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    Tytuł:
    The legal status of civil defence organisation during armed conflict and belligerent occupation
    Autorzy:
    Marcinko, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2165725.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
    Tematy:
    civil defence
    protection of civilians
    resilience
    international humanitarian law
    belligerent occupation
    Opis:
    Civil defence, whose main objective is the protection of the civilian population, is a component of the concept of society’s resilience, but in the provisions of international humanitarian law (regulating the conduct of parties fighting in an armed conflict), it is limited to the protection of civil defence organisations (such as a fire brigade) performing strictly defined humanitarian tasks, requiring thorough preparation and securing of appropriate resources. The state-parties to the conflict shall respect and protect civil defence organisations and personnel and military units designated to serve as civil defence on a permanent basis. Also, in the case of belligerent occupation, the occupying state is obliged to enable the implementation of these tasks by civil defence organisations of the occupied territory; in addition, the cases where it is permissible to seize buildings and equipment belonging to these organisations have been seriously limited. Thus, well-organised, efficient, and effective civil defence formations are an important element of the state’s defence system, which serves the population in danger, and its efficient and effective functioning can contribute significantly to building and strengthening the resilience of society in the conditions of armed conflict and belligerent occupation.
    Źródło:
    Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka; 2022, XLVIII, 3; 323-335
    1899-6264
    2451-0718
    Pojawia się w:
    Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The French System of Antitrust Enforcement: A Sui Generis Monist Model
    Autorzy:
    Pezza, Andrea
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/530039.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-08-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
    Tematy:
    competition law
    France
    impartiality
    rights of defence
    autorité de la concurrence
    Opis:
    The paper examines strengths and weakness of the French system of competition enforcement, with the aim of contributing to the discussion on the institutional design of systems of competition law enforcement. In this regard, special attention will be devoted to choosing to introduce a clear separation between investigative and adjudicative functions within the same institution: while this solution ensures compliance with the impartiality principle, it also implies a lack of coordination between the board and the investigative services, which could have negative consequences for the administrative activity of the institution
    L’article examine les forces et les faiblesses de l’Autorité de la concurrence française, dans le but de contribuer au débat sur la structure institutionnelle la plus appropriée pour les autorités de la concurrence. À cet égard, une attention particulière sera accordée à l’introduction – dans le même Autorité – d’une séparation entre les services d’instruction et le Collège: une solution qui assure l’impartialité des choix pris par l’institution, mais qui détermine aussi une manque de coordination entre le Collège et le Services d’instruction qui peut avoir des effets négatifs sur l’activité administrative de l’institution.
    Źródło:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2018, 11(17); 131-141
    1689-9024
    2545-0115
    Pojawia się w:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Discrepancies Between the Application of the Right of Defence and the Culture of the Criminal Process
    Autorzy:
    Kowalczyk-Ludzia, Marta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1374864.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    the right of defence
    the culture of proceedings
    effectiveness of proceedings
    court mistakes
    the rule of law
    Opis:
    The importance of ethical boundaries in the exercise of the right of defence has been written about for a long time. The defendants’ use of the entitlement granted to them by the legislator (Article 6 of the Code of Criminal Procedure) should harmonise with respecting the culture of criminal proceedings. Meanwhile, as practice has demonstrated, the culture of ongoing proceedings often remains outside the required standards of the process. The use of so-called “evasive defence”, assessment of participants to the proceedings through the prism of stereotypes, demonstrating offensive behaviour towards representatives of procedural bodies, or a superficial analysis of the evidence collected reinforce the negative perception of the course of proceedings, thus promoting inappropriate procedural patterns. Furthermore, these situations form the basis for the emergence of judicial mistakes, which usually leave a lasting mark on the further fate of the plaintiff in court. In accordance with theoretical assumptions, effectiveness in the exercise of rights of defence (Article 6 of the CCP) should correlate not only with the fundamental objectives of criminal proceedings (Article 2 of the CCP) but also with well-established assumptions that comply with the standards of diligence as broadly understood, along with the fulfilment of the procedural guarantees of the parties to the proceedings. This paper focuses on crucial issues related to the ethical boundaries of the exercise of the rights of defence. The issues discussed herein are supported by conclusions drawn from the analysis of the outcomes of case studies.
