Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

Wyszukujesz frazę "electromagnetic exposure" wg kryterium: Temat


Wyświetlanie 1-13 z 13
Tytuł:
Safety assessment of electromagnetic exposure for adult and child passengers standing on the subway platform
Autorzy:
Li, Jin
Lu, Mai
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2135733.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
electromagnetic exposure
safety assessment
SAR
subway platform
Opis:
The objective of this work is to evaluate the safety of adult and child passengers exposed to a radio frequency (RF) source, i.e., a leaky coaxial cable (LCX) on the subway platform. An adult model, a child model, and an LCX model have been numerically designed in COMSOL Multiphysics software. The distributions of the induced electric field (E-field), specific absorption rate (SAR), magnetic field ( H-field) and the head temperature increase in adult and child passenger models were calculated at 900 MHz. The induced fields in the passengers were compared with that without screen doors. The results show that the E-field, SAR and H-field in the whole body of the child are 2.00 × 10 -2 V/m, 1.07 × 10 -7 W/kg, and 2.94 × 10 -4 A/m, respectively. The E-field, SAR and H-field in the central nervous system of the child are 1.00e × 10 -2 V/m, 2.44 × 10 -8 W/kg, and 2.41 × 10 -4 A/m, respectively. The maximum values of the E-field, SAR and H-field in the adult passenger are 1.49–2.34 times higher than those of the child. The E-field, SAR, and H-field in the passenger models without a screen door are larger than those with a screen door. The screen door has a partial shielding effect on the RF electromagnetic field. The values of the maximum temperature that increases in adult and child head tissue are 0.2114 and 0.2111℃ after waiting 6 minutes exposure, respectively. All calculated results are well below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) limits for general public exposure, indicating that RF electromagnetic exposure caused by the LCX on the subway platform is not a threat to passenger’s health.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2022, 71, 3; 755--773
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of electromagnetic waves on human reproduction
Autorzy:
Wdowiak, Artur
Mazurek, Paweł A.
Wdowiak, Anita
Bojar, Iwona
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989982.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Wsi
Tematy:
human reproduction
electromagnetic waves
infertility
exposure to electromagnetic fields
Opis:
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emitting from the natural environment, as well as from the use of industrial and everyday appliances, constantly influence the human body. The effect of this type of energy on living tissues may exert various effects on their functioning, although the mechanisms conditioning this phenomenon have not been fully explained. It may be expected that the interactions between electromagnetic radiation and the living organism would depend on the amount and parameters of the transmitted energy and type of tissue exposed. Electromagnetic waves exert an influence on human reproduction by affecting the male and female reproductive systems, the developing embryo, and subsequently, the foetus. Knowledge concerning this problem is still being expanded; however, all the conditionings of human reproduction still remain unknown. The study presents the current state of knowledge concerning the problem, based on the latest scientific reports.
