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Tytuł:
The Benefit of Binaural Hearing Among Listeners with Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Autorzy:
Pastusiak, Anna
Niemiec, Dawid
Kociński, Jędrzej
Warzybok, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/177608.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
hearing
speech audiometry
speech perception
audiology
Opis:
The performance of binaural processing may be disturbed in the presence of hearing loss, especially of sensorineural type. To assess the impact of hearing loss on speech perception in noise regarding binaural processing, series of speech recognition measurements in controlled laboratory conditions were carried out. The spatial conditions were simulated using dummy head recordings played back on headphones. The Intelligibility Level Difference (ILD) was determined by measuring the change in the speech reception thresholds (SRT) between two configurations of a masking signal source (N) and a speech source (S), namely the S0N90 condition (where numbers stand for angles in horizontal plane) and the co-located condition (S0N0). To disentangle the head shadow effect (better ear effect) from binaural processing in the brain, the difference between binaural and monaural S0N90 condition (so-called Binaural Intelligibility Level Difference, BILD) value was calculated. Measurements were performed with a control group of normal-hearing listeners and a group of sensorineural hearing-impaired subjects. In all conditions performance of the hearing-impaired listeners was significantly lower than normal-hearing ones, resulting in higher SRT values (3 dB difference in the S0N0 configuration, 7.6 dB in S0N90 and 5 dB in monaural S0N90). The SRT improvement due to the spatial separation of target and masking signal (ILD) was also higher in the control group (8.1 dB) than in hearing-impaired listeners (3.5 dB). Moreover, a significant deterioration of the binaural processing described by BILD was found in people with sensorineural deficits. This parameter for normal-hearing listeners reached a value of 3 to 6 dB (4.6 dB on average) and decreased more than two times in the hearing-impaired group to 1.9 dB on average (with a deviation of 1.4 dB). These findings could not be explained by individual average hearing threshold (standard in audiological diagnostics) only. The outcomes indicate that there is a contribution of suprathershold deficits and it may be useful to consider binaural SRT measurements in noise in addition to the pure tone audiometry resulting in better diagnostics and hearing aid fitting.
Źródło:
Archives of Acoustics; 2019, 44, 4; 709-717
0137-5075
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Acoustics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Credibility of native and non-native speakers of English revisited: Do non-native listeners feel the same?
Autorzy:
Hanzlíková, Dagmar
Skarnitzl, Radek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/620955.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
credibility
foreign accent
language attitudes
speech communication
speech perception
Opis:
This study reports on research stimulated by Lev-Ari and Keysar (2010) who showed that native listeners find statements delivered by foreign-accented speakers to be less true than those read by native speakers. Our objective was to replicate the study with non-native listeners to see whether this effect is also relevant in international communication contexts. The same set of statements from the original study was recorded by 6 native and 6 non-native speakers of English. 121 non-native listeners rated the truthfulness of the statements on a 7-point scale. The results of our study tentatively do confirm a negative bias against non-native speakers as perceived by non-native listeners, showing that subconscious attitudes to language varieties are also relevant in communication among non-native speakers.
Źródło:
Research in Language; 2017, 15, 3; 285-298
1731-7533
Pojawia się w:
Research in Language
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Native Speaker Perceptions of Accented Speech: The English Pronunciation of Macedonian EFL Learners
Autorzy:
Kirkova-Naskova, Anastazija
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/620562.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010-09-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
foreign accent
speech perception
native speaker
Macedonian English
Opis:
The paper reports on the results of a study that aimed to describe the vocalic and consonantal features of the English pronunciation of Macedonian EFL learners as perceived by native speakers of English and to find out whether native speakers who speak different standard variants of English perceive the same segments as non-native. A specially designed computer web application was employed to gather two types of data: a) quantitative (frequency of segment variables and global foreign accent ratings on a 5-point scale), and b) qualitative (open-ended questions). The result analysis points out to three most frequent markers of foreign accent in the English speech of Macedonian EFL learners: final obstruent devoicing, vowel shortening and substitution of English dental fricatives with Macedonian dental plosives. It also reflects additional phonetic aspects poorly explained in the available reference literature such as allophonic distributional differences between the two languages and intonational mismatch.