    Źródło:
    Internal Security; 2018, 10(1); 45-56
    2080-5268
    Pojawia się w:
    Internal Security
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    System of Using of the Criminalistics Method in Slovakia to Verify Testimony on the Spot
    Autorzy:
    Metenko, Jozef
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1374888.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    the right of defence
    the culture of proceedings
    effectiveness of proceedings
    court mistakes
    the rule of law
    Opis:
    The primary goal of the study is to conduct analyses, on the basis of theoretical and empirical knowledge to describe the level of using and processing the verifying testimony on the spot in the Slovak criminalistics. For this method, it is typical that it is less frequent for use in investigative practice. The research, which was significantly larger than the results published here, shows that there is relatively little knowledge about this method among the police. Another important knowledge from research is the interest in the method in general, but its immediate application can be imagined by considerably fewer police officers. The secondary goal was to find out lacks and troubles in practical applying the verifying testimony on the spot, in the process of investigating crimes in Slovakia last years. The specific part of the study and research is also devoted to the history of the development of the concept and content of the method. These are very important parts of the study. They help to understand not only the formal legal definition in the legal regulation but also the true nature of the method and its structure. The author makes short concepts to propose changes necessary for effective using the verifying testimony on the spot in the Slovak police practice however mainly in the process of investigation. This study is a partial output for research vysk. 151.
    Źródło:
    Internal Security; 2018, 10(1); 125-136
    2080-5268
    Pojawia się w:
    Internal Security
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The individual’s right of defence as an institution of the administrative procedural law
    Autorzy:
    Bulejak, Radosław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1596025.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
    Tematy:
    administrative proceedings
    administrative law
    right of defence
    rights to a trial
    right to good administration
    Opis:
    This paper deals with the issue of the individual’s right of defence in the administrative procedural law. In the opinion of the author, in addition to the principle of the right to a fair and equitable trial and the right to good administration, the individual should have the right to defend his or her legal interest by the possibility to initiate appropriate procedures to verify the activities of the public administration. The grounds for deriving the individual’s right of defence should be based on the principle of a democratic rule of law. The exercise of this right shall take place in different proceedings and through different legal remedies.
    Źródło:
    Acta Iuris Stetinensis; 2019, 28, 4; 45-61
    2083-4373
    2545-3181
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Iuris Stetinensis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Influence of the General Principles of Community Law on Polish Antitrust Procedure
    Autorzy:
    Kolasiński, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/529984.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010-12-01
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
    Tematy:
    competition
    general principles of Community law
    Community proceedings
    right of defence
    right to a fair hearing
    statement of objections
    decentralisation
    Opis:
    This article presents the new legal problems related to the decentralization of the enforcement of Community competition law. The study shows that Regulation 1/2003 did not only give national antitrust authorities new rights and competences in that context but obligated them also to respect the general principles of Community law . This article contains an analysis of the first decisions issued by the UOKiK President on the basis of Community law and shows that the right of defence applicable to Polish proceedings differs from the standards developed by the European Commission and courts. The paper concludes with a number of suggestions concerning changes in Polish antitrust procedure regarding not only the application of Community law but also national provisions.
    Le présent article traite des problèmes liés à la décentralisation de l’application du droit communautaire de la concurrence. Une analyse démontre que le Règlement 1/2003 a attribué aux organismes nationaux de concurrence non seulement de nouveaux droits et de nouvelles compétences dans ce domaine, il les a également obligés à respecter les principes générales du droit communautaire. L’article comporte une analyse des premières décisions rendues par le Président de l’UOKiK sur le fondement du droit communautaire. Il démontre que le droit à la protection qui est appliqué dans les procédures polonaises diffère des standards développés par la Commission européenne et les juridictions. L’article se termine par des suggestions des modifications dans la procédure de concurrence polonaise portant non seulement sur l’application du droit communautaire mais aussi sur des dispositions légales nationales.