Źródło:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine; 2017, 24, 1
1232-1966
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Study on the distribution of SAR and temperature in human brain during radio-frequency cosmetic treatment
Autorzy:
Qi, Xinzhe
Lu, Mai
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1841322.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
electromagnetic exposure
human head model
ICNIRP guidelines
radiofrequency cosmetic instruments
safety assessment
ekspozycja elektromagnetyczna
model ludzkiej głowy
wytyczne ICNIRP
ocena bezpieczeństwa
Opis:
This paper established a radio-frequency electrode model and human head modelused in RF cosmetic instruments. The distribution of electric field strength, a specific absorption rate (SAR), and temperature distribution in the human brain at 1 MHz and 6 MHz were studied and the results compared with the International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines. The results showed that under those two frequencies the maximum value of electric field strength in the human brain was 1.52 V/mand it was about 5.4% of the ICNIRP basic restrictions, the maximum SAR in human brain was about 2.21×10−3W/kg, which was far less than 2 W/kg of ICNIRP basic restrictions, the maximum temperature of the human brain was 37.6 located in the wounded skin, which was the same as the normal temperature 37. Since all the results were within the ICNIRP basic restrictions, the electromagnetic exposure generated by the RF cosmetic electrode will not pose a threat to the human health.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2021, 70, 1; 115-127
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evaluation of exposure to electromagnetic radiofrequency radiation in the indoor workplace accessible to the public by the use of frequency-selective exposimeters
Autorzy:
Gryz, Krzysztof
Karpowicz, Jolanta
Leszko, Wiesław
Zradziński, Patryk
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2179019.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-12-01
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
occupational exposure
measurements
electromagnetic fields
exposure pattern
Opis:
Objectives: The aim of the study was to identify and assess electromagnetic radiofrequency radiation (EMRR) exposure in a workplace located in a publicly accessible environment, and represented by offices (where exposure is caused by various transmitters of local fixed indoor and outdoor wireless communication systems). Material and Methods: The investigations were performed in 45 buildings (in urban and rural areas in various regions of Poland), using frequency-selective electric field strength (E-field) exposimeters sensitive to the EMRR with a frequency range of 88–2500 MHz, split into 12 subbands corresponding to the operating frequencies of typical EMRR sources. The variability of the E-field was analyzed for each frequency range and the total level of exposure by statistical parameters of recorded exposimetric profiles: minimum, maximum, median values and 25–75th – percentiles. Results: The main sources of exposure to EMRR are mobile phone base transceiver stations (BTS) and radio-television transmitters (RTV). The frequency composition in a particular office depends on the building’s location. The E-field recorded in buildings in urban and rural areas from the outdoor BTS did not exceed respectively: medians – 0.19 and 0.05 V/m, 75th percentiles – 0.25 and 0.09 V/m. In buildings equipped with the indoor BTS antennas the E-field did not exceed: medians – 1 V/m, 75th percentiles – 1.8 V/m. Whereas in urban and rural areas, the median and 75th percentile values of the E-field recorded in buildings located near the RTV (within 1 km) did not exceed: 1.5 and 3.8 V/m or 0.4 and 0.8 V/m, for radio FM band or for TV bands, respectively. Conclusions: Investigations confirmed the practical applicability of the exposimetric measurements technique for evaluating parameters of worker’s exposure in both frequency- and time-domain. The presented results show EMRR exposure of workers or general public in locations comparable to offices to be well below international limits.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health; 2014, 27, 6; 1043-1054
1232-1087
1896-494X
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Electromagnetic fields exposure assessment among workers at broadcast centers in Poland
Autorzy:
Politański, Piotr
Aniołczyk, Halina
Gadzicka, Elżbieta
Bortkiewicz, Alicja
Zmyślony, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2162494.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-10-30
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
occupational exposure
television
electromagnetic fields
exposure assessment
radio
work safety in electromagnetic fields
Opis:
Background In the studies investigating the potential health effects of occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), the key problem is the assessment of workers’ exposure. Electromagnetic fields exposure assessment requires determining maximum EMF levels, for the acute effect, and the dose absorbed, for the cumulative effect. A study was undertaken to determine EMF exposure in workers at broadcasting centers (BCs) in Poland. It was the first part of a comprehensive project on health effects of occupational exposure to EMF. Material and Methods The study was conducted in 4 selected BCs. Spot measurements of electric field strength (E), and the results of E measurements that were made in the past for occupational hygiene assessments, were used for determining workers’ exposure to electric field. The parameters considered were the maximum E value ($\text{E}_\text{max}$), the weighted average E value ($\text{E}_\text{avg}$) and the E lifetime dose ($\text{E}_\text{lifetime dose}$). Results In the group of workers examined, the E values did not exceed 16.7 V/m for Emax (the occupational exposure limit (OEL) for work shift in Poland is 20 V/m), 2.9 V/m for $\text{E}_\text{avg}$ and 1 500 000 (V/m)²×h for $\text{E}_\text{lifetime dose}$. Conclusions In view of the lack of dosimetry data, a retrospective assessment of BC workers’ exposure to very high frequency and ultra-high frequency EMF was conducted, which made it possible to estimate EMF lifetime dose for the workers. Since the EMF exposure levels at BCs did not exceed the admissible values, they can be considered safe to the workers’ health, according to the approach used for developing OELs for EMF exposure. Med Pr 2018;69(5):477–482
