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Tytuł:
The effect of the burden of patient care with cancer on family caregivers
Autorzy:
Anterrioti, Ch.
Alikari, V.
Kelesi, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1918935.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-06-10
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Medyczny w Białymstoku
Tematy:
cancer
family
caregivers
burden
Opis:
Cancer is a major problem that affects today's society. Besides patients suffering from this disease, cancer has also a huge impact on the quality of life of the family. This study aimed to investigate the latest bibliography on the effect of the burden of patient care with cancer on family caregivers. Family caregivers face physical health problems such as physical pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances. Moreover, several psychological effects are shown, in which various disorders such as depression are included. Psychological disorders, also, include adjustment disorder, panic disorder, anxiety, and emotional reactions such as anger, frustration, and fear. In the financial sector, caregivers face several problems due to the coverage of medical needs which are reinforced by reducing or stopping their work because of the care burden. At the same time, they are confronted with social impacts in which loneliness and isolation are attributable to the limitation of their social activities. As far as the age group of the patient is concerned, the effects of caring for young patients are more psychological than physical in opposite to the older people. The burden experienced by the family of the cancer patient exhausts family and it becomes necessary to identify problems and assess their needs. Health professionals should strength caregivers with actions such as psychological support, training, and participation in social and supportive programs in order to improve their personal health and quality of life.
Źródło:
Progress in Health Sciences; 2020, 10(1); 102-107
2083-1617
Pojawia się w:
Progress in Health Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Burden Optimisation of Lump Charge Materials for Foundry Furnaces
Autorzy:
Ziółkowski, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/355733.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
burden of lump chargé materials
Opis:
Calculation of economically optimum charge burden for foundry furnaces depends on a solution that can be found in the field of mathematical linear programming. A traditional linear optimisation method means looking for continuous variables that can define portion of every charge component. Sometimes, it can be observed that a calculated portion of charge material with a defined lump mass is rounded up, which is wrong because the charge burden prepared in such a way may either show a mistaken chemical composition, or it can entail a significant cost. With charge materials characterised by defined mass lumps, it is recommended to use a modified method of integer linear optimisation. This article contains definitions of a goal function and a system of constraints considering the charge materials as stated above. In addition, a sample calculation has been included hereto to show such optimisation for a selected process of metal melting in a casting furnace.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 4; 2217-2221
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Towards caring for caregivers: assessing the burden of care and experience of associative stigma among caregivers of patients with chronic mental illnesses at a mental health care facility in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria
Autorzy:
Olagundoye, Olawunmi
Akhuemokhan, Victor
AluGo, Morenike
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/552312.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Przyjaciół Medycyny Rodzinnej i Lekarzy Rodzinnych
Tematy:
mental illness
family
caregivers
burden
stigma.
Źródło:
Family Medicine & Primary Care Review; 2017, 2; 149-155
1734-3402
Pojawia się w:
Family Medicine & Primary Care Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Maladaptive schemas, coping with stress and burden of care in caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia. Preliminary study
Nieadaptacyjne schematy poznawcze, radzenie sobie ze stresem a poziom obciążenia u opiekunów osób ze schizofrenią. Doniesienie wstępne
Autorzy:
Siewierska, Joanna
Chodkiewicz, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/942006.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Medical Communications
Tematy:
burden of care
maladaptive schemas
schizophrenia
Opis:
Purpose: The study is an attempt at describing the psychological characteristics of caregivers of relatives with schizophrenia which contribute to deepening or reducing the negative consequences of care. The study examines the relationship between the burden of care and maladaptive cognitive schemas and strategies of coping with stress used by the caregivers. Exploring this problem area may be important for the planning and implementation of support programs for people caring for relatives with mental illness. Material and methods: Thirty caregivers of relatives with schizophrenia completed a questionnaire set comprising the Zarit Burden Interview, the Mini-COPE, the Young Schema Questionnaire – Short Form 3 (YSQ-S3-PL) and a sociodemographic sheet. Results: Significant relationships were found between burden of care and sociodemographic indicators, maladaptive schemas and adaptive/non-adaptive coping strategies. Especially, caregivers of family members with schizophrenia which is associated with depression and/or alcohol dependence are more likely to report the burden of caring for individuals with schizophrenia than those with somatic comorbidities. Higher burden of care characterises caregivers who have a higher level of eight out of 18 maladaptive schemas and less frequently use active coping with stress. Correlations between maladaptive schemas and coping strategies have also been obtained. Conclusions: In  working with carers of relatives with schizophrenia, special attention should be paid to the coexistence of other disorders like depression or alcohol abuse. Moreover, the work should be focused on maladaptive schemas in caregivers, which can block their use of adaptive strategies of coping with stress.