Źródło:
Research in Language; 2010, 8; 1-21
1731-7533
Pojawia się w:
Research in Language
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Role of Visual Speech Cues (Cued Speech) in Foreign Language Learning by Hearing School-Age Children
Autorzy:
Grabowska-Chenczke, Olga
Francuz, Piotr
Bałaj, Bibianna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31343465.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
speech perception
foreign language learning
auditory distraction
visual speech cues
Cued Speech
Opis:
In this study, we aimed to determine the role of visual speech cues in the process of foreign language learning by hearing school-age children. Our experiments used Cued Speech, a method designed for people who are deaf or hard of hearing. We expected that the principles of the method might also be beneficial for people with normal hearing because they may help distinguish the sounds of foreign speech that are difficult to hear. This study mainly focused on the effects of speech perception. We tested 126 Polish junior high school students (66 girls and 60 boys) with a normal range of phonemic hearing and language aptitude. We envisaged that foreign language learners using visual speech cues would achieve a higher score on a test of foreign language than learners who had studied the language in the traditional manner. We also formulated a hypothesis concerning the interaction of training type and training conditions on the effectiveness of foreign language learning: that the difference in the effects of foreign language learning between participants who received visual or executive training and typical training would be more significant in the presence of auditory distractors than in their absence. We observed interactions between conditions and types of training for speech sound identification. Under conditions of auditory distraction, foreign language learners using Cued Speech scored significantly higher than learners who had traditional training.
Źródło:
Roczniki Psychologiczne; 2023, 26, 3; 215-240
1507-7888
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Psychologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Perceptual Identification of Polish Vowels Due to F0 Changes
Autorzy:
Owsianny, Mariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/178026.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
F0
formants
speech perception
vowel shifts
voice quality
Opis:
The paper investigates the interdependence between the perceptual identification of the vocalic quality of six isolated Polish vowels traditionally defined by the spectral envelope and the fundamental frequency F0. The stimuli used in the listening experiments were natural female and male voices, which were modified by changing the F0 values in the ±1 octave range. The results were then compared with the outcome of the experiments on fully synthetic voices. Despite the differences in the generation of the investigated stimuli and their technical quality, consistent results were obtained. They confirmed the findings that in the perceptual identification of vowels of key importance is not only the position of the formants on the F1 × F2 plane but also their relationship to F0, the connection between the formants and the harmonics and other factors. The paper presents, in quantitative terms, all possible kinds of perceptual shifts of Polish vowels from one phonetic category to another in the function of voice pitch. An additional perceptual experiment was also conducted to check a broader range of F0 changes and their impact on the identification of vowels in CVC (consonant, vowel, consonant) structures. A mismatch between the formants and the glottal tone value can lead to a change in phonetic category.
Źródło:
Archives of Acoustics; 2019, 44, 1; 13-26
0137-5075
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Acoustics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Towards spike-based speech processing: a biologically plausible approach to simple acoustic classification
Autorzy:
Uysal, I.
Sathyendra, H.
Harris, J. G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/907947.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
kodowanie synchroniczne
blokowanie fazowe
percepcja mowy
psychoakustyka
rozpoznawanie mowy
spike coding
synchrony coding
phase locking
speech perception
psychoacoustics
speech recognition
Opis:
Shortcomings of automatic speech recognition (ASR) applications are becoming more evident as they are more widely used in real life. The inherent non-stationarity associated with the timing of speech signals as well as the dynamical changes in the environment make the ensuing analysis and recognition extremely difficult. Researchers often turn to biology seeking clues to make better engineered systems, and ASR is no exception with the usage of feature sets such as Mel frequency cepstral coefficients, which employ filter banks similar to cochlear filter banks in frequency distribution and bandwidth. In this paper, we delve deeper into the mechanics of the human auditory system to take this biological inspiration to the next level. The main goal of this research is to investigate the computation potential of spike trains produced at the early stages of the auditory system for a simple acoustic classification task. First, various spike coding schemes from temporal to rate coding are explored, together with various spike-based encoders with various simplicity levels such as rank order coding and liquid state machine. Based on these findings, a biologically plausible system architecture is proposed for the recognition of phonetically simple acoustic signals which makes exclusive use of spikes for computation. The performance tests show superior performance on a noisy vowel data set when compared with a conventional ASR system.
