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Wyszukujesz frazę "valve" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Conception of the throttle-return valve for the magnetorheological fluid
Autorzy:
Pilch, Z.
Domin, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/141020.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
magnetorheological fluid
throttle valve
return valve
throttle-return valve
FEMM
Opis:
The paper presents the concept of the throttle-return valve dedicated for magnetorheological fluid. Basic properties of the magnetorheological fluid, valve conception and field calculations were presented.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2018, 67, 1; 37-49
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The researches on the tribological properties of elements of the seat insert-valve-valve guide assembly
Autorzy:
Siczek, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247690.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
combustion engine
valve timing
lightweight valve
seat insert
valve guide
Opis:
The researches have been carried out, where the object has been the elements of valve trains in the different combustion engines. Those elements have been valve, valve guide and seat insert. The analysed valves have been driven by special camshaft, with the cams of trapezoid shape. The special research stand has been elaborated and its scheme has been presented in the article. The mentioned research stand has been driven by electric motor. The rotational velocity of the camshaft has been controlled and measured. The aim of the researches has been to obtain values of wear for valve, seat insert, valve guide vs. valve lift, and rpm of camshaft. The dynamic parameters have been analyzed for the seat insert - valve - valve guide assembly, experimentally and by simulation either. During researches the values of valve lift, of valve acceleration, of temperature for seat insert and additionally sound level have been measured. The wear of valve, seat insert and valve guide has been measured, basing on their initial and post-research geometry. The results of experimental researches obtained for different materials for valve, valve guide and seat insert have been presented in the article. The simulation model of the analyzed seat insert - valve - valve guide assembly has been elaborated and presented in the article. Such model has been needed to calculate the values o f the settle velocityfor the analyzed valve. The wear of titanium valve has been a little greater than of the steel valve, the wear of cast iron seat insert mating with steel valve has been much greater than for titanium valve case. The wear of valve guides, made of bronze has been several times less than those of cast iron.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 4; 423-430
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The simulation researches on the wear for elements of the seat insert-valve-valve guide assembly
Autorzy:
Siczek, K.
Kuchar, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247694.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
combustion engine
valve timing
lightweight valve
seat insert
valve guide
Opis:
The researches have been carried out, where the object has been the elements of valve trains in the different combustion engines. Those elements have been valve, valve guide and seat insert. The analysed valves have been driven by special camshaft, with the cams of trapezoid shape. The special research stand has been elaborated and its scheme has been presented in the article. The mentioned research stand has been driven by electric motor. The rotational velocity of the camshaft has been controlled and measured. The aim of the researches has been to obtain values of wear for valve, seat insert, valve guide vs. valve lift, and rpm of camshaft. The dynamic parameters have been analyzed for the seat insert - valve - valve guide assembly, experimentally and by simulation either. During researches the values of valve lift, of valve acceleration, of temperature for seat insert and additionally sound level have been measured. The wear of valve, seat insert and valve guide has been measured, basing on their initial and post-research geometry. The results of experimental researches obtained for different materials for valve, valve guide and seat insert have been presented in the article. The simulation model of the analyzed seat insert - valve - valve guide assembly has been elaborated and presented in the article. Such model has been needed to calculate the values o f the settle velocityfor the analyzed valve. The wear of titanium valve has been a little greater than of the steel valve, the wear of cast iron seat insert mating with steel valve has been much greater than for titanium valve case. The wear of valve guides, made of bronze has been several times less than those of cast iron.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 4; 431-438
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Measurement and evaluation of functional and operational coefficients of hydraulic solenoid valve prototypes used for variable valve timing control in combustion engines
Autorzy:
Kalinowski, Marcin
Kamiński, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1837936.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Politechnika Białostocka. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Białostockiej
Tematy:
variable valve timing
hydraulic solenoid valve
prototype verification
Opis:
: This paper describes the engineering structure and functions of a typical solenoid valve used in hydraulic mechanisms that are based on variable camshaft timing (VCT). The main operating parameters and functional utility coefficients of hydraulic solenoid valves have been defined. Tests of 10 reference and 10 prototype valves were run on a test stand for a comparative assessment of both engineering concepts based on Welch and Mann–Whitney statistical tests of the mean values of designated coefficients. The studies identified differences between both designs, and the obtained research material was used as an input to improve the performance of the engineered concept. To perform a final evaluation of the effects that arise as a result of changes introduced to some functional–operational coefficients, additional tests are required to be run on an engine testbed. The applied test methodology may then be used for control and verification tests of the valves, which can further be used in VCT technology.
