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Wyszukujesz frazę "communication strategies" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Communicating a Company’s CSR Activities Through Social Networks: A Theoretical Framework
Autorzy:
Grzesiuk, Kalina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/653235.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
CSR
communication strategies
social networks
Opis:
Companies which decide on socially responsible activities usually take into consideration benefits including the marketing effects of CSR programmes. However, in order to achieve that, the information about the socially responsible activities of companies must be spread and reach the audience of the company. That includes stakeholders related to the company that might be interested in receiving information about the social initiatives undertaken by the company. These stakeholders are connected with the firm through the network of social ties (SN). The main goal of this article is to present a theoretical framework of roles that these networks of social ties play in the effective communication of CSR activities. This paper is divided into three parts. The first one concerns the problem of how to communicate the involvement of a company in social initiatives. The second one contains the description of possible communication processes and strategies. The last one presents the analysis of the social networks perspective and its main characteristics and, in conclusion, it summarizes the main benefits a company can gain by applying the SN concept to CSR communication in the area of attribution and information spread through various channels.
Źródło:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym; 2017, 20, 4
1899-2226
2353-4869
Pojawia się w:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigating the use of speaking strategies in the performance of two communicative tasks: The importance of communicative goal
Autorzy:
Pawlak, Mirosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/780599.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
communication strategies
speaking strategies
communicative task
immediate report
Opis:
Although the ability to speak is usually seen as a key manifestation of learners’ ability in the target language they are attempting to master, research has not given ample attention to strategies that can be employed to enhance this skill. In fact, the bulk of such empirical investigations has mainly focused on communication strategies that are reactive devices, predominantly used to overcome difficulties in successful conveyance of meanings and messages, and even this line of inquiry has been neglected in recent years. The study reported in this paper aims to partially bridge this gap by examining the speaking strategies that advanced learners of English used in the performance of two communicative tasks, differing in the extent to which the participants were required to make a contribution to their successful completion. The data collected by means of open-ended questionnaires that were administered immediately after the completion of the two tasks yielded crucial insights into the nature of the speaking strategies and the ways in which the communicative goals inherent in task type influenced the choice of speaking strategies.
Źródło:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2018, 8, 2; 269-291
2083-5205
2084-1965
Pojawia się w:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Physical activity among older people who are deaf and hard of hearing: perceived barriers and facilitators
Autorzy:
Kurková, Petra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1031978.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
PPHU Projack Jacek Wąsik
Tematy:
communication strategies
visual and technical support
environment
participation
Opis:
The objective of this study was to investigate the ways in which participation in physical activity is prevented or facilitated among older adults who are deaf or hard of hearing (D/HH). Interviews were conducted with 8 individuals who are D/HH aged 50+ years (4 females and 4 males). The sample was created by asking key people in local organisations who they would recommend. Participants were recruited in an effort to have a cross-section of different hearing loss view-related experiences. Data was analysed using a thematic analysis. The analysis revealed four themes that helped to explain why physical activity was perceived as being either prevented or facilitated among older adults who are D/HH: communication strategies; visual and technical support; environment; physical activity participation. Appropriate physical activities can help to reduce personal and family stress and facilitate bringing about new long-term friendships, as well as help the individuals to take their minds off the hectic course of life. Various communication strategies can be used effectively in during leisure time physical activities with people who are D/HH. The main challenge for any specialist in physical activities (educator, coach or physiotherapist) is to pinpoint the most effective method for a particular individual who is D/HH and then become proficient in it. Our study confirmed that participation in physical activities is very important for all older adults who are D/HH in order to build connections with existing mainstream community activities.
Źródło:
Physical Activity Review; 2016, 4; 72-80
2300-5076
Pojawia się w:
Physical Activity Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Pragmatic Functions of Repetition in TV Discourse
Autorzy:
Rabab'ah, Ghaleb
Abuseileek, Ali Farhan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/969629.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012-12-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
TV discourse
media
self-repetition
repair
repetition functions
communication strategies
Opis:
Since repetition is a natural phenomenon used to perform various functions in interactional discourse, adopting a pragmatic analysis to the discourse of Dr. Phil and his guests on Dr. Phil's TV show, this study attempted to explore the pragmatic functions of such repetitions as used by English native speakers. The data were gathered from conversations between native speakers of English, and based on 7 full episodes of Dr. Phil's TV Show. The researchers watched, and studied these episodes on YouTube. The study revealed that one of the salient features of TV discourse is repetition, which is employed to perform a variety of language functions. Repetition was used to express emphasis, clarity, emotions, highlight the obvious, be questionable, express annoyance, persuasion, express surprise, give instructions, and as a filler in order to take time, when the speaker was searching for a proper word to say what would come next. The study concluded that these findings had significant implications for EFL/ESL teachers and the interlanguage development of EFL/ESL learners.