Źródło:
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science; 2008, 18, 2; 129-137
1641-876X
2083-8492
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Illocutionary Force of Directive Speech Acts as Perceived by Native Speakers of Polish and Dutch
Autorzy:
Wiercińska, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2015080.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Komisja Nauk Filologicznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Oddział we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
directive speech acts
request
order
suggestion
perception of directive speech acts
Polish
Dutch
Opis:
This contribution is a part of a pilot study on the mutual perception of politeness standards in Poland and in the Netherlands. In an online survey, we asked native speakers of Polish and Dutch to evaluate twenty utterances in terms of politeness. In the next step, the participants were asked to choose a term that, in their view, suits the evaluated utterance: is it, for example, a request, an order or maybe a suggestion? We examined how the respondents perceive the illocutionary force of different subtypes of directive speech acts in an informal context and whether there is a relationship between politeness and speech act names. The results show that there is a difference in how the Polish and Dutch respondents perceive the illocutionary force of speaker-controlled directive speech acts. However, there seems to be no link between the illocutionary force and the syntactic form of the evaluated utterances. The choice patterns of terms seem rather to be motivated by modality markers.
Źródło:
Academic Journal of Modern Philology; 2021, 13; 335-345
2299-7164
2353-3218
Pojawia się w:
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Roadrunners and Eagles
Autorzy:
Shockey, Linda
Ćavar, Małgorzata E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/620695.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-03-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
perception
casual speech processes
prosody
Opis:
Our previous research on perception of gated casual English by university students suggests that ceteris paribus, Polish students are much more accurate than Greeks. A recent pilot study of casually-spoken Polish leads us to the conclusion that many shortcuts found in English are also common in Polish, so that similar perceptual strategies can be used in both languages, though differing in detail. Based on these preliminary results, it seems likely that perceptual strategies across languages tend towards the “eagle” approach - where a birds-eye view of the acoustic terrain without too much emphasis on detail is found - or the “roadrunner” approach, where phonetic detail is followed closely. In the former case, perceivers adjust easily to alternation caused by casual speech phonology while in the latter, perceivers expect little variation and possibly even find it confusing. Native speakers of Greek are “roadrunners”, since there is little phonological reduction in their language there is little difference, for example, between stressed and unstressed syllables. We suggest that native speakers of Polish join English speakers as “eagles”, which gives them a natural perceptual advantage in English. There is a conceptual similarity between this idea and that of the stress- or syllable-timed language, and we hypothesise that as in this case, there is a cline rather than a sharp division between eagles and roadrunners. As usual, more research is called for.
Źródło:
Research in Language; 2013, 11, 1; 97-102
1731-7533
Pojawia się w:
Research in Language
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The influence of segmental errors and stress-placement errors on Polish listeners’ perceived degree of foreignaccentedness in non-native speech
Autorzy:
Borkowska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28409197.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-01
Wydawca:
Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT – Wrocławskie Wydawnictwo Oświatowe
Tematy:
foreign accent perception
stress-deafness
non-native speech
Opis:
Polish listeners’ perception of different types of errors in non-native speech was studied with a focus on segmental and stress-placement errors. The stimuli consisted of the speech produced by Polish learners of Russian, Czech, and Spanish origins. The results which were obtained suggest that segmental errors (i.e., errors related to the pronunciation of segments) influence the foreignaccentedness perceived by Polish listeners significantly more than stress-placement errors. That is probably due to stress-deafness experienced by native speakers of Polish. While stress-placement errors resulted in relatively low scores in terms of foreignaccentedness, the ratings for segmental errors depended on the L1 group of the speakers. Segmental errors produced by speakers of Spanish were rated as the most foreign-sounding, followed by Czech and Russian. One possible explanation is that it was caused by the sound systems of Russian, Czech, and Polish being pretty similar, while the Spanish sound system is somewhat different.
Źródło:
Beiträge zur allgemeinen und vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft; 2021, 10; 21-42
2299-4122
2657-4799
Pojawia się w:
Beiträge zur allgemeinen und vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pitch Processing of Speech : Comparison of Psychoacoustic and Electrophysiological Data
Autorzy:
Wrzosek, M.
Maculewicz, J.
Hafke-Dys, H.
Nowik, A.
Preis, A.