Cel: W badaniu analizowano związek między odczuwanym przez opiekunów osób chorych na schizofrenię ciężarem opieki a posiadanymi przez nich nieadaptacyjnymi schematami poznawczymi w ujęciu Younga i współpracowników oraz strategiami radzenia sobie ze stresem. Poznanie tego obszaru problemowego może być ważne dla planowania i wdrażania programów wsparcia dla osób opiekujących się krewnymi chorującymi psychicznie. Materiał i metody: Trzydziestu opiekunów krewnych chorych na schizofrenię wypełniło ankietę socjodemograficzną oraz Zarit Burden Interview Version 1.0 (ZBI), Kwestionariusz Schematów Younga (YSQ-S3-PL) i kwestionariusz Mini-COPE. Wyniki: Stwierdzono istotne zależności między odczuwanym ciężarem opieki a wskaźnikami socjodemograficznymi, schematami nieadaptacyjnymi oraz adaptacyjnymi i nieadaptacyjnymi strategiami radzenia sobie ze stresem. W przypadku chorych na schizofrenię, u których współwystępowała jednocześnie depresja i/lub uzależnienie od alkoholu, opiekunowie odczuwali znacząco większy ciężar opieki niż w przypadku chorych, u których występowały obok choroby psychicznej choroby somatyczne. Większy ciężar opieki charakteryzuje opiekunów, którzy mają wyższy poziom ośmiu z osiemnastu schematów w ujęciu Younga i rzadziej korzystają z aktywnego radzenia sobie ze stresem. Odnotowano również korelacje między nieprzystosowawczymi schematami i strategiami radzenia sobie. Wnioski: Pracując z opiekunami krewnych chorych na schizofrenię, należy zwrócić szczególną uwagę na współistnienie u ich podopiecznych zaburzeń, takich jak depresja czy nadużywanie alkoholu. Ponadto pomoc powinna koncentrować się na próbach zmiany nieadaptacyjnych schematów u opiekunów, które mogą blokować stosowanie przez nich przystosowawczych strategii radzenia sobie.
Źródło:
Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna; 2018, 18, 2; 137-145
1644-6313
2451-0645
Pojawia się w:
Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On the Subject of Testamentary Burden against the Background of German Law
Autorzy:
Trzewik, Jacek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1945089.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-07
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
testamentary burden
Polish law
German law
Opis:
The making of a last will and testament by a testator is an act in law. The testator is entitled to make specific dispositions to execute their last will, such as identifying an heir, making ordinary or vindication legacies, or appointing an executor of the will. At the same time, the number of potential aims intended to be achieved by the testator corresponds to the number of possible life situations that cannot be resolved through the testator’s dispositions regarding their estate. It is therefore necessary to equip the testator with such legal means that will allow them to achieve both material and non-material objectives. This is the role of the institution of testamentary burden. It has been regulated in the Polish legal system only superficially; therefore, the author refers to the legacy of German legislation to offer a better understanding of the solution.
Źródło:
Review of European and Comparative Law; 2021, 47, 4; 83-105
2545-384X
Pojawia się w:
Review of European and Comparative Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
“Why have I become a burden to you?” Disability and Holiness: A Reading of Job 7:20
Autorzy:
Lequin, Yves-Marie
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2149991.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:
disability
burden
holiness
Job
vulnerability
struggle
Opis:
This article explores disability and holiness in light of the neutral theme of burden as it appears in the Book of Job. Job is afflicted by evil and is revolted by it; yet, he ends up accepting this mystery. Job’s example expands the definition of “holiness” to include one of its key elements: the gift of a word of freedom that can give rise to prophetic vulnerability.
Źródło:
Rocznik Teologii Katolickiej; 2020, 19; 37-47
1644-8855
Pojawia się w:
Rocznik Teologii Katolickiej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Relationships between Resilience and Well-Being in Family Caregivers to Holocaust Survivors
Autorzy:
Anderson, Keith A.
Fields, Noelle L.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/679371.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
caregiving, resilience, well-being, burden, depression, Holocaust
Opis:
The caregiver role can be challenging as family members address the oft en complex needs of aging relatives. Resilience, the process or trait related to addressing and rebounding from adversity, may play a role in determining how well family caregivers fare. In this study, the authors explored the relationships between resilience and well-being in a uniquely resilient group – family caregivers to Holocaust survivors. Surveys were completed by a convenience sample of family caregivers (N = 89) living in the United States. One-way between subjects ANOVA with Scheff é post-hoc tests were run to compare low-, moderate-, and high-resilience caregivers. Depression was significantly lower for each progressively higher resilience group. Physical well-being was signifi cantly lower in the low-resilience group. Caregiver burden was not signifi cantly diff erent between groups. Resilience may have a prophylactic role in preserving physical and emotional well-being in family caregivers; however, resilience and burden may have a more nuanced relationship. Burden may have been underreported due to (a) comparisons with the stress experienced by the Holocaust survivors and/or (b) a heightened sense of filial piety. Health care practitioners should be aware of the complex role that resilience can potentially play both in protecting well-being and in masking burden in family caregivers.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Pracy Socjalnej; 2013, 18, 4
2449-6138
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Pracy Socjalnej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Character of the relationship with Alzheimer patient and the psychological costs of care
Autorzy:
Wojtyna, Ewa
Popiołek, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430534.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Alzheimer’s disease
burnout
caregiver burden
depression
Opis:
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia. The aim of this study was to determine the dependence between the quality of the caregiver-patient relationship and the psychological costs the caregiver bears during the caregiving period. This study encompassed 292 caregivers (104 partners, 117 children and 71 friends or others persons). The study indicated the greatest level of depression and caregiving-related burdens in the spouses group, and the least in the friends/others group. The most important predictor of the level of burden in the caregiving role turned out to be the nature of the caregiver-patient relationship; however, a varying set of the signifi cance of individual elements of this relationship were indicated in different caregiver groups.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2012, 43, 4; 244-252
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Concentrations of heavy metals (Mn, Co, Ni, Cr, Ag, Pb) in coffee
Autorzy:
Nędzarek, Arkadiusz
Tórz, Agnieszka
Karakiewicz, Beata
Clark, Jeremy
Laszczyńska, Maria
Kaleta, Agnieszka
Adler, Grażyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1039456.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
Tematy:
coffee infusion
global disease burden
lead poisoning
toxicity
Opis:
Aim: Technologies involved in roasting coffee beans, as well as the methods used to prepare infusions, vary according to culture, and contribute to differences in the concentration of elements in the drink. Materials and Methods: Concentrations of six elements: manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), chrome (Cr), silver (Ag) and lead (Pb) were investigated in coffee infusions from eleven samples of coffee, roasted and purchased in four countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Lebanon and Poland. Metal concentrations were determined using an induction coupled plasma technique in combination with mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, Perkin Elmer) which measures total metal (ionic and non-ionic) content. Results: Metal intake estimated for individual countries (in the respective order; mean consumption per person per year) was as follows: Mn: 26.8-33.1, 28.3-29.5, 29.7, 12.6-18.9 mg; Co: 0.33-0.48, 0.42-0.35, 0.32, 0.12-0.17 mg; Ni: 3.83-5.68, 4.85-5.51, 4.04, 2.06-2.24 mg; Cr: 0.17-0.41, 0.21-0.47, 0.17, 0.09-0.28 mg; Ag: 0.16-1.13, 0.26-0.70, 0.61, 0.33-1.54 mg, Pb: 4.76-7.56, 3.59-5.13, 3.33, 1.48-2.43 mg. Conclusions: This finding gives new data for Mn, Co, Ni, Cr, and Ag intake from coffee , and suggests that the amounts are negligible. However, the data for Pb consumption in heavy drinkers, for example in Bosnia and Herzegovina, indicate that Pb intake from coffee may contribute to the disease burden. The high lead level in some coffees suggests the need for a more precise control of coffee contamination.
Źródło:
Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2013, 60, 4; 623-627
0001-527X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Biochimica Polonica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of telematics of ubi insurance on the management of the fleet of company vehicles
Autorzy:
Chaba, Rafał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1838341.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz. Przemysłowy Instytut Motoryzacji
Tematy:
insurance
telematics
burden
losses
communication
calculating
insurance premium
Opis:
The advent and development of connected technologies and the adaptation of large collections of data are changing the face of all industries. A technological area that is gaining more and more in the era of automation and digitization of processes is the scope of utility telematics used mainly in the transport industry. The use of devices based on telematics technology allows for effective management of the vehicle fleet. The information collected and processed by the algorithm makes it possible to increase productivity, reduce costs and increase the safety of business fleets. One of the developing global trends is the use of telematics in the insurance industry to improve the area of risk assessment, and thus to better match the offer to a specific entity. The data flow between an insurer and their customers is growing exponentially, making the need for big data adaptation a cornerstone in the insurer's technological landscape. The aim of the article is to present the results of questionnaire studies presenting the driver's assessment before and after installing telematics devices on board the vehicle. The studies indicate the need to deal with aggressive business fleet drivers and their driving behaviour that has an impact on incidents and traffic incidents when traversing short- and long-haul routes. The comprehensive survey is also used to propose a solution that detects the risks posed by unsafe driving incidents on the road, taking into account the behavioural and emotional factors of the driver. The results of these studies will help the insurance industry to assess driving risks more accurately and propose a personalized premium calculation solution based on driver behaviour, which is most important for loss prevention in business fleets.
Źródło:
Archiwum Motoryzacji; 2021, 92, 2; 69-82
1234-754X
2084-476X
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Motoryzacji
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Economic Growth and Tax Inequality in Japan: Evidence from World War I
Autorzy:
Revelant, Andrea
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/599769.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
Tematy:
modern Japan
tax burden
inequality
rural/urban gap
Opis:
Tax systems are useful indicators of the economic and political conditions which concur to shape them. With respect to developing countries, an analysis of the tax burden can help to understand how the process of modernization is sustained through fiscal extraction from different social classes and productive sectors. This paper presents statistical evidence on the distribution of taxes in Japan around the time of World War I, which was a pivotal moment for both economic growth and political change. Sources indicate that government officials had a clear perception of inequality and its structural causes; the surveys examined here can therefore be considered a starting point for reform of the tax system, as discussed in the next twenty years.
Źródło:
Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia; 2014, 27; 131-149
0860-6102
Pojawia się w:
Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The consolidated debt of local government units in Poland
Autorzy:
Czekaj, Mirosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2097020.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Komitet Nauk o Finansach PAN
Tematy:
consolidated balance sheet
debt burden
local government units
Opis:
All local government units in Poland have been analysed regarding their consolidated debt. The consolidated debt was compared with the budget debt which is subject to monitoring and statutory restrictions. The scale of extra-budgetary debt has been revealed as recorded in the balance sheet of a local government unit, a parent entity. In practice, the consolidated balance sheet and debt presented in it are not subject to debates and analyses. Local governments refrain from auditing and publicising of the consolidated balance sheet. The article describes the risks related to unlimited local government debt.
Źródło:
FINANSE Czasopismo Komitetu Nauk o Finansach PAN; 2018, 1(11); 151-160
1899-4822
Pojawia się w:
FINANSE Czasopismo Komitetu Nauk o Finansach PAN
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
External aid behavior in the recipient economy: A probit regression for Africa
Autorzy:
Adediyan, Aderopo Raphael
Ehisuoria, Oseremen ThankGod
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2028394.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Economic freedom
External aid
External debt burden
Probit regression
Opis:
Aim/purpose – External aid allocation by the donors in recent years has been fraught with instability and volatility. This has a negative consequence on the recipient economies particularly those that are highly aid-dependent. A good solution to the problem requires much understanding of factors influencing the behavior of external aid in the respective recipient economy. In this study, the focus was on analyzing two economic factors uncommonly discussed in the empirical literature – the influence of the degree of economic freedom and external debt burden on aid allocation, with emphasis on African economy. Design/methodology/approach – The study constructs a probit model for the analysis using a panel dataset consisting of 48 African countries from 2010 to 2019. Findings – The key findings of the study include a significant positive effect of economic freedom on aid and it implies that the probability of an additional external aid allocation to African countries increases with an increase in the degree of economic freedom. However, external debt burden, albeit positive, is not statistically significant to motivate more external aid allocations to Africa over the sample period. Research implications/limitations – Hence, the pattern of external aid inflows in Africa is a reflection of a change in the degree of economic freedom in the region. Originality/value/contribution – In contribution to filling the gap in the literature on external aid inflow in the recipient economies, the study traced external aid fluctuations in Africa to external debt burden and the extent of restriction imposed on economic freedom in African countries
