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Wyszukujesz frazę "aversion" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Adult sexual dynamics in persons with the history of sexual abuse
Autorzy:
Repič Slavič, Tanja
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/475421.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Opolski. Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego
Tematy:
sexual abuse
sexuality
aversion
preoccupation
ambivalence
Opis:
Sexuality is most natural and healthy when it is part of an emotionally genuine relationship, not even as its central part but rather as an upgrade of the intimacy of two people who are mutually loyal, committed, loving and respectful. However, if an individual was sexually abused in childhood, they may have suffered the severest consequences of sexual abuse trauma in the area of sexuality, and their experience of sexuality will be completely different from those who were not sexually abused. The article first describes what children learn about sex if they have been sexually abused, as this experience is very much related to the most common behaviours and experiences in adult sexuality. Then we present a theoretical overview of research on sexuality in adults who suffered childhood sexual abuse. The theory will be supplemented and supported by the statements of individuals who have been attending a therapeutic group for the sexually abused in childhood for two years. The statements quoted in the article refer to the period prior to the therapeutic process. Clinical experience shows that, until the victim has resolved the trauma of sexual abuse, the dynamics between the offender and the victim during childhood abuse is most often very similar to the dynamics of the abused with their partner, even in their sexual life.
Źródło:
Family Forum; 2019, 9; 53-70
2084-1698
Pojawia się w:
Family Forum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ESTIMATING INEQUALITY AVERSION FROM SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENTS OF THE JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCES IN WELFARE
Autorzy:
Kot, Stanislaw Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517250.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
inequality
aversion
income
utility estimation
Opis:
Research background: In Economics, the concept of inequality aversion corresponds with the concept of risk aversion in the literature on making decision under uncertainty. The risk aversion is estimated on the basis of subjective reactions of people to various lottery prospects. In Economics, however, an efficient method of estimating inequality aversion has not been developed yet. Purpose of the article: The main aim of this paper is to develop the method of estimating inequality aversion. Methods: The method is based on two income thresholds which are subjectively assessed by surveyed respondents. Given the level of household income, just noticeable worsening of household welfare is perceived below the first threshold, whereas just noticeable improvement of household welfare is perceived above the second threshold. The thresholds make possible effective calculations of the parameter of the Arrow-Pratt’s constant inequality aversion utility function. In this way, an individual utility of income becomes an empirically observable economic phenomenon. Findings & Value added: In this paper, two theorems are proved which provide the guidance on how to identify a proper version of the above function. The proposed method is tested on the basis of statistical data from the archival survey conducted among Polish households in 1999. The statistical analysis of those data reveals the appearance of convex utility functions as well as concave ones. Nevertheless, the prevailing part of the Polish society exhibited inequality aversion in the year 1999. Another result of this paper is that inequality aversion diminishes as income increases.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2017, 12, 1; 123-146
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The choice of a lawyer as a special case of self-insurance-cum-protection
Autorzy:
Dudziński, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/748423.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne
Tematy:
self-insurance-cum protection, risk-aversion, reimbursement
Opis:
Analizujemy decyzję o wyborze prawnika jako szczególnym przypadku samoubezpieczenia z ochroną, gdy koszt prawnika zostanie spłacony w przypadku wygrania procesu. Problem został wprowadzony przez Sevi i Yafil(2005) w kontekście obrony, która wymaga założenia, że wielkość strat nie zależy od wysiłku (poziom wydatków na adwokata ).
We consider decision about the choice of a lawyer as a particular case of self-insurance-cum-protection when the lawyer's cost is repaid  in case of victory.   The problem was introduced by Sevi and Yafil (2005) in the context of self-protection, which requires assumption that the size of  loss does not depend on effort (level of the expenditure on lawyer). In this paper we drop that assumption and our model includes possibility that both loss and  probability of  incuring a loss depend on effort.  We compare effort in our case with the standard one and prove that repayment is good incentive to invest more in modified SICP. We also show  that unlike the standard cases of SP and SICP, the level of effort is monotone in risk aversion. We prove that in our model DARA implies that lawyer's service is a normal good, which is intuitive. We show that for certain type of increase in risk aversion, the reimbursement effect is stronger then the risk aversion effect. For other changes in risk aversion there is a probability threshold that if the probability of a loss is below that level, then risk-aversion effect prevails. For higher initial probabilities, reimbursement effect is stronger.
Źródło:
Mathematica Applicanda; 2013, 41, 2
1730-2668
2299-4009
Pojawia się w:
Mathematica Applicanda
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Risk management system references in construction
Autorzy:
Tkachenko, Volodymyr
Klymchuk, Maryna
Tkachenko, Iryna
Ilina, Tetiana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/692569.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
Tematy:
construction
risk management
dissipation
localization
risk aversion
Opis:
The article examines the basic methods of risk management in construction: risk aversion, localization, dissipation,compensation. The methods are adapted to the specificity of construction companies, taking into account the main directions of their development. For the purpose of effective risk management, formalized functional structuring of risk management in construction is proposed, which will enable the implementation of management functions at two levels – executive and coordinating, with the help of a special structural component in the enterprise management system or a specialized unit in the organizational structure. 
Źródło:
Research Papers in Economics and Finance; 2020, 4, 1; 21-29
2543-6430
Pojawia się w:
Research Papers in Economics and Finance
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Price volatility on the USD/JPY market as a measure of investors’ attitude towards risk
Autorzy:
Banasiak, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/453804.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Katedra Ekonometrii i Statystyki
Tematy:
risk aversion
USD/JPY market
volatility index VIX
Opis:
The aim of the paper is to show the relationship between the value of Japanese yen and the investors’ risk aversion. The correlation results from the application of carry trade strategies by investors. An increase in Carry trade positions is associated with the decrease in risk aversion. The Japanese yen is one of the most popular carry trade funding currency and therefore the change in the value of this currency reflects the change in the investors’ mood. This paper shows that there is a negative relationship between the USD/JPY and the risk aversion measured by volatility index (VIX).
Źródło:
Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych; 2010, 11, 1; 37-44
2082-792X
Pojawia się w:
Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Estimating the parameter of inequality aversion on the basis of a parametric distribution of incomes
Autorzy:
Kot, Stanislaw Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22444415.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
income inequality
inequality aversion
estimation
income distribution
Opis:
Research background: In applied welfare economics, the constant relative inequality aversion function is routinely used as the model of a social decisionmaker?s or a society?s preferences over income distributions. This function is entirely determined by the parameter, ?, of inequality aversion. However, there is no authoritative answer to the question of what the range of ? an analyst should select for empirical work. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is elaborating the method of deriving ? from a parametric distribution of disposable incomes. Methods: We assume that households? disposable incomes obey the generalised beta distribution of the second kind GB2(a,b,p,q). We have proved that, under this assumption, the social welfare function exists if and only if ? belongs to (0,ap+1) interval. The midpoint ?mid of this interval specifies the inequality aversion of the median social-decisionmaker. Findings & Value added: The maximum likelihood estimator of ?mid has been developed. Inequality aversion for Poland 1998?2015 has been estimated. If inequality is calculated on the basis of disposable incomes, the standard inequality?development relationship might be complemented by inequality aversion. The ?augmented? inequality?development relationship reveals new phenomena; for instance, the stage of economic development might matter when assessing the impact of inequality aversion on income inequality.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2020, 15, 3; 391-417
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Algorithm aversion: Sensitivity to interventions and the relationship with numeracy
Autorzy:
Dzieżyk, Michał
Hetmańczuk, Weronika
Traczyk, Jakub
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2127587.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
algorithm aversion
numeracy
estimation
augmented decisions
good decisions
Opis:
The main goal of this research was to investigate whether people exhibit algorithm aversion—a tendency to avoid using an imperfect algorithm even if it outperforms human judgments—in the case of estimating students’ percentile scores on a standardized math test. We also explored the relationships between numeracy and algorithm aversion and tested two interventions aimed at reducing algorithm aversion. In two studies, we asked participants to estimate the percentiles of 46 real 15-year-old Polish students on a standardized math test. Participants were offered the opportunity to compare their estimates with the forecasts of an algorithm — a statistical model that predicted real percentile scores based on fi ve explanatory variables (i.e., gender, repeating a class, the number of pages read before the exam, the frequency of playing online games, socioeconomic status). Across two studies, we demonstrated that even though the predictions of the statistical model were closer to students’ percentile scores, participants were less likely to rely on the statistical model predictions in making forecasts. We also found that higher statistical numeracy was related to a higher reluctance to use the algorithm. In Study 2, we introduced two interventions to reduce algorithm aversion. Depending on the experimental condition, participants either received feedback on statistical model predictions or were provided with a detailed description of the statistical model. We found that people, especially those with higher statistical numeracy, avoided using the imperfect algorithm even though it outperformed human judgments. Interestingly, a simple intervention that explained how the statistical model works led to better performance in an estimation task.
Źródło:
Decyzje; 2020, 34; 67-90
1733-0092
2391-761X
Pojawia się w:
Decyzje
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Equivalence scales for continuous distributions of expenditure
Autorzy:
Kot, Stanisław Maciej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22443103.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
equivalence scale
lognormal distribution
inequality aversion
subjective welfare
Opis:
Research background: In the actual sizable populations of households, the standard microeconomic concept of equivalence scales is intractable since its necessary condition of equality of household welfare levels is unlikely to be fulfilled. Purpose of the article: This paper aims to develop a concept of an equivalence scale, which can be suitable for continuous distributions of expenditures in the population. Methods: Using household welfare intervals, we get the random equivalence scale (RES) as the ratio of expenditure distributions of the compared populations of households. Findings & value added: We derive the parametric distribution of RES for the lognormal distributions of expenditures. The truncated distribution of RES is applied to account for possible economies of scale in the household size. A society?s inequality aversion can be helpful when selecting a single equivalence scale. We estimate RES for Poland using microdata on expenditures and subjective assessments of household welfare intervals. The estimated equivalence scales turned out to be very flat and dependent on welfare.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2023, 18, 1; 185-219
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The atlas of inequality aversion: theory and empirical evidence on 55 countries from the Luxembourg Income Study database
Autorzy:
Kot, Stanisław Maciej
Paradowski, Piotr R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22443170.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
inequality aversion
Atkinson Index
income distribution
inequality
utility function
Opis:
Research background: In the distributive analysis, the constant relative inequality aversion utility function is a standard tool for ethical judgements of income distributions. The sole parameter ? of this function expresses a society?s aversion to inequality. However, the profession has not committed to the range of ?. When assessing inequality and other welfare characteristics, analysts assume an arbitrary level of ?, common to all countries and years. This assumption seems unjustified. Purpose of the article: This paper aims to estimate the parameter ? for each country and year individually using datasets from the Luxembourg Income Study Database in all available years, which dates back to the 1970s. Methods: We utilise the method of estimating ?, which assumes the generalised beta of the second kind distribution of incomes. The estimator of ? is derived from the mathematical condition of the existence of the social welfare function.  Findings & value added: We have elaborated an ?atlas? of  388 estimates of ? for 55 countries across time. Inequality aversion is country-year specific, with a minimum of 0.97 and a maximum of 3.8. Ninety per cent of all estimates are less than 2.5. Inequality aversion is negatively correlated with income inequality, but it is independent of economic development. Thus, inequality aversion appears as an additional dimension of the classical inequality-development relationship. This article contributes to solving a fundamental problem of Welfare Economics: directly measuring the social utility of income (welfare) function. The estimates of ? for 55 countries imply a complete knowledge of these countries' constant relative inequality aversion utility functions.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2022, 17, 2; 261-316
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Monotonicity of the Selling Price of Information with Risk Aversion in Two Action Decision Problems
Autorzy:
Bakir, Niyazi Onur
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2076547.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
decision analysis
value of information
selling price
risk aversion
buying price
Opis:
Various approaches have been introduced over the years to evaluate information in the expected utility framework. This paper analyzes the relationship between the degree of risk aversion and the selling price of information in a lottery setting with two actions. We show that the initial decision on the lottery as well as the attitude of the decision maker towards risk as a function of the initial wealth level are critical to characterizing this relationship. When the initial decision is to reject, a non-decreasingly risk averse decision maker asks for a higher selling price as he gets less risk averse. Conversely, when the initial decision is to accept, non-increasingly risk averse decision makers ask a higher selling price as they get more risk averse if information is collected on bounded lotteries. We also show that the assumption of the lower bound for lotteries can be relaxed for the quadratic utility family.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics; 2015, 2; 71-90
2080-0886
2080-119X
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ESTIMATION OF RISK NEUTRAL MEASURE FOR POLISH STOCK MARKET
Autorzy:
Kliber, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/599503.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Zarządzania z siedzibą w Rzeszowie
Tematy:
risk-neutral pricing
option-implied density
risk aversion
real-world measure
event study
Opis:
In the paper we present the application of risk neutral measure estimation in the analysis of the index WIG20 from Polish stock market. The risk neutral measure is calculated from the process of the options on that index. We assume that risk neutral measure is the mixture of lognormal distributions. The parameters of the distributions are estimated by minimizing the sum of squares of pricing errors. Obtained results are then compared with the model based on a single lognormal distribution. As an example we consider changes in risk neutral distribution at the beginning of March 2014, after the outbreak of political crisis in the Crimea.
Źródło:
Finansowy Kwartalnik Internetowy e-Finanse; 2014, 10, 2; 28-37
1734-039X
Pojawia się w:
Finansowy Kwartalnik Internetowy e-Finanse
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A recursive procedure for selecting optimal portfolio according to the MAD model
Autorzy:
Michałowski, W.
Ogryczak, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/205763.pdf
Data publikacji:
1999
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Badań Systemowych PAN
Tematy:
optymalizacja
programowanie liniowe
downside risk aversion
investment
linear programming
portfolio optimization
quadratic programming
risk management
Opis:
The mathematical model of portfolio optimization is usually represented as a bicriteria optimization problem where a reasonable trade-off between expected rate of return and risk is sought. Im a classical Markowitz model the risk is measured by a variance, thus resulting in a quadratic programming model. As an alternative, the MAD model was proposed where risk is measured by (mean) absolute deviation instead of a variance. The MAD model is computationally attractive, since it is transformed into an easy to solve linear programming program. In this paper we poesent a recursive procedure which allows to identify optimal portfolio of the MAD model depending on investor's downside risk aversion.
Źródło:
Control and Cybernetics; 1999, 28, 4; 725-738
0324-8569
Pojawia się w:
Control and Cybernetics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
COMPUTER-BASED (CBT) VS. PAPER-BASED (PBT) TESTING: MODE EFFECT, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPUTER FAMILIARITY, ATTITUDES, AVERSION AND MODE PREFERENCE WITH CBT TEST SCORES IN AN ASIAN PRIVATE EFL CONTEXT
Autorzy:
Khoshsima, Hooshang
Toroujeni, Seyyed Morteza Hashemi
Thompson, Nathan
Ebrahimi, Mohammad Reza
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/955443.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie. IATEFL Poland Computer Special Interest Group
Tematy:
Computer-Based Testing
testing administration mode
computer familiarity
attitudes and aversion
testing administration mode preference
Opis:
The current study was conducted to investigate whether test scores of Iranian English as Foreign Language (EFL) learners were equivalent across CBT and PBT modes, with 58 intermediate learners studying at a private language academy located in Behshahr city in northern Iran. Moreover, test takers’ computer familiarity, attitudes, aversion, and testing mode preference were regarded as the potential issues to influence CBT test scores. Data were collected using CBT and PBT versions of Nelson Proficiency Multiple-Choice Tests and Computer Aversion, Attitudes, and Familiarity Index (CAAFI) questionnaire as well as a simple testing administration mode preference question. The participants produced similar scores across modes, although they insignificantly outperformed on the CBT version. Additionally, analysis of the overall scores on the CAAFI and mode preference question obtained from CBT testing session indicated no statistically significant correlation between computer familiarity, attitude, aversion, and mode preference variables and test takers’ CBT scores. The qualitative findings of this study obtained by semi-structured interview revealed that most of the participants showed high preference and more advantages for CBT over PBT to rationalize why they preferred this mode of testing.
Źródło:
Teaching English with Technology; 2019, 19, 1; 86-101
1642-1027
Pojawia się w:
Teaching English with Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Risk Attitudes, Buying and Selling Price for a Lottery and Simple Strategies
Autorzy:
Lewandowski, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/483243.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
wealth-invariance
scale-invariance
CARA
CRRA
DARA
risk aversion
buying and selling price for a lottery
Opis:
This paper defines the concept of simple strategy and introduces three kinds of simple strategies: wealth-invariant, scale-invariant and "wealthier-accept more". For three commonly used utility function families: CARA, CRRA and DARA equivalent characterizations are obtained in terms of the corresponding simple strategy, in terms of the buying and selling price properties, and in terms of the utility function properties as expressed by Cauchy functional equations. Moreover, an extension of famous Pratt (1964) theorem is proved which involves buying price for a lottery as an alternative measure of comparative risk aversion. Additionally a number of propositions on both selling and buying price for a lottery and CRRA utility class are proved.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics; 2013, 5, 1; 1-34
2080-0886
2080-119X
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Two factors utility approach
Autorzy:
Kulikowski, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/206747.pdf
Data publikacji:
1998
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Badań Systemowych PAN
Tematy:
optymalizacja
expected return
investment allocation
optimum investment strategies
portfolio optimization
portfolio variance
risk aversion
utility function
worse case return
Opis:
This paper deals with optimization of portfolios composed of securities (equities). The drawbacks of existing methodologies, based on a single factor utility function, are indicated. The two-factor utility function introduced takes into account the expected excess return and expected worst case return (both in monetary units). Assuming that utility is "risk averse" and "constant returns to scale", a theorem on existence of optimum strategy of investments is proven. The optimum strategy is derived in an explicit form. A numerical example is also given.
Źródło:
Control and Cybernetics; 1998, 27, 3; 417-428
0324-8569
Pojawia się w:
Control and Cybernetics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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