Źródło:
Acta Mechanica et Automatica; 2021, 15, 2; 74-81
1898-4088
2300-5319
Pojawia się w:
Acta Mechanica et Automatica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Increase of the total efficiency using the Atkinson cycle in the spark ignition engine
Autorzy:
Sendyka, B.
Sochan, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242315.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
variable valve timing
setting of valve timing
Atkinson cycle
Opis:
The paper presents the results of investigations performed on a combustion engine with Atkinson cycle included and application of variable valve timing. Investigations were carried out at constant rotational speed 2500 and 3500 RPM and at throttle opening 25% and 50%. Influence of the advance/delay angle of inlet valves closing on formation of exhaust gases toxic components such as: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitric oxides was presented. Basing on the obtained results difference of toxicity of exhaust gases before and after application of phase shifter and their concentration in places of total efficiency increments was demonstrated. Especially The Atkinson cycle comparing with conventional Otto cycle, characteristics of the electric motor applied in Toyota Prius generation, starting and work of engines (combustion engine and electric motor) during vehicle standstill, relation of specific fuel consumption in function of rotational speed for a Toyota Prius engine, generation II, in total efficiency of engines with Atkinson cycle and Mitsubishi GDI in function of rotational speed, relative increase in total efficiency as rotational speed function, influence of intake valves opening angle on concentration in exhaust gases: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitric oxides at diferrent throttle opening values are presented in the paper.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2009, 16, 2; 407-411
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The control of valve timing with magnetoelectric actuators
Autorzy:
Siczek, K.
Kuchar, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245603.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
combustion engine
camless valve timing
valve timing control
magnetoelectric drive
Opis:
The new control algorithm for the valve timing in camless combustion engine is presented in the article. The magnetoelectric actuators have been used in the valve timing for analyzed popular combustion engine. Each titanium valve has been connected with the coil of actuator. Such coil can move in the magnetic field, generated in magnet circuit containing sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets, the core, pole shoes and air gaps. The movement of coil can occur when current flows in the coil winds and then electrodynamic force is generated. The nonlinear curves of generated electrodynamic force versus displacement of coil - valve assembly and vs. current in the coil have been computed using FEM method and presented in the article. The new mathematical model has been elaborated to calculate valve lift vs. coil lift for different coil currents and dynamic parameters of the coil. The values of current in coil should be controlled by the elaborated algorithm with the feedback. This algorithm has been based on tracing of position points of valve, during valve movement. The modelled course of valve lift vs. time has been first elaborated, for the needed rpm of engine. Next the first approximated current pulse train has been generated, the movement of the coil - valve assembly could be obtained. The calculated position of valve has been compared with the valve position from modelled course of valve lift vs. time. Basing on obtained difference of valve lift, the next current pulse train has been corrected in such a way, to obtain in any moment the closest position of valve to the one from modelled course. The obtained courses of valve lift vs. time for different modelled courses of valve lift vs. time and vs. rpm of engine have been presented in the article.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2009, 16, 3; 357-365
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Tribological properties of the seat insert - valve - guide assembly for valve driven magnetoelectrically
Autorzy:
Siczek, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247681.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
combustion engine
valve timing
seat insert
valve guide
magnetoelectrical drive
Opis:
The researches have been carried out, where the object has been the set of two friction couples: valve stem - valve guide and valve seat - seat insert. The camless driven valve has been common for each of such cases. The analyzed valve has been driven by magnetoelectrical drive. The speciał research stand has been elaborated and its scheme has been presented in the article. It has been measured the valve lift and valve acceleration, the impact force, the friction force, temperature values for valve guide and for seat insert, sound level during impacting on the stand. The aim of researches has been to determine the dynamic parameters, the friction force between valve stem and valve guide, the impact force for valve impacting seat insert vs. frequency and valve lift. The analyzed valves have mated with seat inserts and valve guides made of cast iron, in oil absence. The valves have been made of TiAl6Zr4Sn2Mo2 alloy. The researched friction couples have operated in temperature equal 293 K. The increase of frequency has resulted in small changes for values of lift and in greater changes of acceleration, during valve impact into its seat insert. The greatest values of impact force and acceleration have been for the small, middle and high values of valve lift, either. The ratio of impact force and valve acceleration has changed in thin bands. The friction force has decreased slightly with frequency increase and has decreased with valve lift increase. The sound level has increased with the frequency increase, and has not been dependent upon valve lift.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 4; 439-445
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Variable valve timing scheduling in a 4-stroke internal combustion cylinder utilizing artificial neural networks
Autorzy:
Bapiri, S.