Kroliczak, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/177776.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
pitch processing of speech
auditory perception-motor dissociation
mismatch negativity
Opis:
The present study consisted of two experiments. The goal of the first experiment was to establish the just noticeable differences for the fundamental frequency of the vowel /u/ by using the 2AFC method. We obtained the threshold value for 27 cents. This value is larger than the motor reaction values which had been observed in previous experiments (e.g. 9 or 19 cents). The second experiment was intended to provide neurophysiological confirmation of the detection of shifts in a frequency, using event-related potentials (ERPs). We concentrated on the mismatch negativity (MMN) - the component elicited by the change in the pattern of stimuli. Its occurrence is correlated with the discrimination threshold. In our study, MMN was observed for changes greater than 27 cents - shifts of ±50 and 100 cents (effect size - Cohen’s d = 2.259). MMN did not appear for changes of ±10 and 20 cents. The results showed that the values for which motor responses can be observed are indeed lower than those for perceptual thresholds.
Źródło:
Archives of Acoustics; 2013, 38, 3; 375-381
0137-5075
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Acoustics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Foreign Accents in Polish: Non-native Speakers’ and Native Listeners’ Views
Autorzy:
Szpyra-Kozłowska, Jolanta
Radomski, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/620554.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-12-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
foreign-accented Polish
foreign accent perception and evaluation
attitudes to accented speech
Opis:
As in recent years a growing number of foreigners have been settling in Poland and learning our language, Poles have found themselves in a fairly new situation of being increasingly exposed, both in direct contacts and through the media, to their mother tongue pronounced with a variety of foreign accents. In a series of studies (Szpyra- Kozłowska and Radomski 2012, in press, Szpyra-Kozłowska 2013b) we have undertaken an examination of how such accents are perceived and evaluated by Polish listeners. The issues that have come under scrutiny so far concerned identification of the speakers’ origin, evaluation of different accents in terms of their intelligibility, degree of accentedness and acceptance, establishing the major perceptual properties of several accents and examining their salience. In the present paper we focus on the participants of communication which involves accented Polish, i.e. non-native speakers and native listeners, and their views on this phenomenon. We examine them in two questionnaire studies, one administered to 40 foreign learners of Polish and the other one to 80 native listeners. Thus, our study sets itself the following goals: to examine what attitudes Poles take towards Polish-speaking foreigners and their accents in particular (Questionnaire 2); to juxtapose these opinions with foreign learners’ experience of Poles’ reactions to accented Polish (Questionnaire 1); to draw implications for the phonetic training of foreigners who undertake to learn Polish.
Źródło:
Research in Language; 2013, 11, 4; 377-388
1731-7533
Pojawia się w:
Research in Language
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Speech Enhancement Based on the Multi-Scales and Multi-Thresholds of the Auditory Perception Wavelet Transform
Autorzy:
Tao, Z.
Zhao, H. M.
Zhang, X-J.
Wu, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/177021.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
speech enhancement
low SNR
auditory perception wavelet transform
unvoiced enhancement
masking effect
Opis:
This paper proposes a speech enhancement method using the multi-scales and multi-thresholds of the auditory perception wavelet transform, which is suitable for a low SNR (signal to noise ratio) environment. This method achieves the goal of noise reduction according to the threshold processing of the human ear’s auditory masking effect on the auditory perception wavelet transform parameters of a speech signal. At the same time, in order to prevent high frequency loss during the process of noise suppression, we first make a voicing decision based on the speech signals. Afterwards, we process the unvoiced sound segment and the voiced sound segment according to the different thresholds and different judgments. Lastly, we perform objective and subjective tests on the enhanced speech. The results show that, compared to other spectral subtractions, our method keeps the components of unvoiced sound intact, while it suppresses the residual noise and the background noise. Thus, the enhanced speech has better clarity and intelligibility.
Źródło:
Archives of Acoustics; 2011, 36, 3; 519-532
0137-5075
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Acoustics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Impact of the level of noise and echo on the reaction time of listeners in the perception of logatoms
Autorzy:
Brachmański, Stefan
Dobrucki, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2146651.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Politechnika Poznańska. Instytut Mechaniki Stosowanej
Tematy:
perception
listener’s time reaction
speech quality
percepcja
czas reakcji słuchacza
jakość mowy
Opis:
The article presents the results of research regarding the impact of the degree of distortion and noise of the logatom (nonsense word) on the listener's reaction time. The study aimed to determine the maximum reaction time of listeners, which will allow determining the time after which the logatom will be exposed in the speech quality assessment method with an alternative choice. The research was carried out with the participation of a group of ten students. A strong relationship between the results obtained and the concentration of the listeners was found, as well as the effect of fatigue, training, and the gender of the listener. The obtained results indicate that in the method with an alternative choice before the logatom emission should appear 1.1 s initial sequence, which will eliminate the situation when the listeners did not recognize the initial phoneme transmitted from the logatom.