Źródło:
Research in Language; 2012, 10, 4; 445-460
1731-7533
Pojawia się w:
Research in Language
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The impact of teaching communication strategies on EFL learners Willingness to Communicate
Autorzy:
Mesgarshahr, Abulfazl
Abdollahzadeh, Esmaeel
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/780433.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-03
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Willingness to Communicate
communication strategies
strategic competence
Communication Apprehension
Self-perceived Communicative Competence
Opis:
One of the pedagogical implications of the research on the Willingness to Communicate (WTC) might be to propose practical ways of making language learners more willing to communicate in the classroom. This study investigated the impact of teaching communication strategies (CSs) on Iranian EFL learners’ WTC. To this end, 8 intact classes were included as the experimental and control groups. The control group underwent regular language instruction, while the experimental group received the treatment (i.e., communication strategy training). The self-report measurement of WTC (MacIntyre, Baker, Clément, & Conrad, 2001) was done before (pre-test) and after the treatment (post-test). The results of the independent-samples t test showed that the degree of WTC of the treatment group was significantly higher compared with that of the control group. It was concluded that teaching CSs helps learners become more willing to communicate in the classroom.
Źródło:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2014, 4, 1; 51-76
2083-5205
2084-1965
Pojawia się w:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Variations in Child-Child and Child-Adult Interactions
Autorzy:
Dzik, Dominika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/783079.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
child-child interaction, communication strategies, cross-linguistic influence, L3 learning
Opis:
The aim of the present study is to investigate communication strategies used by twenty upper-primary school students in two types of interactions in Spanish. In the first phase of the study, students were paired with level and aged matched peers. Their task was to describe how to get to the particular place of the city on the basis of the map. During the second part of the study, they conducted short interviews with Spanish native speakers. Those two types of interactions were recorded and then transcribed in order to find out what communication strategies were the most commonly used by participants. The results clearly show that, even though participants were beginner learners of Spanish, they managed to successfully convey the message with the help of a wide array of communication strategies. Depending on the dyad students worked in, they used a variety of methods that enabled them to interact in those pairs. The most conspicuous differences were observed in terms of appeals of help and switches to English (L2) and Polish (L1).    
Źródło:
Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition; 2020, 6, 1; 31-50
2450-5455
2451-2125
Pojawia się w:
Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Building from the ground up: Frank Lloyd Wright as an architect of language
Budowanie od dołu do góry. Frank Lloyd Wright jako architekt języka
Autorzy:
Frelik, Edyta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2232103.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-04-07
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Katedra Italianistyki. Polskie Towarzystwo Retoryczne
Tematy:
Frank Lloyd Wright
architektura
wypowiedź językowa
strategie komunikacyjne
performance
architecture
verbal expression
communication strategies
Opis:
F.L. Wright’s written and oral statements are discussed with a view to showing the connection between his principles of “organic” architecture and the rhetorical efficacy of his verbal expression. His calculated, eloquent and dexterous enactment, or performance, of various communication strategies is presented as fully contiguous and consonant with his architectural thinking and substantiation of ideas through action. This makes him an important precursor of postmodern consciousness and praxis.
Ustne i pisemne wypowiedzi F.L. Wrighta są omówione tak, by podkreślić związek między zasadami jego „organicznej” koncepcji architektury a retoryczną skutecznością języka, jakiego używa. Jego elokwencja i sprawne wykonanie („performance”) przygotowanego zamysłu, wykorzystujące różne strategie komunikacyjne, przedstawione jest jako w pełni spójne i zgodne z jego architektonicznym myśleniem i realizacją jego idei w działaniu. To właśnie sprawia, że jest on prekursorem postmodernistycznej świadomości i praktyki.