Chaghaneh, O.
Ghomashi, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/103166.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:
variable valve timing
cylinder pressure
independent valve operation
artificial neural network
Opis:
The apparently simple structure of a four-stroke internal combustion cylinder belies the complicated problem of optimizing valve operation in response to a change in crankshaft rotation speed. The objective of this study was to determine the cylinder pressure for valve event angles in order to determine the optimal strategy for the timing of valve events when independently-actuated valves are available. In this work, an artificial neural network is applied to create a prediction matrix to anticipate the best variable valve timing approach according to rotation speed.
Źródło:
Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal; 2017, 11, 3; 114-121
2299-8624
Pojawia się w:
Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Motion properties of hydraulically actuated valve train
Właściwości ruchu zaworu rozrządu wymuszanego hydraulicznie
Autorzy:
Zbierski, K.
Smoczyński, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245787.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
silniki spalinowe
rozrząd hydrauliczny
rozrząd bezkrzywkowy
zmienne fazy rozrządu
combustion engine
hydraulic valve timing
camless valve timing
variable valve timing
Opis:
This paper shows motion properties of hydraulically actuated engine valve train. The experimental model of the hydraulic valve drive is to be presented in this paper. It consists of parts: engine valve, hydraulic actuator and electric control hydraulic distributor, which control the flow of supply oil to the hydraulic actuator. It is hydraulic single-acting drive for valves of internal combustion engines. The methodology of the experimental research is to be explained. The measurements of the valve movement for the different supply pressures and for different opening distributor times were realized in this research. The recorded valve motion was base to detail analysis of velocity and acceleration of the engine valve motion. The researches show possibility of short opening time for typical valve of the high-speed internat combustion engine. Called attention to high speed and stroke against seat, while valve is closing. Especially called attention to possibility to formatting of the course of the valve lift. It may be used for better load exchange in internal combustion engines. The paper points out on the power supply of the system with the working pressure about 15 MPa what gives: smaller delay movement of the timing valve, quicker its opening, and also the large value of stroke of the timing valve.
W artykule opisano właściwości ruchu zaworu rozrządu wymuszanego hydraulicznie. Zaprezentowano model doświadczalny składający się z zaworu rozrządu, siłownika hydraulicznego i rozdzielacza sterującego przepływem oleju zasilającego siłownik hydrauliczny. Jest to model hydraulicznego napędu zaworu jednostronnego działania. Uzasadniono przyjętą metodykę badań oraz przeprowadzono pomiary przebiegów wzniosu zaworu przy różnych wartościach ciśnień zasilających siłownik hydrauliczny i różnych czasach otwarcia rozdzielacza. W oparciu o zarejestrowane przebiegi wzniosów zaworu przeprowadzono szczegółową analizę prędkości i przyspieszeń zaworu. Pokazano możliwość uzyskania krótkiego czasu otwarcia dla typowego zaworu szybkoobrotowego silnika spalinowego. Zwrócono uwagę na dużą prędkość i uderzenie zaworu o gniazdo w chwili jego zamykania. Zwrócono także uwagę na stosunkowo dużą możliwość kształtowania krzywej wzniosu. Może zostać ona wykorzystana dla polepszenia wymiany ładunku w tłokowych silnikach spalinowych. Artykuł zwraca uwagę na zasilaniu układu ciśnieniem roboczym o wartości około 15 MPa, co daje: mniejsze opóźnienie ruchu zaworu rozrządu, szybsze jego otwieranie, a także dużą wartość skoku zaworu rozrządu.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2009, 16, 3; 517-526
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Control of fiat multiair valve-lift system using atmega microcontroller
Autorzy:
Racewicz, S.
