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Tytuł:
The efficiency of foreign direct investments in Poland - does the risk of investing in emerging market country lead to a high rate of return?
Efektywność bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych w Polsce - czy ryzyko inwestowania na rozwijającym się rynku wiąże się z wysoką stopą zwrotu?
Autorzy:
Zabolotnyy, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/868111.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists
Tematy:
efficiency
foreign direct investment
Polska
risk
market
return rate
high rate
Opis:
The goal of a research was to determine the efficiency of foreign direct investments (FDI) in Poland comparing to alternative forms of capital allocation. The analysis of Polish FDI according to economic activity and geographical zone was conducted. In 2000-2012 the inward position of FDI rose significantly due to a surge in equity capital and reinvested earnings as well as in other capital in form of various debt instruments. Generally the rate of return on FDI in Poland was higher than the Polish and US government bond yields that gave an evidence of a higher efficiency of FDI comparing to a low risk financial instruments.
Celem badań było określenie efektywności polskich bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych (BIZ ) w porównaniu z alternatywnymi formami inwestowania kapitału. Przeprowadzono analizę polskich BIZ według rodzaju działalności gospodarczej oraz strefy geograficznej. W latach 2000-2012 stan zobowiązań z tytułu BIZ znacząco wzrósł na skutek zwiększenia wartości zobowiązań z tytułu udziałów kapitałowych i reinwestowanych zysków, a także pozostałego kapitału w formie instrumentów dłużnych. Stopa zwrotu z BIZ w Polsce była wyższa niż rentowność polskich i amerykańskich obligacji skarbowych, co potwierdzało wyższą efektywność BIZ w porównaniu z instrumentami finansowymi o niższym poziomie ryzyka.
Źródło:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu; 2015, 17, 6
1508-3535
2450-7296
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
What Determines the Success of an IPO? Analysis of IPO Underpricing on the Warsaw Stock Exchange
Autorzy:
Małachowski, Paweł
Gadowska dos Santos, Dominika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1356521.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-01-21
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Ekonomicznych
Tematy:
IPO underpricing
stock exchange debut
initial rate of return
Opis:
This article aimed to analyse the factors that influence the level of underpricing of an initial public offering (IPO) on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE), based on the example of 101 companies debuting on the main market between 2010 and 2019. We discuss the theories that explain IPO underpricing and the research conducted so far on the Polish market. In the main part of the article, we present the results of our study aimed at identifying and characterising the hitherto-unrecognised factors determining IPO underpricing, which is a contribution to the current research on WSE trends. Our findings point to three variables that influence the level of underpricing: the involvement of private equity or venture capital funds in the transaction, the rate of return of the WSE Index in the 6 months before the IPO, and the amount of capital offered during the debut.
Źródło:
Central European Economic Journal; 2021, 8, 55; 1 - 14
2543-6821
Pojawia się w:
Central European Economic Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A merger of pension funds - a stochastic model
Problem fuzji funduszy emerytalnych - model stochastyczny
Autorzy:
Białek, Jacek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/907051.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
average rate of return of a group of pension funds
martingale
Opis:
In Polish law there exists a definition of the average rate of return of a group of pension funds which, as it was proved by Gajek and Kaluszka (2000), does not satisfy some economic postulates. These authors proposed another definition of the average rate of return. In this paper we consider the problem of a merger of pension funds taking into consideration both measures. We will show that relations between the presented definitions can be different in the case of a merger of any funds.
