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    Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4
    Tytuł:
    Convicted Nazi lawyer. The case of Gerhard Pchalek in the Gera District Court in 1960
    Autorzy:
    Graczyk, Konrad
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1595864.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
    Tematy:
    Third Reich
    criminal liability
    crimes against humanity
    judiciary
    prosecutor
    Opis:
    This study is devoted to a criminal case brought before a court in the German Democratic Republic against Gerhard Pchalek in connection with his service as a prosecutor in the Third Reich. Pchalek served in the Polish territories incorporated into the Reich, in Bielsko and Ka¬towice. He was a prosecutor in proceedings before special courts in Bielsko and Katowice, as well as before the Higher National Court in Katowice, in which he filed motions to sentence defendants to the death penalty. In 20 cases - as was determined by the District Court in Gera - Pchalek demanded the death penalty, which was then imposed and enforced. His act was classified as aiding in murder under the provisions of the German Criminal Code, and Pchalek was sentenced to 4 years in strict regime prison. The paper discusses the biography of Pchalek, the issue of post-war criminal liability of Nazi lawyers and the criminal trial before the District Court in Gera. The study uses a historical, formal and dogmatic method. The criminal trial in question is one of the few cases in which a Nazi lawyer was convicted.
    Źródło:
    Acta Iuris Stetinensis; 2020, 29, 1; 17-31
    2083-4373
    2545-3181
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Iuris Stetinensis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Criminological and penal aspects of issuing a false opinion by an expert witness - draft report on research project with proposals for changes in the law determining the legal status of expert witnesses
    Autorzy:
    Jóźwicki, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1934138.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-04-21
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    expert
    evidence
    false expert opinion
    criminal procedural law
    corruption
    judiciary
    Opis:
    Evidence in the form of an expert opinion is usually of key importance for settling a pending case in any type of proceedings. In some cases, the role of the expert witness is closer to that of a judge rather than that of a witness, since a judge who does not have special knowledge often has to use evidence given by an expert to render a judgement. For this reason, issuing a false expert opinion results in a very high risk of delivering a wrong and unfair decision in a given case, which in turn has a negative impact on the social perception of the functioning of the justice system. In the Polish Criminal Code, criminal responsibility for issuing a false opinion is stipulated in Article 233 (4) and (4a) of the Penal Code. At the same time, despite a very large number of reports of suspicion that a crime has been committed by an expert witness, only a negligible number of investigations result in a bill of indictment and a conviction, which causes virtual impunity of perpetrators and has a negative impact on the functioning of criminal justice. Due to the diagnosed research gap in this area, the need to investigate and describe the phenomenon of issuing false opinions by expert witnesses, both in normative and criminological terms, on the basis of empirical research, has been clearly seen. The main objective of the research has been to characterise the phenomenon in question on many levels and to determine its real extent, its etiology and symptomatology. An additional aim of the research has been the verifi cation of research hypotheses and recognition of the normative sphere of the expert witness’s status, expert evidence, and principles of responsibility for issuing false opinions. The research fi ndings have resulted in proposals of solutions aimed both at limiting the phenomenon of issuing false opinions and more effective prosecution of perpetrators of crimes under Article 233 (4) of the Penal Code, which in turn may translate into more effi cient functioning of the entire justice system, as expert witnesses and their work are an extremely important aspect of thereof. The conducted research has fully confi rmed the research hypotheses and precisely indicated defective areas of expert evidence, and consequently the need to introduce immediate legislative changes. Some of the research conclusions and de lege ferenda postulates were implemented into the amended provisions of the Penal Code in 2016, which fully confi rms their legitimacy. Unfortunately, there is still no legal act of statutory rank which would comprehensively regulate the status of expert witnesses and expert evidence.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Policyjny; 2019, 136(4); 360-375
    0867-5708
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Policyjny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Subject Matter of Criminal Evidence Relating to the Disclosure of Information on Security Measures Applicable to Law Enforcement or Control Officials
    Autorzy:
    Zajcew, Oleg
    Yepikhin, Aleksander
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1374859.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
    Tematy:
    security
    subject of evidence
    criminal case
    the judiciary
    fight against crime
    Opis:
    The article analyses the characteristics of the subject of evidence (Article 73 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation) of objective and subjective characteristics of crime, which are listed in Article 320 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation. Considerable attention has been given to the establishment of criminal sanctions for the disclosure of information on security measures towards law enforcement or control officials as an important guarantee of the stability of the Russian management system and legal protection activities. The characteristics of the subject-matter of the evidence in criminal matters under investigation are expressed in the need to establish objective and subjective grounds for disclosing information on security measures in the course of criminal proceedings against law enforcement or control officials. The state protection measures themselves are defined by separate regulations and are applied in the process of criminal proceedings and in the presence of evidence. However, this complex and multifaceted security process could be seriously undermined by the‘leak’ of classified security information. In case of such illegal disclosure, the penalty is defined in Article 320 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation. The authors draw attention to the existence of a direct or indirect relationship between the unauthorised activity and performing state service in legal protection bodies, as well as the need to prove the intention to commit this crime and the awareness of not disclosing secret information to unauthorized persons who do not have formal access to the above information. The authors conclude that the implementation of criminal evidence proceedings for the criminal case of the offence under Article 320 of the Penal Code of the Russian Federation needs to be improved at this stage in order to increase the effectiveness and security of the protection of judges, law enforcement and control officials in Russia.
    Źródło:
    Internal Security; 2018, 10(1); 261-270
    2080-5268
    Pojawia się w:
    Internal Security
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The AI is now in session – The impact of digitalisation on courts
    Autorzy:
    Papp, Dorottya
    Krausz, Bernadett
    Gyuranecz, Franciska Z.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2143025.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-07-02
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
    Tematy:
    artificial intelligence
    machine learning
    fair trial
    due process
    judicial systems
    civil and criminal proceedings
    European Union
    judiciary
    Opis:
    This paper seeks to map out the problems imposed by the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) regarding the judicial system. In the era of digitalisation, we are only a step from using AI in our daily work. For this purpose, we carried out a multidisciplinary research related to the possible application of AI in the judiciary worldwide. Our main objective was not only to show that AI requires a different approach both from legislative and executive aspects, but also to offer possible solutions concerning the implementation of AI in the judicial sector. We analysed several aspects of the right to a fair trial with regard to the changes imposed by AI systems. Likewise, we covered the emerging ethical concerns and tackled the issue of transparency, responsibility and non-discrimination. The analysis gradually verified the initial hypothesis of our paper that in spite of the increasing ubiquity of AI, we have to limit its use and adjust both our legal and ethical framework to address these new concerns.
    Źródło:
    Cybersecurity and Law; 2022, 7, 1; 272-296
    2658-1493
    Pojawia się w:
    Cybersecurity and Law
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4

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