Olejnik, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242931.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
Fiat MultiAir system
valve-lift system
variable valve timing
open motor controller
Opis:
The article presents a device based on the ATmega microcontroller for precise Fiat MultiAir valve-lift system control. The Fiat MultiAir system is the patented electromechanical actuation system of the inlet valves. It allows a control of the inlet valves open time for each combustion chamber independently. The described device has been installed in the Fiat 0.9 TwinAir CNG 80 HP internal combustion engine controlled by the ECU Master open motor controller. As the ECU Master Controller software and hardware does not support Fiat’s MultiAir system control, the above-mentioned device had to be designed. The device consists of the ATmega88 microcontroller, which analyses the signals from the shaft and the cam sensors. Then, the DC converter is powering the solenoid valves of the MultiAir system via two transistors. When the solenoid valve is closed, the incompressible hydraulic fluid transmits the inletcam lobe’s motion to the valve as in a traditional engine. When the solenoid valve is open, the oil bypasses the passage, decoupling the valve, which then closes conventionally via spring pressure. In order to find the specific moments of turning the solenoids on and off the measurements on the original Fiat motor controller have been performed. The acquired oscillograms have been analysed and presented in the article. Studied Fiat 0.9 TwinAir engine is a part of the power generation unit and has been coupled with the three-phase electric power generator MeccAlte 16 kW with an AC exciter.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2017, 24, 3; 229-236
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An analysis of the impact of valve closure time on the course of water hammer
Autorzy:
Kodura, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/240994.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Budownictwa Wodnego PAN
Tematy:
time of valve closure
butterfly valve
pressure characteristic
transient flow
water hammer
Opis:
The knowledge of transient flow in pressure pipelines is very important for the designing and describing of pressure networks. The water hammer is the most common example of transient flow in pressure pipelines. During this phenomenon, the transformation of kinetic energy into pressure energy causes significant changes in pressure, which can lead to serious problems in the management of pressure networks. The phenomenon is very complex, and a large number of different factors influence its course. In the case of a water hammer caused by valve closing, the characteristic of gate closure is one of the most important factors. However, this factor is rarely investigated. In this paper, the results of physical experiments with water hammer in steel and PE pipelines are described and analyzed. For each water hammer, characteristics of pressure change and valve closing were recorded. The measurements were compared with the results of calculations perfomed by common methods used by engineers – Michaud’s equation and Wood and Jones’s method. The comparison revealed very significant differences between the results of calculations and the results of experiments. In addition, it was shown that, the characteristic of butterfly valve closure has a significant influence on water hammer, which should be taken into account in analyzing this phenomenon. Comparison of the results of experiments with the results of calculations? may lead to new, improved calculation methods and to new methods to describe transient flow.
Źródło:
Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics; 2016, 63, 1; 35-45
1231-3726
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Experimental Study of the Effectiveness of a Combined Closure of the End Gate Pipeline Valve
Autorzy:
Herasymov, Henrikh H.
Gerasimov, Ievgenii G.
Ivanov, Sergiy Y.
Pinchuk, Oleg L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/241063.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Budownictwa Wodnego PAN
Tematy:
valve closure modes
experimental installation
valve control device
results of experimental studies
Opis:
One of the ways to ensure a reliable operation of irrigation systems is to protect them from water hammer (hydraulic shock) damage that occurs when starting or stopping a pumping station. This can be achieved by creating conditions in which a water hammer will not occur in the pressure pipeline as a result of closing the end gate valve (EGV). The aim of the present study was to investigate processes occurring in the pipeline during a linear closure of the EGV, during a closure with one break point and during an intermittent closure, as well as to verify the effectiveness of a combined end gate valve closure of the pipeline. Based on experimental data and calculations, the article recommends a linear closure of the EGV with one break point.
