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Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3
Tytuł:
Economic defence as one of the pillars of total defence – the case of RTAs as an instrument of strengthening the EU’s competitiveness on foreign markets
Autorzy:
Majchrowska, Elżbieta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2165700.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
economic competitiveness
economic defence
trade policy
RTA
UE
Opis:
Dynamic changes taking place in the global economy make it necessary to function in a complex and unstable economic environment, to which economies must constantly adapt. This compels entities such as the European Union to systematically review and appropriately shape its foreign policy, which involves taking actions to build resilience to crises and secure commercial interests. Particularly in view of the weakening position of the organisation globally managing international trade, the EU focuses on the implementation of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), which are an increasingly important element of EU trade policy and are aimed at strengthening the EU’s competitive position in the global economy and building resilience to crises, which bolsters its economic defence. These aspects constitute an important and current research problem, especially in the context of current events in the global economy. The aim of this article is to present EU trade agreements in the context of their importance for the economic defence of the trade bloc, as well as to analyse the changes that have been introduced in the EU trade policy in the last two decades in relation to this issue. The analysis is based mainly on original materials and scientific studies on EU trade policy, as well as data from the European Commission and the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The analytical and descriptive methods were mainly used. The results of the analysis carried out in the article showed that the implemented trade agreements lead to the strengthening of the competitive position of the EU and the strengthening of economic defence. By taking these actions, the EU is perceived as a pillar of the economic security of the Member States.
Źródło:
Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka; 2022, XLVIII, 3; 99-111
1899-6264
2451-0718
Pojawia się w:
Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
National Treatment Rules in EU Regional Trade Agreements
Autorzy:
Słok-Wódkowska, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706886.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-07-25
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
EIA
EU
European Union
national treatment
regional trade agreement
RTA
WTO
Opis:
Most favoured nation (MFN) treatment and national treatment (NT) are two standards usually related to the general principle of non-discrimination. However, while the MFN treatment was undoubtedly and clearly defined already during the negotiation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in previous works and judgements of various international bodies, the NT standard needed to be clarified. An additional reason to concentrate on NT rules is that their content and scope may influence trade more than the scope of MFN granted. The concept of NT is also subject to relatively rare analysis in comparison with other aspects of regional trade agreements’ (RTA) rules which overlap with WTO law. The aim of this article is to analyse the scope and wording of the NT standard in various RTAs concluded by the European Union. In particular, it inquiries into the extent to which the NT clause remains universal across its different regional trade agreements, and examines the reasons (and consequences) for the differences, if any, in its formulation.
Źródło:
Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2014, 34; 225-248
0554-498X
Pojawia się w:
Polish Yearbook of International Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Determine the safe transport of dangerous goods route
Определение безопасного маршрута перевозки опасных грузов
Autorzy:
Dolia, V.
Englezi, I
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/375146.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Politechnika Śląska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej
Tematy:
transport safety
dangerous goods
RTA
route
probability
transport network
bezpieczeństwo transportu
towary niebezpieczne
trasa przewozu
prawdopodobieństwo
sieć transportowa
Opis:
The methods of conflict situations assessment were analyzed, and it was established that the main shortcoming is the disregard of the probability of occurrence of the RTA involving an individual road user. Based on the factor analysis conducted, the non-linear model of the probability of the RTA occurrence in the transport network segments was developed. Also, the model of the probability of the RTA occurrence in transport junctions was improved. It will enable, if using respective optimization algorithms, working out the optimal routes for dangerous goods transportation by the minimum of the RTA occurrence probability.
Рассмотрены методы оценки конфликтных ситуаций и установлено, что главным недостатком является не учет вероятности возникновения ДТП с отдельным участником дорожного движения. В результате проведенного факторного анализа была разработана нелинейная модель вероятности возникновения ДТП на участках транспортной сети. Также усовершенствована модель вероятности возникновения ДТП в транспортных узлах. Это позволит, при использовании соответствующих оптимизационных алгоритмов, строить оптимальные маршруты перевозки опасных грузов по минимуму вероятности возникновения ДТП.
Źródło:
Transport Problems; 2015, 10, 1; 31-44
1896-0596
2300-861X
Pojawia się w:
Transport Problems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
    Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3

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