W polskim prawie funkcjonuje definicja przeciętnej rentowności grupy funduszy emerytalnych, która - jak pokazali Gajek i Kałuszka (2000) - nie spełnia pewnych ekonomicznie zasadnych postulatów. Jednocześnie zaproponowali oni nową miarę dla przeciętnego zwrotu grupy funduszy. W niniejszym artykule omówiony zostaje problem fuzji funduszy emerytalnych z punktu widzenia tych różnych miar. Okaże się, że relacje zachodzące pomiędzy miarami są inne w przypadku, gdy dochodzi do przejęcia któregoś z funduszy.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 2008, 216
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An analysis of the dynamics of higher education’s influence on the level of wages
Autorzy:
Król, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/424835.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
Mincer model
pseudo rate of return to tertiary education
dynamic analysis
Opis:
The paper focuses on an assessment of the changes over time in tertiary education’s influence on the level of wages with the application of the Mincerian earnings function method. The conducted empirical research allowed for the identification of growth patterns in the so called pseudo rate of return to higher education in Poland and Germany in the last decade (using data from the Polish Social Diagnosis and German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP)). In addition, an analysis of dynamics of influence of auxiliary factors on earnings (such as gender, geographical location, character of work etc.) is given. Since 1998, when the Sorbonne Declaration was signed, the development and modernization of higher education have been the priorities of the European Union policies. A significant part of the postulated reforms require changes in the area of funding of universities, in particular encouraging a shift from centralized input oriented funding mechanisms towards decentralized outcome oriented financing. In that context one of the key problems is the measurement of the efficiency and effectiveness of various aspects of higher universities activities, including the education area.
Źródło:
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics; 2014, 1(43); 60-73
1507-3866
Pojawia się w:
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An attempt at identification sources of variation in monthly net incomes among persons with tertiary education
Autorzy:
Targaszewska, Marta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/425247.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
analysis of variance
ANOVA
rate of return to education
income
higher education
Opis:
The paper presents the results of the analysis of factors differentiating the level of monthly net incomes in Poland. In the first step of the research, one-way ANOVA was applied in order to verify whether the level of education influences incomes. Subsequently, it was investigated whether such variables as sex, age, the class of residence, region, experience, study major and occupation additionally differentiate the incomes of persons with a higher education. The analysis makes use of the individual data from Social Diagnosis gathered in 2009. All the calculations were performed with the application of IBM SPSS STATISTICS 20 package.
Źródło:
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics; 2013, 1(39); 210-221
1507-3866
Pojawia się w:
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Do investors care about CSR? Evidence from Polish public listed companies
Czy inwestorzy biorą pod uwagę społeczną odpowiedzialność biznesu? Świadectwa empiryczne z polskich spółek giełdowych
Autorzy:
Kłysik-Uryszek, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2028197.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
social responsibility
risk
rate of return
beta coefficient
Treynor formula
Sharpe formula
Opis:
The CSR (corporate social responsibility) concept has become an increasingly important part of corporations’ strategies and plans. However, it does not have to translate into investors’ decisions to buy their shares. The article investigates the relationships between companies implementing a CSR strategy, the rates of return on their stocks, and their investment risk. The paper aims to verify whether applying a CSR strategy affects stock market parameters (lower risk, higher investment profitability) and whether investors consider CSR companies less risky or more profitable and reliable than non-CSR firms. The following hypotheses have been formulated: (I) CSR companies are less risky (in terms of investment risk) than non-CRS ones; (II) CSR companies are characterized by higher rates of return than non-CSR ones.
Źródło:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym; 2020, 23, 4; 53-63
1899-2226
2353-4869
Pojawia się w:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Covid-19 cases influencing the Stock Exchange indices on the example of BIST100 in Turkey, NASDAQ in the USA and WIG in Poland
Wpływ Covid-19 na indeksy giełdowe na przykładzie BIST100 w Turcji, NASDAQ w USA i WIG w Polsce
Autorzy:
Bolek, Cezary
Bolek, Monika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2121908.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-06-20
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Covid-19
giełda
stopa zwrotu
Covid 19
Stock Exchange
Rate of Return
Opis:
The purpose of the article/hypothesis: The goal of this paper is to show differences between markets’ reactions to a number of Covid-19 new cases. Stock exchanges and their indices from Turkey, the USA and Poland are analyzed during the first year of the global pandemic. The hypothesis that there are significant differences between markets regarding the reaction to new Covid-19 cases is tested in this research paper. Methodology: BIST100 Index representing the Istanbul Stock Exchange in Turkey, NASDAQ Composite representing NASDAQ Exchange in the USA and WIG Index representing the Warsaw Stock Exchange in Poland are analyzed in relation to Covid-19 new cases. The correlation analysis with delays of markets’ reactions and panel data OLS regression models are tested with rates of return as dependent variables. Results of the research: The findings show the immediate negative influence of new cases rates of change on the stock indices rates of return, although there are some differences and similarities between correlation coefficients, especially when the delays in reactions are taken into consideration. The Turkish exchange was reacting immediately to the rates of change of new Covid-19 cases, the US exchange needed more time to adjust, while in Poland the correction was detected after investors’ over-reaction in the first two weeks. The significant difference between the Polish and US markets regarding the correlation is confirmed indicating that the reactions on the global market were not identical. What the findings add to the literature is the evidence of differences and similarities between markets representing different religions, continents, and cultures.