Źródło:
Medycyna Pracy; 2018, 69, 5; 477-482
0465-5893
2353-1339
Pojawia się w:
Medycyna Pracy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Measuring Exposure to High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Experienced by a Helicopter Crew During Flight
Autorzy:
Michałowska, Joanna
Puzio, Łukasz
Tofil, Arkadiusz
Pytka, Jarosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/36453924.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Lotnictwa
Tematy:
electromagnetic
helicopter
exposure
high-frequency
Opis:
High-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) can have a negative effect on both the human body and electronic devices. Monitoring and measurement of the electromagnetic field generated by devices is important from the point of view of environmental protection, the human body and electromagnetic compatibility. In this study, we tested the value of the electromagnetic field strength determined by the NHT3DL by Microrad with measurement probes during flights in the Robinson R44 helicopter. The reference point for the results obtained were the normative limits of the electromagnetic field permitted to affect the crew and passengers during flight. The maximum RMS values recorded during the measurements were E = 4.399 V/m in the 100 kHz-6.5 GHz frequency band and for the magnetic component H = 2.829 A/m in the 300 kHz-30 MHz frequency band. These results were passed to the Statistica 13.3 software for a detailed stochastic analysis of the values tested.
Źródło:
Transactions on Aerospace Research; 2022, 1 (266); 59-65
0509-6669
2545-2835
Pojawia się w:
Transactions on Aerospace Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in the Polish Armed Forces
Autorzy:
Sobiech, Jaromir
Kieliszek, Jarosław
Puta, Robert
Bartczak, Dagmara
Stankiewicz, Wanda
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2161913.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-06-19
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
electromagnetic field
occupational exposure
soldiers
measurements
radar
radio
Opis:
Objectives Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazard include: radars, missile systems, radio navigation systems and radio transceivers. The aim of this study has been to evaluate the exposure of military personnel to electromagnetic fields. Material and Methods Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Measurements were carried out at indicators, device terminals, radio panels, above vehicle seats, in vehicle hatches, by cabinets containing high power vacuum tubes and other transmitter components, by transmission lines, connectors, etc. Results Portable radios emit the electric field strength between 20–80 V/m close to a human head. The manpack radio operator’s exposure is 60–120 V/m. Inside vehicles with high frequency/very high frequency (HF/VHF) band radios, the electric field strength is between 7–30 V/m and inside the radar cabin it ranges between 9–20 V/m. Most of the personnel on ships are not exposed to the electromagnetic field from their own radar systems but rather by accidental exposure from the radar systems of other ships. Operators of surface-to-air missile systems are exposed to the electric field strength between 7–15 V/m and the personnel of non-directional radio beacons – 100–150 V/m. Conclusions In 57% of military devices Polish soldiers work in the occupational protection zones. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22% – only in the intermediate zone. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to electromagnetic field. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(4):565–577
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health; 2017, 30, 4; 565-577
1232-1087
1896-494X
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
EU Directive, ICNIRP Guidelines and Polish Legislation on Electromagnetic Fields
Autorzy:
Karpowicz, J.
Hietanen, M.
Gryz, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90412.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
electromagnetic fields
occupational exposure
exposure assessment
regulations
pole elektromagnetyczne
prawo
ekspozycja
narażenie zawodowe
dyrektywy
Opis:
This review describes the general provisions of and the philosophy behind European Directive 2004/40/EC and ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) guidelines. As an example of national legislation on the protection of workers against excessive electromagnetic field exposure, regulations established in Poland are summarized. The problems of a practical implementation of the Directive’s provisions are discussed.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2006, 12, 2; 125-136
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Health Risk Assessment of Occupational Exposure to a Magnetic Field From Magnetic Resonance Imaging Devices
Autorzy:
Karpowicz, J.