    Źródło:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2010, 3(3); 29-51
    1689-9024
    2545-0115
    Pojawia się w:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Procedural Autonomy of Member States and the EU Rights of Defence in Antitrust Proceedings
    Autorzy:
    Kowalik-Bańczyk, Krystyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/529961.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012-03-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
    Tematy:
    rights of defence in EU competition proceedings
    procedural autonomy in EU law
    harmonization of procedural rules
    fundamental rights in EU competition proceedings
    Opis:
    The general rule concerning the application of EU law in the Member States is that, unless the procedural issues are directly regulated in EU primary or secondary law, the Member States possess a so-called ‘procedural autonomy’. This rule applies fully to national antitrust proceedings, where the presumed infringement may affect trade between EU Member States (decentralised EU antitrust proceedings). However, the procedural guarantees offered to undertakings in EU antitrust proceedings before the European Commission, often referred to the undertakings’ ‘rights of defence’, also form a part of the procedural acquis of EU law. This article examines the question whether that procedural acquis, stemming mainly from EU courts’s jurisprudence and formulated with regard to the proceedings before the European Commission, should be applied as a standard in national (i.e. Polish) antitrust proceedings where EU law applies.
    L’application du droit de l’Union européenne requiert la mise en oeuvre du principe de l’autonomie procédurale. Celui-ci signifie qu’à supposer qu’un problème procédural n’ait pas été réglé par le droit communautaire originaire ou dérivé, les États membres sont compétents pour le régler. Ce principe s’applique pleinement aux procédures de concurrence dans lesquelles la violation présumée est susceptible de produire des effets sur les échanges commerciaux entre les États membres (« procédure communautaire décentralisée en matière de concurrence »). Cependant, les garanties procédurales dont les entreprises disposent en cours de procédures de concurrence se déroulant devant la Commission européenne et qu’on définit généralement comme « droits à la défense », constituent également une partie de l’acquis procédural communautaire. Le présent texte tâche de répondre à la question de savoir si cet acquis procédural, résultant de la jurisprudence des juges communautaires et concernant les procédures qui se déroulent devant la Commission européenne, doit être un standard pour les procédures de concurrence internes où l’on applique les textes juridiques de l’UE.
    Źródło:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2012, 5(6); 215-234
    1689-9024
    2545-0115
    Pojawia się w:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Nicaragua Judgement and the Use of Force – 30 Years Later
    Autorzy:
    Kwiecień, Roman
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706696.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017-09-01
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    armed attack
    counter-measures
    customary international law
    Nicaragua judgement
    non-State actors
    self-defence
    UN Charter
    use of force
    Opis:
    In light of contemporary circumstances, on the 30th anniversary of the Nicaragua judgement it is worth revisiting and considering again certain legal problems decided by – and raised by – the ICJ judgement. This article addresses the importance of the judgement in terms of international legal regulations on the use of force. First and foremost, the article examines the concept of armed attack based on the “gravity” criterion elaborated by the Court and the exercise of the right of self-defence. Moreover, the relationship between customary international law and treaty law, as well as forcible counter-measures and military actions against non-State actors are also discussed in the article. It is argued that the “gravity” criterion used by the ICJ seems controversial and, consequently, may limit the right of self-defence. On the other hand, however, the judgement established a strong barrier to the realization of individual political interests by militarily powerful States. This is the Nicaragua judgement’s long-lasting legacy. In this sense the judgement has stood the test of time.
    Źródło:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2016, 36; 21-36
    0554-498X
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Directive (EU) 2019/1 as Another Brick into Empowerment of Slovak Market Regulator
    Autorzy:
    Kováčiková, Hana
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2159130.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-12-12
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
    Tematy:
    competition law
    Antimonopoly Office
    safeguards
    principle of good
    administration
    right to the defence
    right to be heard
    right to access the file
    conflict of interest
    effectivity
    enforcement
    avoidance of responsibility
    Opis:
    The paper analyses the legal challenges brought to the Slovak competition law by Directive (EU) 2019/1 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 to empower the competition authorities of the Member States to be more effective enforcers and to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market. The author selected particular issues from Slovak competition law and compares the state-of-the-art national situation with corresponding parts of this harmonising act. In the paper, specific attention will be given to compliance with safeguards, to the regulation of conflict of interest, to the examination of the effectiveness of enforcement, and to the possibilities of undertakings to avoid their responsibility for the breach of competition law. As the Member States have time for the transposition until 4 February 2021, this paper may initiate the debate on what to improve in Slovak legislation to achieve the goals set in this Directive.