Źródło:
Journal of Economics and Management; 2022, 44; 1-18
1732-1948
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Economics and Management
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Towards estimating the burden of disease attributable to second-hand smoke exposure in Polish children
Autorzy:
Jarosińska, Dorota
Polańska, Kinga
Wojtyniak, Bogdan
Hanke, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2178808.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-01-01
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
environmental burden of disease
children
second-hand smoke
Polska
Opis:
Objectives: To estimate the burden of disease attributable to second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in Polish children in terms of the number of deaths and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) due to lower respiratory infections (LRI), otitis media (OM), asthma, low birth weight (LBW) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Materials and Methods: Estimates of SHS exposure in children and in pregnant women as well as information concerning maternal smoking were derived from a national survey, the Global Youth Tobacco Survey, and the Global Adult Tobacco Survey in Poland. Mortality data (LRI, OM, asthma, and SIDS), the number of cases (LBW), and population data were obtained from national statistics (year 2010), and DALYs came from the WHO (year 2004). The burden of disease due to SHS was calculated by multiplying the total burden of a specific health outcome (deaths or DALYs) by a population attributable fraction. Results: Using two estimates of SHS exposure in children: 48% and 60%, at least 12 and 14 deaths from LRI in children aged up to 2 years were attributed to SHS, for the two exposure scenarios, respectively. The highest burden of DALYs was for asthma in children aged up to 15 years: 2412, and 2970 DALYs, for the two exposure scenarios, respectively. For LRI, 419 and 500 DALYs, and for OM, 61 and 77 DALYs were attributed to SHS, for the two exposure scenarios, respectively. Between 13% and 27% of SIDS cases and between 3% and 16% of the cases of LBW at term were attributed to SHS exposure. Conclusions: This study provides a conservative estimate of the public health impact of SHS exposure on Polish children. Lack of comprehensive, up to date health data concerning children, as well as lack of measures that would best reflect actual SHS exposure are major limitations of the study, likely to underestimate the burden of disease.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health; 2014, 27, 1; 38-49
1232-1087
1896-494X
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Historical and legal aspects of payment of payments from income from law activities on the territory of Ukraine
Autorzy:
Korinna, Nadiia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1933329.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-06-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
taxation of income from advocacy
taxation system
tax burden
Opis:
This article is devoted to the analysis of historical and legal aspects of payment of income from advocacy in Ukraine. A study of the history of the establishment of such an institution as the bar, the procedure for remuneration for the work of a lawyer, the formation of his income and their legal consolidation. Attention was also paid to the peculiarities of the payment of mandatory fees by bar associations (BA), the formation of the tax burden on income from advocacy. In addition, an analysis of tax legislation and legislation governing the payment of the single social contribution and other mandatory payments. Using the method of analysis and synthesis, ten stages of the formation of the bar, which directly affected the forms and types of income from advocacy and the enshrinement in law of mandatory payments for these activities and their compatibility with income. It is determined that the first stage of such formation occurred in 1917–1918, when lawyers began to receive income from their professional activities; second stage (1918–1919) – the income of a lawyer in the boards was in the form of wages; the third stage (1919–1922) – creation of legislative bases of taxation of lawyer’s activity; the fourth stage (1922–1929) – the transition of the Ukrainian Bar (UB) to collective forms of work; the fifth stage (1929–1931) – the abolition of private practice; the sixth stage (1931–1932) – the bit-share form of payment of work of lawyers is formed; the seventh stage (1932–1960) – introduction of the system of self-financing; the eighth stage (1960–1980) – change of understanding and concept of activity of lawyers; ninth stage (1980–1991) – lawyers are exempt from taxation; the tenth stage – since 1991, the formation of the legislation of independent Ukraine, different approaches to the taxation of income from advocacy, which depends on the choice of lawyers appropriate system of taxation and form of advocacy, as well as excessive tax pressure.
Źródło:
Reality of Politics; 2021, 16; 50-67
2082-3959
Pojawia się w:
Reality of Politics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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