Źródło:
Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics; 2019, 66, 1-2; 3-13
1231-3726
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Combustion control in gasoline HCCI engine with direct fuel injection and exhaust gas trapping
Autorzy:
Hunicz, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246912.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
homogeneous charge compression ignition
variable valve timing
negative valve overlap
gasoline
direct injection
Opis:
Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) seems to be the most promising solution for gasoline engines in the light of future emissions regulations. This novel combustion technique allows for significant reduction of fuel consumption and engine-out NOX emissions at low and medium engine load/speed conditions. High heat release rate enables realization of the Otto cycle close to ideal, increasing thermal efficiency. Among different approaches to invoke an auto-ignition of air-fuel mixture, exhaust gas trapping with the use of a negative valve overlap is under intensive investigations. The paper presents research results ofcontrolling an auto-ignition and combustion phasing in a single cylinder gasoline engine with direct fuel injection operated in the negative valve overlap mode. The experiments were performed at variable valvetrain settings, providing a control of EGR rate and volumetric efficiency. Additionally, the combustion process was investigated at variable air-fuel ratio. It was found that volumetric efficiency and EGR ratę are mainly dependent on exhaust valve timing, while a timing of intake valve determined combustion on-set and its duration. The effects of EGR rate and air-fuel ratio on combustion timing and exhaust gas emissions were isolated. The direct fuel injection showed its benefits versus mixture formation outside the cylinder. The application of variable injection timing provided additional possibility to control the combustion timing and exhaust emissions. However, it was found that the fuel injection strategy should be related to the engine load conditions.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 2; 137-144
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigations of applications of smart materials and methods in fluid valves and drives
Autorzy:
Milecki, Andrzej
Rybarczyk, Dominik
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/100208.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Wrocławska Rada Federacji Stowarzyszeń Naukowo-Technicznych
Tematy:
electrohydraulics
valve
drive
smart materials
Opis:
In the paper the investigations performed at the Division of Mechtronic Devices at Poznan University of Technology in the area of application of both: smart materials in electro-hydraulic and electro-pneumatic valves, and new methods to control of hydraulic servo drives, are presented. In a first part the piezo bender actuator is shortly described and its application in servo valve is proposed. This actuator replaced the torque motor in the available on the market servo valve. The new valve simulation model is proposed. The simulation and investigations results of the servo valve with the piezo bending actuator are included. In the next part of the paper the application of piezo tube actuator in flapper-nozzle pneumatic valve is described. The test stand and investigations results are presented. Later, in the article, the Model Following Control (MFC) and Fractional order Control (FoC) methods are described. Their application in control of electrohydraulic servo drive is proposed. Some investigations results are included in the paper, showing the advantages of those control methods.
Źródło:
Journal of Machine Engineering; 2019, 19, 4; 122-134
1895-7595
2391-8071
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Machine Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Impact of the sleeve thickness on the armature eccentricity in a solenoid valve
Autorzy:
Goraj, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/141681.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
solenoid valve
eccentricity
armature
sleeve
Opis:
Most studies on solenoid valves (SVs) assumed that the armature is concentrically positioned in the sleeve. Under this assumption the transversal component of the magnetic force is equal zero. The article presents an analytical calculation model for the estimation of the armature eccentricity. Using this model the eccentricity was calculated as a function of the sleeve thickness and the hydraulic clearance between the armature and the sleeve. After finding the eccentricity also the permeance of the radial air gap was calculated. This permeance has a direct influence on the drop of the magnetomotive force in the magnetic circuit and finally influences also the axial component of the magnetic force. In the article a calculation of both transversal and axial components of the magnetic force was carried out and presented in the appendix to the article.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2016, 65, 2; 371-382
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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