Gryz, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90650.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
MRI
occupational exposure
electromagnetic fields
exposure assessment
pole elektromagnetyczne
zagrożenia zdrowia
ocena ryzyka zawodowego
pole magnetyczne
narażenie zawodowe
Opis:
Health care staff who operate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices are exposed to a static magnetic field of significant spatial heterogenity always produced by MRI magnets during the whole shift. They can also be exposed to pulses of a time-varying magnetic field (gradient field) present only during patients’ examinations. The level of the workers’ exposure depends both on the type of the magnet and on the ergonomic design of each MRI device. The paper presents methods used for measuring and assessing workers’ exposure. It also discusses the results of inspection measurements carried out next to approximately 20 MRI devices of approximately 0.2–2.0 T. The presented characteristic and overview of the variability of workers’ exposure to a variety of MRI devices supports the need for data on monitoring occupational exposure to MRI. International exposure assessment standards and guidelines (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection [ICNIRP], Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers [IEEE], American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists [ACGIH], European Commission directive), and those established in Poland are also compared.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2006, 12, 2; 155-167
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evaluation of the safety of users of active implantable medical devices (AIMD) in the working environment in terms of exposure to electromagnetic fields – Practical approach to the requirements of European Directive 2013/35/EU
Autorzy:
Zradziński, Patryk
Karpowicz, Jolanta
Gryz, Krzysztof
Leszko, Wiesław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2162037.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12-20
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
workers’ safety
cardiac pacemakers
implanted defibrillators
exposure effects
electromagnetic interference
wearable insulin pump
Opis:
Objectives Electromagnetic fields (EMF) may cause malfunctions in electronic devices, in particular in active implantable medical devices (AIMD), along with discomfort or health hazards to users. The use of AIMD by workers is increasing (especially cardiac pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators and wearable insulin infusion pumps). Electromagnetic fields may be much stronger in the working environment than applied in basic immunity tests of AIMD (based on EN 60601- 1-2:2015 and EN 50527-1:2016). European Directive 2013/35/EU regarding the safety of workers exposed to EMF considered the AIMD users to be “workers at particular risk” who need an individual evaluation of EMF hazards. The study aimed at evaluating the safety of users of AIMD in medical and industrial working environments exposed to EMF Material and Methods Near the common sources of strong EMF applied in medical and industrial use, the “standard safety distances” (SSD) for AIMD users were evaluated (i.e., distances from the EMF source, where exposure drops below limits from Recommendation 1999/519/EC and AIMD safety may be expected). The analysis is based on the results of measurements of magnetic and electric field strengths near 127 typical devices, in their normal use. Results The longest electric field related SSD was identified near dielectric sealers (up to 180 cm), and the longest magnetic field related SSD – near induction heaters (up to 450 cm). Conclusions Electromagnetic fields related AIMD malfunctions need to be considered up to several meters from EMF sources. The “individual safety distance,” that is sufficient to ensure the safety of a particular AIMD user may be significantly different (usually shorter) from the presented SSD, but needs to be considered in the context of detailed safety data from the AIMD manufacturer (if available). The labelling indicating the location of the area of a strong EMF increases safety of AIMD users in the work environment. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(6):795–808
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health; 2018, 31, 6; 795-808
1232-1087
1896-494X
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Magnetic Fields of Induction Heaters in the Framework of Directive 2004/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
Autorzy:
Decat, G.
Deckx, L.