Cel artykułu/hipoteza: Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza wpływu wykrytych nowych przypadków Covid 19 na rynki giełdowe w Turcji, USA i Polsce w ciągu pierwszego roku trwania pandemii. Testowana hipoteza brzmi: istnieją istotne różnice między reakcją badanych rynków na informacje o liczbie nowych przypadków Covid-19. Metodyka: Do analizy korelacji i regresji na danych panelowych wzięto pod uwagę indeksy reprezentujące giełdy: BIST100 z Istanbul Stock Exchange w Turcji, NASDAQ Composite z NASDAQ w USA oraz WIG z Warszawskiej Giełdy Papierów Wartościowych w Polsce. Wyniki/Rezultaty badania: Wyniki wskazują na bezpośredni negatywny wpływ względnej zmiany liczby przypadków na stopy zwrotu indeksów giełdowych na rozpatrywanych rynkach, chociaż istnieją pewne różnice i podobieństwa między współczynnikami korelacji, zwłaszcza gdy uwzględni się opóźnienia reakcji rynków. Giełda turecka natychmiast reagowała na ogłaszaną liczbę nowych przypadków Covid-19, giełda amerykańska potrzebowała więcej czasu na reakcję, podczas gdy w Polsce korekta była konieczna po nadmiernej reakcji na informację o nowych przypadkach. Wykazano, że istnieje istotna różnica między współczynnikami korelacji między badanymi zjawiskami na rynkach w Polsce I USA.
Źródło:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe; 2022, 2, 34; 7-25
2391-6478
2353-5601
Pojawia się w:
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On influenece of the Taylor series remainder on unanticipated rates of return on fixed income bond portfolios
Autorzy:
Olbryś, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/206662.pdf
Data publikacji:
1999
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Badań Systemowych PAN
Tematy:
wypukłość
bond portfolios
convexity
duration
fixed income bonds
rate of return
Taylor series
Opis:
Changes in spot rates, unknown aprriori to investors, induce unanticipated rates of return on all financial market instruments. In this paper we introduce and investigate a concept of the rest of a bond. The concept is related to the Taylor series remainder and gives a better approximation to an unanticipated rate of return of fixed income bonds and bond portfolios. It is shown that the rest of the portfolio composed of fixed income bounds is a convex combination of the rests of these bonds. A stronger version of the theorem on rates of return on fixed income bond portfolios is given.
Źródło:
Control and Cybernetics; 1999, 28, 4; 789-797
0324-8569
Pojawia się w:
Control and Cybernetics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Positioning equity mutual funds performance with the use of various risk measures
Autorzy:
Żebrowska-Suchodolska, Dorota
Karpio, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2128548.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:
risk
rate of return
open-end mutual fund of shares
investment performance
ranking of funds
Opis:
Purpose – Verifying the hypothesis that the ranking positions of funds are not repeatable during periods of changing market conditions. The subject of research are equity investment funds operating on the Polish market in the years 2003-2017. Research method – The research employed various risk measures appearing in investment performance indicators: as measures of variability relative to the average rate of return or market benchmark as well as measures of potential investor losses. Performance comparisons were made in five-year subperiods taking into account the monthly percentage changes in participation units. In each subperiod, a number of rankings based on the following indicators: Sharpe, Information Ratio, Sortino, Martin, Pain, Calmar, RVaR, mRVaR and CS were created. Results – There are no funds that would occupy high ranking positions created on the basis of various indicators. Positions taken by equity funds change randomly regardless of the situation on the capital market. Originality /value / implications /recommendations – The study uses a wide range of measures that differ in many important parameters from an investment point of view. In particular, this applies not only to risk measures, but also to benchmarks. The authors tried to increase the value of the study by associating subperiods with periods of changing market conditions. This allows conclusions to be drawn regarding the capital market segment. The presented studies can be extended to funds from other risk classes.