Źródło:
Vibrations in Physical Systems; 2021, 32, 2; art. no. 2021215
0860-6897
Pojawia się w:
Vibrations in Physical Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Perception of persons with ataxia
Autorzy:
Jakubowska, Luba
Kazimierska- Zając, Magdalena
Rosińczuk, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/628655.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Fundacja Pro Scientia Publica
Tematy:
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA), self-presentation, perception of persons with ataxia, image, neurological speech disorders
Opis:
Aim. The aim of the paper is to present the reasons of the forming of erroneous, unfavourable perception of persons with spinocerebellar ataxia. Concept. Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) are a group of degenerative disorders leading to damage of the cerebellum and its connections (Klockgether, Paulson, 2011). The following are distinguished among the neurological speech difficulties present in persons with SCA: dysphagia (difficulties with swallowing leading to problems with eating), speech disorders, and mental disorders. Each of these groups of disorders may lead to the stigmatisation of persons with SCA. Such persons might be seen as sloppy and helpless, and the specificity of speech impairments and uncoordinated movements as well as their irregular gait may cause these persons to be perceived as inebriated. Such presumptions lead to difficulties in social functioning and may be the cause of discrimination, including the denial of help. Conclusion: What is helpful in combating prejudice is, first and foremost, the dissemination of knowledge about the condition, including launching social campaigns presenting the labelled symptoms of SCA. What is more, work with the patient ought to be focused on the development of coping strategies in the social environment rather than alleviating physical difficulties exclusively.
Źródło:
Journal of Education Culture and Society; 2018, 9, 1; 82-88
2081-1640
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Education Culture and Society
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sociolinguistic Factors Influencing the Perception of Non-Native Speech
Czynniki socjolingwistyczne wpływające na percepcję mowy z obcym akcentem
Autorzy:
Bryła-Cruz, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1886579.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
mowa z obcym akcentem
percepcja angielszczyzny Polaków
non-native speech
the perception of Polish-accented English
Opis:
W artykule zaprezentowano dane empiryczne dotyczące percepcji angielszczyzny Polaków przez trzy grupy rodzinnych użytkowników z Wysp Brytyjskich (Anglików, Irlandczyków i Szkotów). Głównym celem przeprowadzonego badania było sprawdzenie, w jakim stopniu socjolingwistyczny kontekst odbiorcy (płeć, wiek, wykształcenie, stopień osłuchania z angielszczyzną Polaków i częstotliwość kontaktów z Polakami) wpływa na odbiór mowy z obcym akcentem. Sędziowie oceniali dwie próbki dźwiękowe angielszczyzny Polaków pod względem natężenia obcego akcentu i irytacji, którą one wywołują u słuchaczy. Analiza danych pokazała, że wiek i płeć respondentów nie ma wpływu na ocenę powyższych parametrów (zaobserwowane różnice nie są istotne statystycznie). Wykształcenie odbiorców oraz stopnień osłuchania z angielszczyzną Polaków różnicował natomiast ocenę odsłuchiwanych próbek.
The article presents empirical data on the perception of Polish-accented English by three groups of native listeners from the British Isles (the English, the Irish and the Scottish). The main aim of the study is to explore to what extent informants’ evaluative judgements are conditioned by non-linguistic factors such as age, gender, education, familiarity with Polish-accented English and the frequency of interaction with Poles. The listeners rate the samples of Polish-accented English on two parameters, i.e. foreign accentedness and irritation they evoke. The analysis has revealed that respondents’ age and gender do not influence their judgments (the differences are not statistically significant). Education, prior experience with Polish-accented English and the frequency of interaction with Poles, on the other hand, exert influence on how the speakers are rated.
Źródło:
Roczniki Humanistyczne; 2014, 62, 10; 11-32
0035-7707
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Humanistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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