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    Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6
    Tytuł:
    GENDER PAY GAP IN THE MICRO LEVEL – CASE OF POLAND
    Autorzy:
    Śliwicki, Dominik
    Ryczkowski, Maciej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/453112.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Katedra Ekonometrii i Statystyki
    Tematy:
    gender pay gap
    wage inequality
    Opis:
    The paper analyzes the size of the GPG in enterprises located in Poland and with at least 10 employees. For this purpose a linear model is constructed for individual data that allows to distinguish the influence of sex, occupation and education on the earnings. That allows to explain the size of income discrepancies caused by external, objective factors and assess the magnitude of sex discrimination.
    Źródło:
    Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych; 2014, 15, 1; 159-173
    2082-792X
    Pojawia się w:
    Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The distribution of wage inequality across municipalities in Mexico: a spatial quantile regres-sion approach
    Autorzy:
    Valdez, Rolando I.
    García-Fernández, Francisco
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22443155.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
    Tematy:
    wage inequality
    spatial quantile regression
    municipalities
    Opis:
    Research background: According to classical labor economics, wage differences among regions of a country that has free-factor mobility should eventually vanish. However, the level of wage inequality among Mexican territories is increasing. The nature and causes of this discrepancy are worth identifying. Purpose of the article: To identify the spatial relationship of wage inequality that existed in the Mexican metropolitan system during the years 2010 and 2015. Methods: We develop a model of wages that considers the interaction between spatial units within a region. Then, we specify a spatial autoregressive model with the average wage per municipality as a dependent variable. This variable is spatially lagged along with other controls such as productivity, schooling, and migration. We combine data from population and economic censuses. Then, we perform a quantile regression to estimate the spatial effect of wage in a region upon quartiles of the wage distribution. Findings & value added: Wage inequality increases within a given region when the average wage increases in one of said region?s municipalities. This phenomenon occurs because in municipalities that are neighbors of the one that enjoys a wage increase, the average wage tends to decrease. The impact is larger in those municipalities whose average wage is in the lower range of the regional wage distribution. Wage inequality is also increased by internal migration and increased productivity. These latter findings are some of the first for Mexico at this aggregation level. A novel aspect of our study is its use of territory as an observation unit for which statistics from population and economic censuses are combined to draw inferences about spatial inequality.
    Źródło:
    Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2022, 17, 3; 669-697
    1689-765X
    2353-3293
    Pojawia się w:
    Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Simulation Analysis of the Effects of Increased Foreign Ownership on Wage Inequality
    Autorzy:
    Zulfiu Alili, Merita
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1036337.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Academicus. International Scientific Journal publishing house
    Tematy:
    simulation analysis
    foreign ownership
    wage inequality
    Opis:
    Transition countries have, in general, experienced an increase in labour market inequality during and after the initial transition period. Theory and empirical studies analysing the causes and mechanisms of increasing inequality in transition economies identify globalisation, skilled-biased technological change, differences in access to schooling, the pattern and level of unemployment and institutions as important factors. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has increased significantly in transition economies during the transition period and has been considered to be an important channel for the diffusion of new technology, managerial skills and new knowledge. As a result of technological and management expertise FDI may raise the level of wages in the host economies, improve working conditions and increase employment, though little previous research has focused on these effects in transition economies. Using the GINI coefficient as the measure of wage inequality a simulation analysis indicates that the net effects of FDI on wage inequality will depend in part on country specific factors, namely how large are the differences in skilled and unskilled wages, the skill-intensity of employment in foreign-owned firms compared to domestic ones and the relative size of the foreign-owned sector.
    Źródło:
    Academicus International Scientific Journal; 2014, 09; 140-158
    2079-3715
    2309-1088
    Pojawia się w:
    Academicus International Scientific Journal
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Gender Inequality and Female Sports Participation in Turkey
    Autorzy:
    Yenilmez, Meltem Ince
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1339504.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
    Tematy:
    sports
    women
    female athletes
    gender discrimination
    wage inequality
    media
    Opis:
    Research Questions: Discrimination remains a sore point for women in Turkish sports. This has subsequently hindered women from participating or building thriving careers in sports in Turkey. Many women are discouraged from taking part in professional sports due to the perceptions existing around such activities. Therefore, the Turkish female sports sector is growing at a very sluggish pace. The present study evaluates Turkish women's roles regarding connections between sports and politics to revolutionize the country. This assessment is vital to understand the barriers to Turkish women's sports participation and what can be done to encourage more women to invest in professional sports. Research Methods: The present study provides an in-depth view of the limiting factors hindering women from developing thriving professional Turkish sports careers. The research utilizes a semi-structured questionnaire to establish data from about 162 female participants (amateur and professional sportswomen) in different cities across the country. Results and Findings: The present study highlights that unequal salaries, unavailability of sports facilities for women, media misrepresentation, and pressures from the family, are some of the factors limiting the participation of females in Turkish sports. Inferences: The study provides insights on the vitality of sports programs and physical activities, everyone, including females. The study further emphasizes the need to create enabling environments that will foster female participation in Turkey's sports.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine; 2021, 33, 1; 27-41
    2300-9705
    2353-2807
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Spatial wage inequality and its sectoral determinants: the case of modern Russia
    Autorzy:
    Malkina, Marina
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/19090894.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
    Tematy:
    regional average wage
    spatial inequality
    sectoral structure of economy
    decomposition of inequality
    convergence
    Opis:
    Research background: We assume that the dynamics of spatial wage inequality can be caused by both shifts in the sectoral structures of regional economies and changes in inter-sectoral and intra-sectoral (inter-regional) wage inequality. Purpose of the article: The paper is aimed at analysis of the sectoral factors influenced the spatial wage inequality in Russia in 2005-2014. Methods: The employment-weighted Gini coefficient was applied for assessment of spatial wage inequality; the modified Lerman-Yitzhaki technique allowed to decompose it by main economic activities and their determinants; the mixed methods of factor analysis was used to evaluate the contribution of sectoral determinants to regional wage convergence in Russia. Findings & Value added: We found a weak and inconsistent convergence of Russian regions in average wage over the period under review and explained it by the opposing forces in the main economic activities. The spatial convergence was basically created by mining, manufacturing, agriculture, construction, and transport and communications activities, while wholesale and retail trade, financial intermediation and real estate operations counteracted it. The convergence was mainly facilitated by a reduction in inter-sectoral differences in wages as well as by rapprochement of the employment structures in some economic activities of Russian regions. In the meanwhile, the migration of labor force from lower wage to higher wage activities negatively affected the smoothing regional differences. Ultimately, intra-sectoral wage inequality and wages correlation in various activities rather preserved inequality. The results are applicable in the management of spatial inequality both at the regional and national levels.