Źródło:
Optimum. Economic Studies; 2020, 2(100); 132-147
1506-7637
Pojawia się w:
Optimum. Economic Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of Tail-Dependence Structure in European Financial Markets
Analiza struktury zależności w ogonach rozkładu na przykładzie wybranych europejskich rynków finansowych
Autorzy:
Trzpiot, Grażyna
Majewska, Justyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/588533.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Analiza empiryczna
Instrumenty finansowe
Rynek kapitałowy
Stopa zwrotu
Capital market
Empirical analysis
Financial instruments
Rate of return
Opis:
W artykule przeprowadzono analizę empiryczną ekstremalnych zależności pomiędzy wybranymi indeksami z rynków kapitałowych Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej, a mianowicie giełdowych polskiego WIG20, węgierskiego BUX, rosyjskiego RTS, czeskiego PX50. Ekstremalna zależność została zdefiniowana jako zależność pomiędzy bardzo dużymi stopami zwrotu. Głównym celem było przedstawienie właściwej procedury analizy struktury zależności pomiędzy wybranymi instrumentami finansowymi.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2014, 192; 9-20
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ranking of optimal stock portfolios determined on the basis of expected utility maximization criterion
Autorzy:
Giemza, Dawid
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2027259.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Expected rate of return on the portfolio
Expected utility theory
Multidimensional comparative analysis
Optimal portfolio
Portfolio standard deviation
Opis:
Aim/purpose – The aim of the paper is to rank the optimal portfolios of shares of companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange, taking into account the investor’s propensity to risk. Design/methodology/approach – Investment portfolios consisting of varied number of companies selected from WIG 20 index were built. Next, the weights of equity holdings of these companies in the entire portfolio were determined, maximizing portfolio’s expected (square) utility function, and then the obtained structures were compared between investors with various levels of risk propensity. Using Hellwig’s taxonomic development measure, a ranking of optimum stock portfolios depending on the investor’s risk propensity was prepared. The research analyzed quotations from 248 trading sessions. Findings – The findings indicated that whilst there are differences in the weight structures of equity holdings in the entire portfolio between the investor characterized by aversion to risk at the level of γ = 10 and the investor characterized by aversion to risk at the level of γ = 100, the rankings of the constructed optimum portfolios demonstrate strong similarity. The study validated, in conformity with the literature, that with the increase in the number of equity holdings in the portfolio, the portfolio risk initially decreases and then becomes stable at a certain level. Research implications/limitations – The study used data from the past as for which there is no guarantee that they will be adequate for the future. There is sensitivity to the selection of the period from which the historic data come. When changing the period of the analyzed historic data by a small time unit it may prove that the portfolio composition will become totally different. Originality/value/contribution – The paper compares the composition of optimum stock portfolios depending on the investor’s propensity to risk. Their ranking was created using the taxonomic method for this purpose. Taking advantage of this method also additional variables can be taken into account, which describe and differentiate the portfolio and they can be assigned relevant significance depending on the investor’s preferences.
Źródło:
Journal of Economics and Management; 2021, 43; 157-178
1732-1948
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Economics and Management
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ordered fuzzy numbers approach to an investment project evaluation
Autorzy:
Kosiński, W. K.
Kosiński, W.