Źródło:
Res Rhetorica; 2022, 9, 1; 52-68
2392-3113
Pojawia się w:
Res Rhetorica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effects of communication strategy training on EFL students performance in small-group discussions
Autorzy:
Benson, Stuart
Fischer, Danielle
Geluso, Joe
Von Joo, Lucius
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/780607.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-06
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
English as a foreign language
small-group discussions
communication strategies
explicit instruction
co-constructed learning
Opis:
In recent years, a number of studies have been conducted with regard to communication strategy training and performance on communicative tasks (Lam, 2009; Nakatani, 2010; Naughton, 2006). This study aims to add to the literature by examining how two strategies, clarifying/confirming and extending a conversation, and two methods of teaching the strategies, affected the interactional sequences and overall group discussion performance of EFL students at a university in Japan. Pre and posttreatment small-group discussions were recorded for assessment, and a stimulated recall interview was administered to determine the participants’ perceptions of their learning and language use. Posttest results reveal that the experimental groups that were taught predetermined phrases aimed at clarifying/confirming and extending a conversation employed such phrases more frequently than the control group. However, this employment of phrases did not lead to higher gains in group discussion skills as the control group enjoyed the largest gains from pre to posttest. The researchers consider the findings in light of previous research, and conclude with recommendations for future research on the topic with special regard to research design.
Źródło:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2013, 3, 2; 245-259
2083-5205
2084-1965
Pojawia się w:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Lingua Receptiva: An Overview of Communication Strategies The Role of Pragmatic Aspects in Receptive Intercultural Communication (the Case of Polish and Czech)
Lingua receptiva – rejestr strategii komunikacyjnych Rola czynników pragmatycznych w receptywnej komunikacji międzykulturowej (przypadek polsko-czeski)
Autorzy:
Majdańska-Wachowicz, Urszula
Steciąg, Magdalena
Zábranský, Lukáš
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1335960.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-06-18
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
lingua receptiva
closely related languages
communication strategies
pragmalinguistic analysis
intelligibility
języki spokrewnione
strategie komunikacyjne
aliza pragmalingwistyczna
zrozumiałość komunikatu
Opis:
The aim of the study is to examine communication strategies employed by the Polish and Czech speakers when communicating with each other in their native languages. In particular, the analysis refers to receptive intercultural communication. The material under investigation covers audio and visual recordings of semi-spontaneous dialogues. The pragmalinguistic research investigates the strategies which help achieve mutual intelligibility when using lingua receptiva. The findings prove how significant pragmatic aspects are when it comes to successful receptive intercultural communication.
Celem artykułu jest prześledzenie strategii komunikacyjnych podejmowanych przez uczestników receptywnej komunikacji międzykulturowej na przykładzie półspontanicznych dialogów prowadzonych przez Polaków i Czechów w ich rodzimych językach. Materiał badawczy został zgromadzony podczas polsko-czeskich warsztatów językowych i zarejestrowany w formie nagrania audiowizualnego. Analiza ma charakter  pragmalingwistyczny i skupia się na strategiach wzmacniających wzajemne zrozumienie w toku zaplanowanej pod kątem potrzeb badawczych interakcji w modelu lingua receptiva. Jej wyniki potwierdzają ważną rolę czynników pragmatycznych w receptywnej komunikacji międzykulturowej.
Źródło:
Forum Lingwistyczne; 2021, 8
2449-9587
2450-2758
Pojawia się w:
Forum Lingwistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Is there EFL in ELT coursebooks?
Autorzy:
Vettorel, Paola
Lopriore, Lucilla
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/780518.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-12
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
English as lingua franca
World Englishes
ELT materials
intercultural awareness
langugae awareness
communication strategies
localization
nonnative bilingual speakers of English
Opis:
This article aims to explore whether well-attested findings in the fields of World Englishes (WE) and of English as a lingua franca (ELF) have determined a shift in perspective in the overall approach to English language teaching (ELT), and how far this shift has permeated teaching materials and coursebooks. The research study was carried out in Italy, a country where ELT coursebooks have often played a relevant role in introducing innovations in language teaching methodology. The research design included a corpus of ten coursebooks that have been published and adopted in Italian secondary schools in the last 6 years. The coursebooks were evaluated in terms of the presence or absence of references to WE and/or ELF, of awareness-raising activities, of the promotion of using English outside the school environment and of the use of effective English communication and intercultural strategies among nonnative speakers. Findings show that there have been no significant changes in the inclusion of WE- and ELForiented materials and related tasks, apart from the area of promotion of cultural and intercultural awareness.
Źródło:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2013, 3, 4; 483-504
2083-5205
2084-1965
Pojawia się w:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Teachers as learners: learning to learn through strategy training. Part III. Strategy instruction in teacher education
Nauczyciel w roli ucznia: nauczyć się jak się uczyć poprzez trening strategii. Część III. Instrukcja strategiczna w kształceniu nauczycieli
Autorzy:
Dąbrowska, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/565569.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Akademia Bialska Nauk Stosowanych im. Jana Pawła II w Białej Podlaskiej
Tematy:
learning to learn
learning strategies
communication strategies
strategy training
‘strategic’ teacher education
nauczyć się jak się uczyć
strategie uczenia się
strategie komunikacji językowej
trening strategii
kształcenie „strategicznego” nauczyciela
Opis:
The main aim of this series of three articles is to stress the significance of implementing the learning to learn idea in pre-service teacher education and in the qualified teacher’s career, and encourage educators and learners to develop personalized skills and strategies necessary for further, continued or lifelong learning. In Part I., the author presents formal qualifications, knowledge and skills second/foreign language teachers are expected to acquire in Polish and European teacher training institutions. In Part II., she discusses essential roles and tasks modern language teachers need to be able to perform with regard to strategy training and emphasizes the need for educating ‘strategic’ teachers able to foster learner self-regulated learning. In Part III., the author presents the results of her empirical studies aimed at helping teacher trainees learn to learn by expanding individualized strategy repertoires through explicit and implicit strategy training; she also discusses their pedagogical implications.
Niniejszy cykl trzech artykułów podkreśla znaczenie aktywnej realizacji idei uczenia się jak się uczyć w kształceniu i rozwoju zawodowym nauczycieli języków obcych, co wiąże się z potrzebą rozwijania umiejętności i strategii niezbędnych do uczenia się przez całe życie. W części I. autorka przedstawia formalne kwalifikacje, wiedzę i umiejętności, jakie nauczyciel języka obcego powinien zdobyć w polskich i europejskich instytucjach kształcących nauczycieli. W części II. omawia role i zadania współczesnego nauczyciela wynikające z realizacji postulatu integracji nauczania języka obcego i treningu strategii oraz podkreśla potrzebę kształcenia tzw. „strategicznego” nauczyciela. W części III. autorka prezentuje wyniki własnych badań empirycznych w zakresie eksplicytnego i implicytnego treningu strategii uczenia się i użycia języka obcego oraz omawia ich implikacje pedagogiczne.
Źródło:
Rozprawy Społeczne; 2016, 10, 2; 36-46
2081-6081
Pojawia się w:
Rozprawy Społeczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
From Campus Closure to Campus Reopening: Strategies of American Universities to Avoid Social Crisis in COVID-19 Communication
Od zamknięcia kampusu do jego ponownego otwarcia. Strategie uniwersytetów amerykańskich mające na celu uniknięcie kryzysu społecznego w komunikacji na temat COVID-19
Autorzy:
Stodolinska, Yuliya
Zaporozhets, Halyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/33302771.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Slawistyki PAN
Tematy:
communication tactics
communication strategies
COVID-19 pandemic
COVID-19 communication
social crisis
university engagement
university websites
taktyki komunikacyjne
strategie komunikacyjne
pandemia COVID-19
komunikacja na temat COVID-19
kryzys społeczny
zaangażowanie uczelni
strony internetowe uczelni
Opis:
This paper examines how the universities used their institutional websites as one of the key channels of COVID-19 communication and engagement of all participants of the educational process in the achievement of the set aims during the pandemic. The article investigates which communication strategies and tactics were implemented and what the verbal and nonverbal markers of the communication strategies and tactics are. It is assumed that universities generally implement the combination of strategies and tactics instead of realizing each one individually in order to cope with educational and social crisis and address such issues as inequality, social distancing, psychological problems, lack of communication and community.
W niniejszym artykule zbadano, w jaki sposób uczelnie wykorzystywały swoje instytucjonalne strony internetowe jako jeden z kluczowych kanałów komunikacji i angażowania wszystkich uczestników procesu edukacyjnego w czasie pandemii COVID-19. Przedmiotem uwagi są wdrożone strategie i taktyki komunikacyjne, wraz z ich wyznacznikami werbalnymi i niewerbalnymi. Zakłada się, że uczelnie na ogół łączą różne strategie i taktyki zamiast realizować każdą z nich indywidualnie, tak aby poradzić sobie z kryzysem edukacyjnym i społecznym oraz zająć się takimi problemami, jak nierówności, dystans społeczny, problemy psychologiczne, brak komunikacji i wspólnoty.
Źródło:
Slavia Meridionalis; 2022, 22
1233-6173
2392-2400
Pojawia się w:
Slavia Meridionalis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The use of Polish and Czech as a lingua receptiva in comparison with English as a lingua franca – some remarks on multilingual modes of communication with reference to CSS and ICC
Autorzy:
Steciąg, Magdalena
Majdańska-Wachowicz, Urszula
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1921573.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-06-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Collegium Novum. Polskie Towarzystwo Neofilologiczne
Tematy:
lingua receptiva (LaRa)
English as a lingua franca (ELF)
communication strategies (CSs)
intercultural communicative competence (ICC)
intelligibility
język angielski jako lingua franca (ELF)
strategie komunikacyjne
interkulturowa kompetencja komunikacyjna
zrozumiałość komunikatu
Opis:
The present study aims to investigate the use of Polish and Czech as a lingua receptiva (LaRa) in comparison with English as a lingua franca (ELF) between Polish and Czech students when making semi-spontaneous dialogues. With this aim in mind, the notion of intelligibility together with communication strategies (CSs) and intercultural communicative competence (ICC) are discussed. The study is inspired by Bulatović’s et al. (2019) who investigated the effectiveness of LaRa and ELF between Croatians and Slovenes. The study investigated listening skills and showed that the mean of intelligibility was high irrespective of the mode. The study in question aims to expand prior research with reference to spoken interactions between Polish and Czech speakers. In particular, it examines the role of communication strategies and intercultural communicative competence in achieving intelligibility in two multilingual modes. The results of the study show that the level of intelligibility is high irrespective of the mode. In LaRa and ELF sessions intelligibility and negotiation strategies are determined by careful language choices, certain communication strategies, and intercultural communicative competence (intercultural attitude towards the partner and modes of communication).
Źródło:
Neofilolog; 2021, 56/2; 237-257
1429-2173
Pojawia się w:
Neofilolog
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Interwoven: Culture, language, and learning strategies
Autorzy:
Oxford, Rebecca L.
Gkonou, Christina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/781029.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
culture
cultural learning strategies
cultural communication styles
strategy instruction
Opis:
Culture, language, and learning strategies form a grand tapestry, which is this article’s theme. The authors explain each part of the tapestry, provide ideas for teaching all parts in a smoothly united way, and explore key cultural issues (i.e., cognitive flexibility, ethnocultural empathy, intercultural understanding, and needs of intercultural trauma survivors). The article discusses cultural types, cultural communication styles, and related strategies, and it identifies publications that draw together culture, language, and strategies. The article offers new insights and abundant examples for teachers, teacher educators, and researchers.
Źródło:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2018, 8, 2; 403-426
2083-5205
2084-1965
Pojawia się w:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Implementing new marketings strategies in scientific and research institutions
Autorzy:
Pluta-Olearnik, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/213083.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Lotnictwa
Tematy:
new marketing strategies
marketing concepts
network organizations
marketing communication
direct research
Opis:
The goal of the work is to show the character and dynamics of changes in the environment of companies and market institutions and highlight the directions in which marketing strategies are going as a response to the new challenges. A detailed area of analysis is the R&D sector. Institutions from this sector have to adapt their activities to the requirements of the environment by using the concept of relationship marketing and the concept of customer value management. In the work secondary sources of information in form of specialist publications, research results of specialized agencies and the results of the author’s own research were used. Moreover, the work includes two examples presenting the models of functioning on the R&D market, based on modern organization and marketing solutions.
Źródło:
Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa; 2012, 2 (223); 83-96
0509-6669
2300-5408
Pojawia się w:
Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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