    Źródło:
    Oeconomia Copernicana; 2019, 10, 1; 69-87
    2083-1277
    Pojawia się w:
    Oeconomia Copernicana
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Institutional bases of household income dispersion in Poland and in France. A retrospective analysis
    Instytucjonalne podstawy zróżnicowania dochodów ludności Polski i Francji. Analiza retrospektywna
    Autorzy:
    Gruszewska, Ewa
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1913232.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-11-13
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
    Tematy:
    zróżnicowanie dochodów
    nierówności dochodowe
    płaca minimalna
    income dispersion
    income inequality
    minimum wage
    Opis:
    Household income dispersion in Poland is growing systematically. Since the late 1970s, the Gini index has increased from 0.252 (1975) to 0.313 (2016). At the same time in France, the ratio has dropped from 0.34 (late 1970s) to 0.293 (2016). A higher income dispersion is also observed among various occupations and across genders. The ratio of minimum to average wages has increased from 33.7% (1975) to 45.45% (2019). The research period covers the period of the centrally planned economy in Poland, when income leveling was an effect of government policy, and that of the market economy, which caused significant income disparities. The research problem is the growing household income dispersion in Poland. The aim of the study was to determine the institutional sources of increasing income dispersion. The study involved a comparative analysis of income dispersion in the years 1975–2017 in the context of institutional changes taking place in these countries, especially after 1990. The author applied a hypothetico-deductive method. Having analysed income dispersion, the author made a hypothesis regarding the influence of institutional changes on this phenomenon and presented the groups of institutional factors. The conducted research indicated inequalities in Poland grew mainly as a result of high dynamics in the income of the highest earners (top 10% and 1%). The social policy of the Polish government may have had little impact on this factor. Moreover, the distributional effects of taxes and transfers were slightly weaker in Poland than in France. An increase in the scale of acceptance of the inequality level in Poland over the past few years is noteworthy. In France, the public opposition to inequality is growing, even though income inequality is lower than in many European countries.
    Zróżnicowanie dochodów ludności Polski systematycznie wzrasta. Indeks GINI od końca lat 70. XX w. wzrósł z 0,252 (1975) do 0,313 (2016). W tym samym czasie we Francji indeks ten zmniejszył się z 0,34 (koniec lat 70. XX w.) do 0,293 (2016). Wzrost zróżnicowania dochodów obserwowany jest też w przekrojach grup zawodów i płci. Towarzyszy temu zwiększenie relacji płacy minimalnej do przeciętnego wynagrodzenia z 33,7% (1975) do 45,45% (2019). Okres przyjęty do badań obejmował w Polsce gospodarkę centralnie planowaną, w którym to okresie spłaszczenie dochodów było efektem polityki państwa oraz gospodarkę rynkową, która silnie zdywersyfikowała dochody ludności. Problemem badawczym było rosnące zróżnicowanie dochodów ludności Polski. Celem podjętych badań było wskazanie instytucjonalnych źródeł wzrostu zróżnicowania dochodów ludności. Dokonano analizy porównawczej zróżnicowania dochodów w Polsce oraz we Francji za lata 1975–2017 na tle zmian instytucjonalnych, szczególnie od roku 1990. Wykorzystano metodę hipotetyczno-dedukcyjną. Postawiono hipotezę o wpływie zmian instytucjonalnych na ten problem oraz wskazano grupy czynników instytucjonalnych oddziałujących na nierówności dochodowe ludności. Przeprowadzone badania wskazały, że nierówności w Polsce rosły głównie w wyniku wysokiej dynamiki dochodów najwyżej zarabiających (10% i 1%). Działania rządu polskiego z zakresu polityki socjalnej w niewielkim stopniu mogły wpłynąć na ten czynnik. Ponadto efekty dystrybucyjne podatków i transferów w stosunku do nierówności dochodowych były w Polsce nieco słabsze niż we Francji. Zwraca uwagę wzrost skali akceptacji nierówności w Polsce w ostatnich kilkunastu latach. Natomiast we Francji rósł sprzeciw społeczeństwa wobec nierówności, mimo że ich skala jest niższa niż w wielu krajach europejskich.
    Źródło:
    Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy; 2020, 63; 141-159
    1898-5084
    2658-0780
    Pojawia się w:
    Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6

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