Meynen, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/89978.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
electromagnetic field
occupational exposure
high exposure sources
mitigation
pole elektromagnetyczne
pole magnetyczne
prawo
prawo pracy
urządzenia grzewcze
ekspozycja
dyrektywa 2004/40/WE
Opis:
The spectrum and the polarization of the magnetic flux density (B-field) of 6 induction heaters and 1 arc oven were measured by means of a PMM (Italy) spectrum analyser. The spectrum analysis showed that no substantial harmonics were observed while the polarization analysis revealed that the operator’s exposure was non-homogeneous within a distance of 1.5 m from the heater. When the distance was larger, the body was homogeneously exposed. In general we can state that the B-field strongly varied between heaters and that exposure exceeded the occupational reference levels recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) (1998) and European Directive 2004/40/EC in 5 of the 7 heaters. Within the framework of the Directive some protection actions should be taken. Whereas mitigation of existing/old induction ovens is difficult, the design of new induction heaters and their housing should be based, among others, on electromagnetic reducing engineering concepts.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2006, 12, 2; 169-176
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Jak nie porównywać wyników badań bioelektromagnetycznych
How to not compare results in bioelectromagnetic studies
Autorzy:
Długosz, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/131978.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wrocławska Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki Stosowanej Horyzont
Tematy:
badania bioelektromagnetyczne
metody numeryczne
pole elektromagnetyczne
dokładność badań
układy ekspozycyjne
bioelectromagnetic studies
electromagnetic field
accuracy of experiments
exposure systems
numerical methods
Opis:
Artykuł poświęcony jest problemom związanym z porównywaniem wyników badań bioelektromagnetycznych. Można zauważyć, że badania poświęcone wpływom pola elektromagnetycznego, zwłaszcza na obiekty biologiczne, dają niejednoznaczne wyniki, które ciężko porównać między różnymi ośrodkami naukowymi. Wiele błędów wynika z technicznych aspektów tego typu eksperymentów. W pracy przedstawiono wybrane z nich. W badaniach nie wykorzystywano obiektów biologicznych, a jedynie ich numeryczne modele.
The paper is devoted to the problem of difficulty in results comparision of bioelectromeganetic experiments. It may be noticed that many studies which are devoted to biological effects of electromagnetic field exposure on biological objects can not be compared to each other. There may be many reasons responisble for that state. Certainly one of them are different sources of uncertainty resulting from the technical aspects of this type of research. One such source is influence of exposure system on tested object.
Źródło:
Biuletyn Naukowy Wrocławskiej Wyższej Szkoły Informatyki Stosowanej. Informatyka; 2017, 7, 2; 13-16
2082-9892
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Naukowy Wrocławskiej Wyższej Szkoły Informatyki Stosowanej. Informatyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Numerical Methods in Bioelectromagnetics Analysis
Metody numeryczne w analizach bioelektromagnetycznych
Autorzy:
Długosz, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/131970.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Wrocławska Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki Stosowanej Horyzont
Tematy:
electromagnetic fields
bioelectromagnetics
numerical methods
exposure system
TEM cell
accuracy of biomedical studies
pole elektromagnetyczne
bioelektromagnetyzm
metody numeryczne
układy ekspozycyjne
komora TEM
dokładność badań biomedycznych
Opis:
The paper is devoted to short characteristic of numerical methods using in electromagnetics investigations. Three main methods were presented: Method of Moments, Finite Element Method and Finite Difference Time Domain method. FEM and FDTD were used in computer simulations to show the interaction between the exposure system and tested object.
Artykuł poświęcony jest krótkiej charakterystyce metod numerycznych wykorzystywanych w badaniach bioelektromagnetycznych. Omówiono trzy podstawowe metody: metodę momentów, metodę elementów skończonych i metoda różnic skończonych w dziedzinie czasu. Metody elementów skończonych i różnic skończonych zostały wykorzystane w symulacjach komputerowych na potrzeby wyznaczenia wzajemnego oddziaływania między układem ekspozycyjnym, a badanym obiektem.
Źródło:
Biuletyn Naukowy Wrocławskiej Wyższej Szkoły Informatyki Stosowanej. Informatyka; 2016, 16; 2-8
2082-9892
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Naukowy Wrocławskiej Wyższej Szkoły Informatyki Stosowanej. Informatyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
    Wyświetlanie 1-13 z 13

    Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies