Źródło:
e-Scripta Romanica; 2015, 2; 31-37
2392-0718
Pojawia się w:
e-Scripta Romanica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Interpretation of phraseological units - between collocational and co-textual use: the case of adverbial expressions
Autorzy:
Oueslati, Lassâad
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/606225.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
cotext/context, phraseology, conceptual content, semantic content, unilexical, hetero-entity/self-entity
Opis:
Das Volume enthält keine Abstracts in deutscher Sprache.
We propose to study, in this work, the semantic functioning of phraséological adverbial units. How can they make sense in their external combinatorics? What relationship do they have with the units around them? Do they impose semantic constraints on the units constituting their co-text? What are the factors of semantic variation of these units? By changing direction, do these units change their function? We will attempt to answer these questions by describing a corpus of adverbial units according to the methodological approach of the theory of the three primary functions.
We will study, in this paper, the semantic functioning of phraseological adverbial units. How can they create meaning within their external combinations? What relationship do they have with the units that surround them? Do they impose semantic constraints on the units constituting their co-text? What are the factors of semantic variation of these units? By switching meaning, do these units change their function? We will attempt to answer these questions by describing a corpus of adverbial units according to the methodological approach of the theory of the three primary functions.
Том не содержит аннотаций на русском языке.
Źródło:
Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature; 2018, 42, 4
0137-4699
Pojawia się w:
Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Faut-il privilégier l’emploi de la langue maternelle chez les adeptes de la traduction?
Is it necessary for translation didactics to let students use their mother tongue?
Autorzy:
Kasperska, Iwona
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1051568.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011-01-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Opis:
The paper describes two main methods of teaching text translation, applied in courses of literary and specialized texts translation for a general public, and in a specialized course of translation for MA advanced students. In both methods the use of Polish language as a mother tongue is considered legitimate not only as a language of translation but also as a main vehicle of communication in the process of acquiring translation skills. This role of the mother tongue is extremely important in defining the translation brief and in the evaluation of target texts. The article provides several examples in order to illustrate and justify this thesis.
Źródło:
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia; 2011, 38, 2; 87-98
0137-2475
2084-4158
Pojawia się w:
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Les erreurs de déterminants chez les étudiants en français langue étrangère: une perspective microtextuelle
Errors in the use of articles made by the students of French: a microtextual perspective
Autorzy:
Jespersen, Janine
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1053413.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007-12-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Opis:
The goal of this paper is to provide teachers of French with the origin of main errors made by Slavic students in the use of articles. In the languages of these students there are no articles. O f particular interest are binominal structures, for example: text analysis, (l’analyse de texte) vs analysis of the text, (l’analyse du texte). In the first example an entity is subcategorised as a generic entity; in the second example this expression is used as the noun of a process: the text was read, discussed, explored.
Źródło:
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia; 2000, 25; 167-181
0137-2475
2084-4158
Pojawia się w:
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Permissivités des grands topoï romanesques dans l’œuvre de Boualem Sansal
The use of literary topoï in Boualem Sansal’s novel work
Autorzy:
Romain, Lisa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1368282.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-03-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
Francophone Algerian novel
literary topoi
fiction role
Opis:
Being an author whose main struggle has been to track down relentlessly ready-for-use thought structures, the use of literary topoï is far from being self-evident for Boualem Sansal. That’s why the appearance of a topos in his novels is always the sign of a thoughtful aesthetic and ethic choice. Thus, great literary topoï of 17th and 18th centuries novels embodies, in his mind, the golden age of a fully potent fiction. Dealing with a harsh reality and expected to complete french readership expectations of documentary sources, Boualem Sansal’s work constantly intends to reassert the role of a fiction that has been too much tamed, for him, in modern literary aesthetics. That’s the way we can understand his occasional but meaningful use of topoï.
Źródło:
Romanica Silesiana; 2019, 16, 2; 229-238
1898-2433
2353-9887
Pojawia się w:
Romanica Silesiana
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
La place de l’argot dans "Le Cœur double" de Marcel Schwob
The Use of Slang in Marcel Schwob’s "Cœur double"
Autorzy:
Szkopiński, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/966790.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Marcel Schwob
French slang
"coeur double"
argot français
Opis:
"Coeur double" was published by Marcel Schwob in 1891. The language of socially unprivileged classes contrasts noticeably with the poetic and refined French used in some passages of the volume. Between these two extremes, one also finds dialects, colloquialisms and, of course, the standard register often mixed with various examples of technical and specialist vocabulary. Some of the stories also contain an important amount of slang. It can be considered an integral part of the text forming the background and the milieu of the story but it can also be used to underline the contrast or modification. Slang also plays an important role in "Coeur double" as far as the identity is concerned. Thus the obvious connection exists between the character and the language he or she uses in the text. One also notes the constant use of standard (or even formal) French by the narrator as opposed to slang being used exclusively by certain characters. Finally, one should stress the importance of the cryptic function in various passages particularly rich in slang and its correlation with Schwob’s opinions concerning artificial origins of slang expressed in his "Étude sur l’argot français".
"Coeur double" de Marcel Schwob fut publié en 1891. Dans la préface de son oeuvre, l’écrivain observe que « le coeur de l’homme est double ; l’égoïsme y balance la charité ». Les contes, ou nouvelles, qui font partie de ce premier recueil de Marcel Schwob, illustrent bien cette constatation. Le caractère pluridimensionnel de la nature humaine se manifeste dans l’ouvrage aussi au niveau du style. De même que, d’un récit à l’autre, l’histoire et la mythologie se mêlent avec le monde contemporain, le registre soigné coexiste avec l’argot des bandits et des bas-fonds. Dans la présente étude, on examine dans quelle mesure ce langage spécifique et particulièrement expressif garantit l’identité de ces groupes. Elle y est comprise aussi bien comme une marque de solidarité intérieure que comme un rempart face à la réalité extérieure. On analyse aussi la vision de l’argot, en tant que phénomène socioculturel, que Marcel Schwob met en évidence dans l’"Étude sur l’argot français."
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Romanica; 2015, 010
1505-9065
2449-8831
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Romanica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Enseignement de la littérature par le biais des méthodes théâtrales
Teaching Literature with the Use of Theatrical Methods
Autorzy:
Weselak, Afrodyta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/chapters/966660.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-03-20
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
enseignement littéraire
contexte
émotions
éducation des adultes
teaching literature
context
emotions
teaching adults
Opis:
Practical experience of the theatre can bring positive effects to scientific work. The article, based on the experience of the author, a professional actress, describes exercises addressed to students of literature, derived from the methods of Stanislavski and Grotowski and from the observations of Cialdini and Jung.
Źródło:
Quand regarder fait lire. Nouveaux défis dans l’enseignement des littératures de langue française. Pluralités européennes, n° 1/27; 115-123
9788323541035
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Le va-et-vient entre le polonais et le français en atelier de la créativité langagière
Shuttling between Polish and French in the Workshops of Creative Language Use
Autorzy:
Blachowska-Szmigiel, Marzena
Moreau, Anne-Claire
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1051561.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011-01-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to answer the question of whether the use of the Polish language by students during the workshops of creative language behaviors in philological studies hinders or facilitates students’ learning of French as a foreign language. In the first part of the paper, we specify the properties of creative language behaviors and their development in the learners of French as a foreign language, then we characterize the creative language behavior workshops organized for our students of French as a foreign language, and finally we discuss the results of our research concerning the use of the Polish language by students during the above-mentioned workshops.
Źródło:
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia; 2011, 38, 2; 73-85
0137-2475
2084-4158
Pojawia się w:
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fellini-Roma : sur les bords du Léthé. Un usage fellinien de la métalepse
Fellini-Roma: Shadows by the River Lethe. On Fellinian Use of Metalepsis
Autorzy:
Tubman-Mary, Alix
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2015109.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Komisja Nauk Filologicznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Oddział we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
Italian cinema
Fellini
Rome
metalepsis
intermediality
melancholy
Opis:
In Fellini’s Roma, the famous sequence in which ancient frescoes are discovered during the construction of the subway is a key scene and an allegory of his filmic and artistic approach. But Fellini’s boldness goes further. During the sequence, the filmmaker, using a somewhat fantastic shortcut, breaks through the wall that separates the world of the living and the forgotten world of ancient figures. He thus uses metalepsis at the heart of the film. Figures who were about to fade away under the effect of the outside world come again to life in his film, just as, in Virgil, the souls of the dead, grouped on the banks of the river Lethe, are waiting in the hope of returning to the world of the living. The film has often been compared to a patchwork, or a mosaic, imaging a complex and stratified city. But rather than a mosaic, we should speak of threshold crossings, that is to say rhetorical effects, amongst which the main one could be metalepsis. Fellini’s Roma is not only a melancholic and hectic fresco of a visionary director, but also an ever-moving network of initiatory paths. Through the Fellinian shifts and transgressions, it is the incessant renewal of Rome which is shown.
Źródło:
Academic Journal of Modern Philology; 2021, 11; 187-198
2299-7164
2353-3218
Pojawia się w:
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
L’usage visionnaire de l’hypotypose dans les tragédies de Nicolas Caussin
The Visionary Use of Hypotyposis in the Tragedies of Nicolas Caussin
Autorzy:
Chikawa, Tetsuo
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/683279.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
théâtre des jésuites
Nicolas Caussin
rhétorique
tragédie
rhetoric
Jesuit drama
tragedy
Opis:
The article aims at examining the specific use of the hypotyposis in the five latin tragedies of Nicolas Caussin, a French Jesuit priest of the 17th century. As a professor of rhetoric, he wrote a treaty of rhetoric, Eloquentiae sacrae et humanae parallela, in which are emphasized various techniques of description such as hypotyposis, following the principle of the Society of Jesus whose educational activities relied upon persuasive images. In the tragedies of Caussin, the hypotyposis is privileged to such an extent that it is used to describe not only what will happen later on the stage but also what happens in the spiritual world. The hypotyposis therefore plays an educational role which consists in imagining what lies beyond the visible. And it is the christianized vision of the “theater of the world” that provides the base for this visionary use of hypotyposis: the drama represents in a symbolic way the blindness of humans who are not aware that God observes them.
Il s’agira ici d’examiner la spécificité de l’hypotypose mise en œuvre dans les cinq tragédies latines de Nicolas Caussin, jésuite français du XVIIe siècle. Professeur de rhétorique, il rédigea un traité de rhétorique initulé Eloquentiae sacrae et humanae parallela, dans lequel il accorde une place importante aux techniques visuelles telles que l’hypotypose, selon le principe de la Compagnie de Jésus dont les activités d’enseignement faisaient appel à la puissance persuasive des images. Ainsi dans les tragédies de Caussin, l’hypotypose est privilégiée à tel point qu’elle sert à décrire ce qui se passera plus tard sur la scène, voire ce qui se produit dans le monde spirituel. L’hypotypose joue donc un rôle éducatif qui consiste à faire imaginer aux élèves l’au-delà de ce qui se donne à voir. Et c’est la vision christianisée du « théâtre du monde » qui fonde cet usage visionnaire de l’hypotypose : le théâtre représente de façon symbolique l’aveuglement des hommes qui ignorent être observés par Dieu.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Romanica; 2016, 11; 133-145
1505-9065
2449-8831
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Romanica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
L’exploitation des tice au service de l’enseignement des langues à objectif spécifique
The use of latest technologies for teaching specialist language
Autorzy:
Gajewska, Elżbieta
Sowa, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1050837.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-01-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Information and Communication Technologies in Education (ICTE)
learning/teaching foreign language
Language for specific purposes
Opis:
The so-called latest technologies in the world of today constitute an indispensable component of teaching or learning foreign languages. Given as an obvious element of social life, they are regarded by teachers as effi cient tools for acquiring and perfecting various skills, such as communicative ones. The dynamic development of the multimedia, also in the area of language teaching, incessantly faces language teachers with new challenges, whose aim is to fully utilise the potential of the latest technologies in the process of language teaching that respects learners’ individual needs. The aim of this article is to present possible ways of using the multimedia, helpful in drawing language lesson plans for vocational language groups. The article deals with the area of communication and information technologies used in the classroom as these have recently undergone changes. Also, a discussion is presented of the advantages and disadvantages of the latest multimedia used in the didactic process. The article also seeks to answer the question how much the latest technologies cater for the needs of specialist glottodidactics.
Źródło:
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia; 2014, 41, 3; 17-32
0137-2475
2084-4158
Pojawia się w:
Studia Romanica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
L’exploitation d’outils d’observation et d’évaluation élaborés pour les discussions asynchrones dans l’enseignement de l’expression argumentative en langue étrangère. Use of observation and evaluation tools elaborated for online discussions in teaching and learning argumentative tasks.
Autorzy:
Górecka, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/914303.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-01-10
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Opis:
The main problem of the paper is if tools elaborated to observe and evaluate online discussion tasks can be also applied in face-to-face context and b-learning scenarios. I will discuss the main features of those tools (Henri 1992; Gunawardena et al. 1997; Garrison et al. 2001; Newman et al. 1995; Wozniak et Silveira 2004) and focus specifically on those features which allow the negotiation of the aims and the course of the argumentative, thus inviting critical argumentation.
Źródło:
Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics; 2016, 43, 2; 147-162
0072-4769
Pojawia się w:
Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
La Charte des Nations Unies interdit-elle le recours à la force armée ?
Does the Charter of the United Nations Prohibit the Use of Armed Force ?
Autorzy:
Sur, Serge
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2091833.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Studiów Międzynarodowych
Tematy:
Charter of the United Nations
International security
Armed conflicts
Karta Narodów Zjednoczonych
Bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe
Konflikty zbrojne
Opis:
La Charte des Nations Unies interdit-elle le recours à la force armée ? C'est une question essentielle tenant compte du fait que la Charte des Nations Unies définit comme le but principal des Nations Unies le maintien de la paix et de la sécurité intrnationale. L'article est une interprétation personnelle de l'interdiction du recours à la force inscrite dans la Charte des Nations Unies. La paix, au sens positif du terme, dépassant la simple absence de conflits, mais enracinée dans la coopération pacifique et amicale entre les nations est envisagée dans l'article 55, inscrit dans le Chapitre IX qui traite de la coopération économique et sociale. La paix au sens négatif ne signifie que l'absence d'hostilités armées. C'est cette conception de la paix que la Charte des Nations Unies chereche surtout à mettre en oeuvre, établissant à cette fin un dispositif normatif et institutionnel. La garantie juridique est l'article 2 alinéa 4 qui d'une façon drastique limite le droit de l'Etat à recourir à la force dans les relations internationales La garantie institutionnelle est le Conseil de Sécurité. Son devoir est de maintenir et de rétablir la paix et la sécurité internationale et ses compétences sont définies dans le Chapitre VII de la Charte. Une question à part consitue l'article 51 de ce Chapitre qui prévoit pour l'Etat le droit naturel de légitime défense individuelle ou collective. La Charte des Nations Unies interdit-elle la guerre ? Le mot,,guerre'' ne figure dans la Charte qu'une fois, dans le Préambule, pour la condamner. Mais depuis l'entrée de la Charte en vigueur la violence internationale n'a pas disparu. L'auteur présente trois grandes lignes d'interprétation de l'article 2, alinéa 4 de la Charte : intégriste, nihiliste, pragmatique. L'interprétation intégriste, cela veut dire traditionnelle, pose que l'article 2, alinéa 4 comporte une interdiction générale et absolue de l'emploi de la force armée dans les relations internationales. L'interprétation nihiliste est à l'opposé à la précédente et s'appuye sur une appréciation réaliste de la situation acceptant de nombreux abandons dans la pratique de l'interdiction du recours à la force. L'auteur se prononce pour l'interprétation pragmatique où on cherche de concilier les normes avec la pratique internationale où le texte des normes est interprété dans le contexte de concrets événements que provoque le recours à la force. L'application de l'article 2 alinéa 4 suscite un certain nombre de problèmes : l'interdiction ne concerne que les Etats tandis que de plus en plus souvent ce sont des acteurs non-étatiques qui recourent à la force dans les relations internationales. D'autres questions concernent l'interprétation de la menace d'emploi de la force armée, de la restriction du recours à la force armée, l'emploi de la force dans le cas de réalisation du principe relatif à la responsabilité de protéger et dans le cas d'emploi de la force avec l'aval du Conseil de Sécurité. Une attention particulière consacre l'auteur au droit naturel de légitime défense individuelle ou collective, prévu dans l'article 51 de la Charte. La majorité de la doctrine considère que la légitime défense n'est qu'une exception du principe d'emploi de la force qui ne peut s'exercer qu'à l'encontre d'une agression armée d'un Etat en provenance d'un autre Etat. Dans l'article on traite encore des conceptions de la légitime défense fonctionnelle et structurelle. En conclusion l'auteur souligne la nécessité que dans le domaine de l'interdiction du recours à la force la Charte des Nations Unies soit plus ouverte, plus flexible et plus intelligente.(abstrakt oryginalny)
This question is of key importance given that maintaining international peace and security is what the Charter of the United Nations defines as the organisation's primary objective. The article constitutes an original interpretation of the prohibition of the use of force included in the Charter of the United Nations. Article 55 in Chapter IX : International Economic and Social Co-operation speaks of peace in the positive sense, that is not limited solely to the absence of conflicts but rooted in peaceful and friendly cooperation between nations. Peace in the negative sense means only the absence of armed conflicts. This concept of peace is predominant in the UN Charter, having legal and institutional guarantees. The legal guarantee is set out in Article 2 Section 4, which radically restricts the right of states to use force in international relations. The role of the institutional guarantee is played by the Security Council. Its task consists in preserving and restoring international security and peace, and its competences are determined in Chapter VII. Article 51 of the same Chapter, in turn, which provides for a state's inherent right of individual or collective self-defence. Does the UN Charter prohibit war? The word 'war' as such is used in the Charter only once, in the Preamble, where war is condemned. But violence has not disappeared from international relations since the UN Charter's entry into force. The author presents three ways to interpret Article 2 Section 4 of the UN Charter : integrist, nihilistic and pragmatic. The traditional, integrist interpretation assumes a universal and absolute ban on the use of force in international relations ; the nihilistic interpretation assumes realistic evaluation of the situation, in practice granting numerous exceptions from the prohibition of the use of force. The author himself advocates the pragmatic interpretation, where the text of the norm is interpreted in the context of specific events that bring about the use of force. The application of Article 2 Section 4 involves certain problems : the ban concerns only states, while non-state actors increasingly often use force in international relations as well. Other issues concern the interpretation of the threat of using force, restrictions to the application of the prohibition of the use of force, using force for implementing the principle of responsibility to protect and using force upon consent of the Security Council. The author separately focuses on the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence, provided for in Article 51 of the Charter. The majority of experts in the field represent the view that self-defence is an exception from the principle of using force only in the case of armed aggression of one state against another. The article further highlights the division between functional and structural self-defence. In the conclusion, the author points out the need for the UN Charter to be(original abstract)
Źródło:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations; 2016, 52, 1; 177-188
0209-0961
Pojawia się w:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 28

Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies