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Tytuł:
The Oil Industry in the Second Republic : Light and Shadow
Autorzy:
Ostasz, Grzegorz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31342794.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Instytut Polityki Energetycznej im. Ignacego Łukasiewicza
Tematy:
Second Republic
oil industry
refineries
automobiles
Opis:
This text is an attempt to outline the main challenges facing the Polish oil industry in the interwar period. It discusses the achievements of the second half of the 19th century and the first decades of the following century. It discusses the process of reconstruction and development of the oil industry, primarily in the field of mining and processing of extracted raw material. It reveals the most important issues, related to the domestic situation, foreign markets, the economic crisis, and capital challenges. The article also signals attempts to improve and develop the oil industry, including those based on exploration of new fields and cooperation with the automotive industry.
Źródło:
Energy Policy Studies; 2022, 1 (9); 37-46
2545-0859
Pojawia się w:
Energy Policy Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Support or Hindrance to Action? Spirit Fuel Blends in the Polish Oil Industry in the Interwar Period
Autorzy:
Grata, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31342788.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Instytut Polityki Energetycznej im. Ignacego Łukasiewicza
Tematy:
Second Republic
petroleum industry
spirit propellants
distillery industry
Opis:
The situation of the Polish oil industry after independence was difficult. Cut off from pre-war markets, the weakness of the internal market and increasing competition in external markets resulted in low profitability and a successive decline in production volumes. Competition also became a new threat from the state-backed distillery industry, which was pushing the concept of marketing fuel blends containing spirits. Their entry into the market, despite the objections of oil companies, meant that some gasoline had to be replaced with spirits and their ability to sell on the domestic market was limited. The negative effects of this were consistently raised by oil industry representatives. It wasn't until an improvement in the economy in the second half of the 1930s that a gradual change in the perception of spirit propelled blends appeared. Under conditions of growing domestic demand with relatively constant production volumes, a significant reduction in fuel exports became possible, and spirits were able to become a desirable additive to diesel blends, as evidenced by the increase in their purchases by oil companies.
Źródło:
Energy Policy Studies; 2022, 1 (9); 47-54
2545-0859
Pojawia się w:
Energy Policy Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Society of the Second Republic of Poland Revisited: The Nationality Issues
Autorzy:
Mędrzecki, Włodzimierz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/601741.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie
Tematy:
Second Republic (of Poland)
ethnic relations
national identity
localness
Opis:
This article presents the main goals and the programme of ‘The Society of the Second Republic of Poland: An attempt at a new synthetic approach’, a research project pursued in the Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw. A conference discussing the ways in which national and ethnic factors informed the interwar Polish society, held most recently (in 2012) as part of the project, is discussed in some detail. The article introduces the papers first delivered at the conference and now published in the present issue of Acta Poloniae Historica.
Źródło:
Acta Poloniae Historica; 2014, 109
0001-6829
Pojawia się w:
Acta Poloniae Historica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The scope of responsibility of employers towards workers’ families in the Second Republic of Poland
Autorzy:
Grata, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/652668.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
labour market
the Second Republic of Poland
social security
Opis:
The aim of this article is the presentation of the scope of responsibility of employers towards workers’ families in Poland in the interwar period. The article also shows how those duties were fulfilled. This issue appeared in Europe with the development of social insurance programmes and labour laws. The Second Republic of Poland built its own legal system for employees’ families. It included health insurance and benefits, families’ pensions and funeral allowances. Certain obligations were also imposed on employers in the context of labour law. The most important was the obligation to open nursery schools for the children of women who worked in factories.
Źródło:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym; 2017, 20, 7; 149-159
1899-2226
2353-4869
Pojawia się w:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Educational Practice and Thought of the Second Polish Republic on the 90th Anniversary of Regaining Independence
Autorzy:
Jamrożek, Wiesław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/955400.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
educational system in Poland
Second Republic of Poland
history
Opis:
The situation of the Republic of Poland, which was revived in 1918, in the educational field was dramatically difficult. As a consequence of partitions, the Second Republic of Poland inherited a relatively high rate of analphabetism (over 6.5 million analphabets, which constituted approximately 33% of the entire population of the country older than 10 years). As a result of individual differences in the economic, political, social and legals systems of the states occupying Poland, the educational system on the Polish territories at the threshold of independence was largely different with regard to the number of  schools, the organization, program and didactic assumptions. The reborn Polish state was confronted with an important task of unifying the system and the level of education. It must be emphasised that this task was actually accomplished. In this the Sejm on March 11, 1932 (the act conclusively dissolved the remains of the educational legislation of the states which partitioned Poland). In the interwar Poland, not only the school system but also the so-called extraschool education developed. The period of the Second Republic of Poland was also the  time of explosion of pedagogic thought. The most important theoretical trends in the educational sciences emerged at that time, primarily: “psychological pedagogy and the related great movement of New Education (progressive education)”, “sociological pedagogics (social pedagogy)”, “cultural pedagogy (humanistic, personalistic pedagogy)”. A special object of reflection on the education in the Second Republic of Poland and of controversy in the pedagogics of the twenty years between the First and the Second World War in Poland was the question of educational aims. In the period until 1926 the dominant trend influencing the educational practice to the largest extent was the so-called patriotic education, whereas in the subsequent years citizenship education prevailed.
Źródło:
Biuletyn Historii Wychowania; 2018, 38; 301-307
1233-2224
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Historii Wychowania
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Evolving Protection of Borders of the Reborn Second Republic of Poland
Autorzy:
Lubiewski, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1374763.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
Tematy:
Second Republic of Poland
border development
border protection system
border agencies
Opis:
The Second Republic of Poland, after regaining independence as a new state and creating state structures, faced many serious challenges. Barely formed boundaries required effective protection as soon as possible. An important problem was the process of gradually gaining power over the borders. While its protection system was developing on the western border, regular military operations continued in the east. This task was not facilitated by the incompletely resolved border conflicts and the ethnically patchy population living in the border areas. One of the most serious problems was the lack of experience in protecting the state borders caused by the loss of independence. For the above reasons, the process of developing the border protection system of the Second Polish Republic lasted several years. How difficult that task was is shown by the number of border formations that were brought into existence at that time, subjecting them to various modifications. As a consequence, due to difficult relations between the Republic and neighboring states, the developed system of border protection was not uniform. It also had to face still not fully stabilised situation in Europe.
Źródło:
Internal Security; 2018, Special Issue; 53-66
2080-5268
Pojawia się w:
Internal Security
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Three Pedagogical Congresses
Autorzy:
Jamrożek, Wiesław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/955426.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
pedagogical congresses
Second Republic of Poland
school organisation
history of education
Opis:
The paper presents how important for the history of Polish education were: Ogólnopolski Zjazd Oświatowy (the All-Poland Education Convention) in Warsaw (of April 1919) – called the Teachers’ Sejm, the 1st Pedagogical Congress in Poznan and the 4th Pedagogical Congress in Warsaw (of May 1939). The aforementioned convention and both congresses played a significant role in the development of educational thought and practice in interwar Poland. The scope of the issues discussed during sessions was large. It covered issues regarding the school system and the school administration, preschool upbringing and other levels of education including higher education, vocational schools, teachers’ education and teachers’ pragmatics, nonschool education, school and physical education hygiene. Resolutions and motions adopted at Ogólnopolski Zjazd Oświatowy (All-Poland Education Convention) in Warsaw, in April 1919, provided grounds for work on developing a democratic national education system. The main issues of the Congress in Poznan, held on 8–10 July 1929 during the General National Exhibition in Poznan, were referred to also during sessions of consecutive pedagogical congresses organised by the Polish Teachers’ Union: 2nd Pedagogical Congress (in Vilnius, on 4–8 July 1931) and 3rd Pedagogical Congress (in Lvov on 17–21 June 1933). Sessions of the aforementioned 4th Pedagogical Congress in Warsaw were held in May 1939, in special circumstances, when a threat from Hitler’s Germany reached its apogee among the Polish society, including teachers. Resolutions of the 4th Congress included the programme of democratic transformations of the national education system characterised in many aspects even with an explicit social radicalism. They provided broader access to the university education for the youth from farmers’ and workers’ families, develop special schooling and extend the school obligation for blind, deaf, mentally disabled and “morally neglected” children, develop adult education, implement education for primary school teachers only at a university level.
Źródło:
Biuletyn Historii Wychowania; 2018, 38; 171-178
1233-2224
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Historii Wychowania
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Impact of the Economic Legislation on the Restoration of the Polish State after the First World War
Autorzy:
Jastrzębski, Robert
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2129059.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:
business law
commercial law
law codification
the Second Republic of Poland
Opis:
The paper discusses the issue of the impact of Polish economic legislation on the restoration of the Polish State after the First World War. The author draws attention to those legal regulations that directly influenced the Polish legal order and constituted the result of the activity of the Polish legislature in the years 1918-1939. Most of those regulations were drafted by the Commission of Codification, which had been established under the Act of June 3, 1919, and were related to two periods of economic reform: firstly – the reform conducted by Wladyslaw Grabski along with the earlier legislation mainly related to the period of partition of the Polish state; and secondly – the times after 1926. Significantly, an overwhelming number of regulations were promulgated in the form of decrees with the statutory validity issued by the President of the Second Republic of Poland, which actually eliminated the Polish Parliament from the legislative process. The purpose of these regulations was to unify economically the Polish lands and to create a uniform commercial law. It is worth emphasizing that such enactments as the Industrial Law of 1927, the Commercial Code, the Law of Arrangements with Creditors and the Insolvency Law (all enacted in 1934) remained in force also after 1945. Some of the aforementioned regulations, in particular the Commercial Code of 1934 that was finally repealed at the beginning of this century, largely affected the economic changes after 1989.
Źródło:
Optimum. Economic Studies; 2018, 1(91); 265-282
1506-7637
Pojawia się w:
Optimum. Economic Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Circumstances of the Establishment of “Żegluga Polska” in 1926
Autorzy:
Siemianowski, Jordan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/30146155.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Tematy:
polscy armatorzy
Druga Rzeczpospolita
gospodarka morska Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej
polityka morska Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej
“Żegluga Polska”
polska flota handlowa
the Second Polish Republic
maritime economy of the Second Republic
maritime policy of the Second Republic
Polish shipowners
Polish merchant fleet
Opis:
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie wpływu działalności polsko-norweskiego Towarzystwa Żeglugi Morskiej “Sarmacja” S.A. oraz międzynarodowego rynku węglowego na powstanie w 1926 r. polskiego armatora Żegluga Polska. Opracowanie sporządzono na podstawie analizy dokumentów dostępnych głównie w Archiwum Akt Nowych, Archiwum Państwowym w Gdańsku, Riksarkivet w Oslo, jak również literatury przedmiotu – wspomnień oraz publikacji naukowych. Podjęte badania dowodzą, że upadek “Sarmacji” oraz koniunktura na polski węgiel wywarły decydujący wpływ na powstanie Żeglugi Polskiej. Zwieńczeniem dokonanej analizy jest udowodnienie, że utworzenie solidnego polskiego przedsiębiorstwa żeglugowego w 1926 r. bez całkowitego wkładu finansowego polskich władz państwowych było niemożliwe. Artykuł porządkuje ponadto obowiązujące w nauce sprzeczne ustalenia oraz scala obowiązujące fakty.
The aim of this paper is to show the impact of the activities of the Polish-Norwegian sea shipping company “Towarzystwo Żeglugi Morskiej «Sarmacja» SA” and the events in the international coal market on the establishment of the Polish shipowner “Żegluga Polska” in 1926. The investigations are based on the analysis of documents available mainly in the Polish Archives of New Records, the State Archives in Gdańsk, and Riksarkivet in Oslo, as well as the literature of the subject, including memoirs and scientific publications. The study provides evidence that the collapse of “Sarmacja” and the high demand for Polish coal were the key impulses for the establishment of “Żegluga Polska.” The final conclusion is that in 1926, a solid Polish shipping company could not be created without the full financial support of the Polish state authorities. The present article also sorts out contradictory literature findings and organises already-known facts into a coherent whole.