    L’article analyse les défis juridiques qui ont été soumis au droit slovaque de la concurrence par la directive (UE) 1/2019 afin d’habiliter les autorités de concurrence des États membres à mieux faire respecter les règles et à assurer le bon fonctionnement du marché intérieur. L’auteur a choisi des questions particulières du droit slovaque de la concurrence et il compare la situation nationale actuelle avec les éléments correspondants de la présente loi d’harmonisation. Dans cet article, une attention particulière est accordée au respect des garanties, à la réglementation des conflits d’intérêts, à l’examen de l’efficacité de l’application et à la possibilité pour les entreprises d’éviter leur responsabilité en cas de violation du droit de la concurrence. Du fait que les États membres ont jusqu’au 4 février 2021 pour transposer la directive, le présent article peut lancer le débat sur les améliorations à apporter à la legislation slovaque pour concrétiser les objectifs fixés dans cette directive.
    Źródło:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies; 2019, 12, 20; 149-172
    1689-9024
    2545-0115
    Pojawia się w:
    Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Act of March 11, 2022 on Defense of the Homeland – Basic Principles and Institutions
    Ustawa z 11 marca 2022r. o obronie Ojczyzny – podstawowe zasady oraz instytucje
    Autorzy:
    Matwiejuk, Jarosław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2162232.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    defence
    homeland
    the Armed Forces of the Republic of
    Polska
    the President of the Republic of Poland
    the Council of Ministers
    duty
    citizen
    military law
    The Constitution of the Republic of Poland
    act
    basic rules
    security
    national security
    legal institutions
    Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
    ustawa
    podstawowe zasady
    bezpieczeństwo
    bezpieczeństwo narodowe
    instytucje prawne
    obrona
    ojczyzna
    Siły
    Zbrojne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
    Prezydent RP
    Rada Ministrów
    obowiązek
    obywatel
    prawo wojskowe
    Opis:
    Act of March 11, 2022. on defense of the Homeland is a classic example of an “executive act” for the constitutional regulation of issues related to state security, including military security. The Homeland Defence Act contains the so far missing specification of the normative solutions contained in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of April 2, 1997. They concern in particular the development of regulations concerning the following constitutional issues: the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland, the duty of a Polish citizen to defend the Homeland, the President of the Republic as the supreme commander of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland and the Council of Ministers as the body that ensures the external security of the state and exercises general management in the field of national defense. The main goal of the legislator is to replace the archaic and incompatible with the current needs and tasks of the Polish state and the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland regulations contained in the Act of November 21, 1967. on the general duty to defend the Republic of Poland.
    Ustawa z 11 marca 2022r. o obronie Ojczyzny jest klasycznym przykładem „ustawy wykonawczej” do konstytucyjnej regulacji zagadnień związanych z problematyką bezpieczeństwa państwa, w tym bezpieczeństwa militarnego. W ustawie o obronie Ojczyzny dokonano brakującego do tej pory uszczegółowienia rozwiązań normatywnych znajdujących się w Konstytucji RP z 2 kwietnia 1997r. Dotyczą one w szczególności rozwinięcia regulacji dotyczącej następujących zagadnień konstytucyjnych: Sił Zbrojnych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, obowiązku obywatela polskiego obrony Ojczyzny, Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej jako najwyższego zwierzchnika Sił Zbrojnych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej oraz Rady Ministrów jako organu, który zapewnia bezpieczeństwo zewnętrzne państwa i sprawuje ogólne kierownictwo w dziedzinie obronności kraju. Zasadniczym celem ustawodawcy jest zastąpienie archaicznych i nieprzystające do obecnych potrzeb i zadań państwa polskiego oraz Sił Zbrojnych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej regulacji zawartych w ustawie z 21 listopada 1967r. o powszechnym obowiązku obrony Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego; 2022, 6(70); 529-541
    2082-1212
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-10 z 10

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