Kościeński, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/407433.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
internal rate of return
IRR
net present value
NPV
Ordered Fuzzy Number
OFN
root of fuzzy polynomial
defuzzification functional
Opis:
Aim of the paper is to propose a new tool for a decision supporting system concerning the financial project evaluation. It is based on the determination of the internal rate of return (IRR) of a investment project in which all expenditure and anticipated incomes are vague, and described by Ordered Fuzzy Numbers (OFNs). It means that the probabilistic approach is neglected in this paper and the use of the well developed arithmetics of OFNs is made to find a positive fuzzy root of a fuzzy polynomial representing the fuzzy net present value of the project. Since in the space of OFNs a partial order relation is defined together with a number of defuzzification functionals, the authors can construct a decision support system for investors helping them in acceptance procedure of most profitable investment projects.
Źródło:
Management and Production Engineering Review; 2013, 4, 2; 50-62
2080-8208
2082-1344
Pojawia się w:
Management and Production Engineering Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An attempt at measuring the effectiveness of higher education in Poland
Autorzy:
Targaszewska, Marta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/424996.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
private rate of return to education
Mincerian earnings function
effectiveness
Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Rank Test
modernization of higher education
Opis:
In 2006, the European Commission presented the Modernization Agenda for Universities founded on three reforms: curricular, governance and funding. According to the agenda, funding should be based on output-oriented budgeting. What is more, investment in higher education should bring benefits to all stakeholders. The most commonly used tool for measuring the private rate of return to education is Mincer’s econometric model. The paper presents the results of research on the private rate of return to education, which was estimated by the classical Mincerian function where wages are modelled as a function of level of education and experience. Empirical research was conducted using individual data from the Social Diagnosis – research of selected Polish households. The study was conducted in two stages. First, the parameters of the Mincer’s model for respondents included in the diagnosis in 2011 were estimated. Secondly, the parameters of the model for respondents, who declared in 2011 having higher education degree and who took part in the diagnosis in previous years (since 2003) and then declared a lower (other than higher) level of education, were estimated. To determine the significance of differences in monthly net incomes before and after reaching the higher education degree, the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Rank Test was used.
Źródło:
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics; 2014, 1(43); 50-59
1507-3866
Pojawia się w:
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On the non-monetary benefits of tertiary education
Autorzy:
Dziechciarz-Duda, Marta
Król, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/425106.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
rate of return on tertiary education
non-monetary returns on tertiary education
private non-market effects
community non-market effects
Opis:
There is a need to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of higher education in its various aspects, including the area of non-monetary benefits of higher education. Education relates to the wider economic and social effects and human welfare depends partly on earnings but also on non-monetary outcomes that all trace back to education in various ways. There exist positive relationships between education and health, the health of family members, the schooling of one’s children, life choices made, fertility choices and infant mortality. Increasing the education level also has a positive effect on the environment and has a strong influence on crime reduction. The article is a review of the impact of the intangible benefits of higher education, particularly non-monetary private and the social rates of return on investment in education. Empirical studies are carried out on data from the Social Diagnosis2 2011.
Źródło:
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics; 2013, 3(41); 78-94
1507-3866
Pojawia się w:
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fuzzy calculus with aplications
Autorzy:
Chwastyk, Anna
Kosiński, Witold
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/748465.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne
Tematy:
ordered fuzzy numbers, partial order relations, defuzzification functionals, man- agement of supply, net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR)
Opis:
The aim of the artile is presenting the current state of ordered fuzzy numbers development. New model of fuzzy number was invented in 2002 to overcome drawbacks of classical (convex) fuzzy numbers. Two problems of management accounting are considered. The first relates to the management of supply and determining the optimal size of a delivery from outside, which minimalize total costs, when unit costs of delivery and storage are fuzzy. The second problem is related to determination of Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for investments in which the value of cash flow are not specified accurately. Key words and phrases: ordered fuzzy numbers, partial order relations, defuzzification functionals, management of supply, net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR).
Źródło:
Mathematica Applicanda; 2013, 41, 1
1730-2668
2299-4009
Pojawia się w:
Mathematica Applicanda
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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