Źródło:
Studia Maritima; 2022, 35; 85-111
0137-3587
2353-303X
Pojawia się w:
Studia Maritima
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Concepts of Jan Kopczyński, President of the Supreme Administrative Tribunal, Regarding the Formation of the Council of State in the Second Polish Republic
Autorzy:
Kopczyński, Karol
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27308738.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:
Council of State
legislation
Second Polish Republic
Opis:
The paper focuses on a proposal to reform the lawmaking process in the Second Polish Republic through the establishment of a Council of State. The idea of creating a Council of State to improve the quality of legislation was widespread among the Polish legal elite of that time; many representatives of the legal profession presented their ideas in various periodicals. Particularly prominent among the supporters of this concept was the president of the Supreme Administrative Tribunal, Jan Kopczyński, who submitted for discussion by his fellow lawyers several proposals he had prepared for the establishment the Tribunal. The paper describes the debate over Kopczyński’s proposals by juxtaposing them with the concepts of other representatives of the legal doctrine of the Second Polish Republic and the solutions that were applied by the government in that period. The ideas for the creation of the Council of State focused on two foreign models. The first was the French Conseil d’État, which combined legislative and administrative-court powers. The second model was the Romanian Legislative Council, whose tasks were strictly limited to legislation, without the administrative-court functions. Jan Kopczyński’s concepts were closer to the Romanian model. Kopczyński submitted three proposals to establish a Council of State, but none of his proposals was implemented. A substitute for the Council of State was to be the Legal Council to the Minister of Justice, established in 1926 by a regulation of the President of the Republic, but it quickly ended its activities encountering both reluctance of the parliament and a frigid reception by the ruling elite. The fact that the Council of State was never established, although it enjoyed widespread approval in the legal community, proves that politics always has the upper hand in a clash with legal idealism.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica; 2023, 22, 1; 171-199
1732-9132
2719-9991
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Формирование и развитие органов местного управления и самоуправления в Беларуси
Autorzy:
Колесников, Валерий В.
Крастина, Анжелика Ч.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/621587.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:
Grand Duchy of Lithuania, law of magdeburg, self-government, Polish Second Republic
Opis:
As is the case in the majority of modern states, the formation of local management and self- management in Belarus is an inevitable process. During the economic and political reforms required for this purpose, there are necessary preconditions. Historically, local government has passed through a long and difficult process of development in Belarus. In working out modern concepts of local government, it is necessary to consider the evolution of the machinery of government and the historical development of most legal regulations of mutual relations between the state as a whole and its parts. Actually, the first forms of self- -management in its modern understanding began to arise in the territory of modern Byelorussia since the XIVth century. In the present legal and historical scientific literature, there was no uniform representation about the stages of formation of local governments in the territory of Belarus. It is represented that these or any other processes are always conditional; nevertheless, in this work, one of the variants of classification and a periodization of the process of formation and the development of local management and self-management in the territory of Belarus is offered.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica; 2012, 11; 115-128
1732-9132
2719-9991
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polish Interwar [Non]Democracy from the View-Point of Julije Benešić
Poljska međuratna (ne)demokracija Benešićevim očima
Autorzy:
Pieniążek-Marković, Krystyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/636208.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Second Polish Republic
Julije Benešić
autocracy
intimist literature
Opis:
In the article, the image of Polish democracy/autocracy during the Second Republic has been reconstructed. The subject of the analysis were the autobiographical notes entitled Osam godina u Varšavi written by Julije Benešić who stayed in Warsaw in the years 1930–1938 as a delegate of the Yugoslavian Department of Eductaion and Science. From his currently updated notes, a picture of Poland emerged as a state in which the basic civil rights were regularly broken including those guaranteed by the Constitution. The most glaring examples of the non-democratic actions regarded the problems of the national minorities (specifically the Polish-Ukrainian and Polish-Jewish relationships) as well as the prisons for the political opponents (Bereza Kartuska and Brześć). What is more, the observations made by the Croatian translator, writer and linguist illuminate in the form of interesting conotations the Polish mentality.
Źródło:
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne; 2019, 17; 191-207
2084-3011
Pojawia się w:
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Naked eye: the Belarusian press of the Second Polish Republic in egodocuments
Autorzy:
Sluka, Nadzeya
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/472280.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-04-19
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Dziennikarstwa, Informacji i Bibliologii
Tematy:
Second Polish Republic
Western Belarus
Belarusian press
egodocuments
Opis:
The article deals with the particular kind of documentary sources for the history of the Belarusians in the Second Polish Republic – memoirs and diaries. The memoirs of Liudvika Vojcik, Janka Bagdanowič, Marjan Pieciukievič, and also the diaries of Maksim Tank and Piotr Siaŭruk are reviewed. The article concludes that personal writings provide unique information about the Belarusian national movement and the Belarusian press that can be applied in further historical research.
Źródło:
Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi; 2019, Tom specjalny: Dla Niepodległej / Special Issue: For an Independent Poland; 435-444
1897-0788
2544-8730
Pojawia się w:
Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An x-ray of a genocide: Persecution of Catholic Church during the Spanish civil war (1936-1939)
Radiogram ludobójstwa: prześladowania Kościoła w czasie wojny domowej w Hiszpanii (1936-1939)
Autorzy:
de la Fuente de Pablo, Pablo
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1827145.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
Spain
1936-1939
religious persecution
the Second Republic
Hiszpania
prześladowania religijne
Druga Republika
Opis:
One of the biggest genocides in the history of Spain has been the religious persecution during the Second Republic and the Spanish Civil War. Nowadays, the politically correct discourse tries to present those facts as a result of actions undertaken by uncontrolled people in a situation that was very difficult for the authorities to monitor. The truth is very different. Assassinations, tortures, rapes were committed in the majority of cases by militias formed and supervised by Republican authorities.
Jednym z największych ludobójstw w historii Hiszpanii były mordy, do których doszło w wyniku prześladowań religijnych z okresu Drugiej Republiki oraz hiszpańskiej wojny domowej. Obecnie w ramach politycznie poprawnego dyskursu usiłuje się przedstawiać te fakty jako działania podejmowane przez osoby niekontrolowane przez ówczesne władze w trudnej do monitorowania sytuacji. Prawda jest jednak zupełnie inna. Zabójstwa, tortury i gwałty popełniały w przytłaczającej większości oddziały milicji, stworzone i nadzorowane przez władze Republiki.
Źródło:
Teka Komisji Historycznej Towarzystwa Naukowego KUL; 2019, 1(16); 45-55
2658-1175
2719-3144
Pojawia się w:
Teka Komisji Historycznej Towarzystwa Naukowego KUL
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The problem of multiculturalism on the example of Belarusian, Lithuanian, Jewish, Silesian and Tatar minorities in the perspective of the security of policy in the second Polish Republic
Autorzy:
Landmann, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/347410.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Akademia Wojsk Lądowych imienia generała Tadeusza Kościuszki
Tematy:
security
multiculturalism
Second Polish Republic
national minorities
social politics
Opis:
The article is an attempt to analyse the problem of multiculturalism on the example of the influence of the five minority communities listed in the title in the perspective of the security of Poland in the period between 1918 and 1939. The considerations presented in this article are an addendum to the issues related to the policy of the authorities of the Second Republic of Poland on national minorities and its influence on the internal security of the state. This subject was undertaken by the Author earlier when he analysed the activity of the representatives the German and Ukrainian minority. The article presents potential factors which can destabilise internal security, especially at the social level, as a result of forces in the environments of the indicated national and ethnic minorities in the II RP. The presented arguments allow to conclude that during the whole interwar period the II RP authorities had to struggle with multiculturalism related to the presence of Belarusian, Lithuanian, Jewish and Silesian minorities because in their environment centrifugal forces were occurred many times and posed a threat to the internal security of the newly re-established Polish state. What is more, it turned out that the social and cultural policy of the II RP was not sufficiently wide-ranging for the above mentioned minorities. However, there were also other factors which constituted serious obstacles in pursuing the policy of efficient integration in the II RP society. It is possible to indicate here as an example the aversion of numerous representatives of these minorities to the social policy imposed by the Polish authorities, major discrepancies in the leading integration vision between significant political factions and also the influence of external propaganda and agitation influencing these minorities.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki; 2017, 1; 61-81
1731-8157
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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