Temat: Polish state - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: The origins of the Polish state in new light
Autorzy:: Jasiński, Tomasz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/703624.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2007
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:: origin of the Polish state
dendrochronology
Opis:: Dendrochronological analyses undertaken in the 1990s allowed for the establishment of a new time-line in determining a more precise date for the origins of the Polish state. It appeared from these data that the creation of the Polish state occurred much later than it had been thought before. The formation of the early medieval state was initiated by vast and multi-faceted cultural changes occurring on the territory of the Gniezno plateau at the turn of the 9th and the 10th century. As the culminating point of that process, one can consider the consolidation of the local population in reaction to the threat posed by the outbreak of the great uprising of the Slavs along the Elbe River in 936-940.
Źródło:: Nauka; 2007, 4
1231-8515
Pojawia się w:: Nauka
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: The judiciary of the Polish Underground State under the investigation of a German researcher
Temida Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego pod lupą niemieckiego badacza
Фемида Польского подпольного государства под лупой немецкого исследователя (Английская версия)
Autorzy:: Kania, Leszek
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1918523.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019-12-06
Wydawca:: Wojskowe Biuro Historyczne
Tematy:: Oscar Szerkus
reviev article
Polish Underground State
Źródło:: Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy; 2019, XX (LXXI), 3 (269); 203-214
1640-6281
Pojawia się w:: Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: The face of sport in the Polish State Police in the interwar period
Autorzy:: Nowak, Marcin
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1374846.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
Tematy:: Polish State Police
interwar period
sport
police sports clubs
sports competitions of the State Police
Opis:: Sport has accompanied mankind since ancient times. It is thanks to sport that we are healthier and can enjoy life. The smallest sporting effort causes the body to produce endorphins that make us feel happy. Not without significance is the fact that sport, but in its professional dimension, prepares people who practice it to a great effort. In the face of threats, unforeseen events, people who practice sports can find their way around the situation and take appropriate actions. Therefore, just as police officers face difficult service in the present day, police officers had to face up to the challenges posed in the interwar period. In 1918 Poland regained its independence, and the authorities were responsible for ensuring the security of the country. Therefore, on 24 July 1919, the State Police was established by law. Due to the nature of the tasks performed, the police officers were required to be physically fit. In order to meet this challenge, pro-sports organizations were established, which by their actions were to raise the level of sports skills of both the society and the officers. The factor which was to motivate uniformed officers to work on their physical fitness was the introduction of the National Police Sports Competitions, which were nationwide in scope. Undoubtedly, this form of competition, as well as mobilization, led to the fact that on the basis of Police Sports Clubs, physical culture in the State Police significantly developed. The article presents the face of sport in the interwar period in the Polish State Police, its development and influence on the officers themselves, as well as its further importance in the history of sport in Poland.
Źródło:: Internal Security; 2019, Special Issue; 91-100
2080-5268
Pojawia się w:: Internal Security
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Panorama of the uprising. The never-created museum monument to Silesia’s polishness
Autorzy:: Tombarkiewicz, Wiktoria
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27682358.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2023-03-21
Wydawca:: Krajowy Ośrodek Badań i Dokumentacji Zabytków
Tematy:: Silesian Panorama
Millennium of the Polish State
museum
Silesian Uprisings
Katowice
monument
panorama
Opis:: In 1958, on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the Silesian Uprisings, the administration of the Katowice Voivodeship decided to create the Silesian Panorama: an institution combining a museum of insurgents’ mementoes, the Battle of Annaberg Panorama, and the first in Poland panoramic cinema. The plans entailed establishing a museum- and-educational institution, pioneer in its character, not merely in Poland. Since the infrastructure of memory, finally unaccomplished, has never been discussed in literature, the first part of the paper speaks about the course of the organizational works, the stage of shaping the project, as well as the reasons for giving up the idea. The necessary information was provided by materials preserved in the State Archives in Katowice as well as in press releases. The planned commemoration was presented in the context of the development of the technology of panoramic cinema and its application in museum praxis; its role in the history of the efforts to create a permanent display of mementoes of Silesian Uprisings in the Katowice Voivodeship has been discussed, and so have the sources of the project’s originator to reach for the genre of a panoramic painting, in the discussed period considered anachronical.
Źródło:: Muzealnictwo; 2023, 64; 22-29
0464-1086
Pojawia się w:: Muzealnictwo
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Naród - pojęcie niedookreślone?
Nation – is it concept not be able to define?
Autorzy:: Banaszkiewicz, Adam
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1590807.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Tematy:: Nation
Polish Nation
Polish State
sovereignty
public law
naród
naród polski
państwo polskie
suwerenność
prawo publiczne
Opis:: Celem artykułu było podjęcie, pod wpływem aktualnych wydarzeń, próby odpowiedzi na pytanie: „Czy pojęcie narodu może być interpretowane w taki sposób, aby mogło zostać pozbawione najważniejszych dla niego cech i tym samym rozumiane wbrew jego istocie?”. Punktem wyjścia był przepis umieszczony w nowelizacji polskiej ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej z dnia 26 stycznia 2018 r., w którym przewidziano karanie za przypisywanie narodowi lub państwu polskiemu odpowiedzialności lub współodpowiedzialności za zbrodnie III Rzeszy Niemieckiej. Czy przedmiotowe pojęcia mogą być ujmowane inaczej i prowadzić do rezultatów niezgodnych z intencją ustawodawcy? Autor przedstawia ich definicje sformułowane w literaturze oraz kluczowych tekstach prawnych, wyrażając swoją opinię na poruszany temat.
The aim of the article was to try to answer the question (under the influence of current events): „can the concept of a nation be interpreted in such a way that it can be deprived of its most important features and understood not in accordance to its essence”? The entry point was a provision placed in the amendment to the Polish Act on the Institute of National Remembrance of January 26, 2018, which provides for penalties for attributing responsibility or co-responsibility to the Polish Nation or Polish State for the crimes of the Third Reich. Can these concepts be recognized differently and lead to results that are not consistent with the intention of the legislator? The author presents their definitions formulated in the literature and key legal texts, expressing his opinion on the subject discussed.
Źródło:: Studia Administracyjne; 2018, 10; 5-21
2080-5209
2353-284X
Pojawia się w:: Studia Administracyjne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: The importance of the bank tax for the Polish state budget − has the COVID-19 pandemic reduced the proceeds from this tax?
Znaczenie podatku bankowego w budżecie państwa polskiego – czy pandemia COVID-19 obniżyła wpływy z tytułu tego podatku?
Autorzy:: Giżyński, Juliusz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1930441.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021
Wydawca:: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:: bank tax
Polish state budget
coronavirus crisis
podatek bankowy
budżet państwa polskiego
kryzys koronawirusowy
Opis:: The article's main objective was to analyse the implications of the tax on certain financial institutions, referred to as the bank tax, for the Polish state budget since the very beginning of the levy. The article also indicates the essence and the purpose of this tax's functioning, in comparison to the European Union countries, as well as presents the principles of its legal structure. Based on the research carried out, it was found that the level of the bank tax contributions to the state budget in 2016-2019 was stable, assuming a slight upward trend that continued in 2020, despite the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Polish government's additional financial activities, induced by the pandemic, have increased the tax base in the bank levy. These activities have also contributed to the strengthening of the links between the government and the banking sectors, measured by the sovereign-bank nexus index, as a result of the continued increase in the banks' exposure to Treasury securities. These securities are excluded from the bank-levy tax base. The following research method was used in the preparation of the article: a critical study of the literature and an analysis of the empirical data published by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority, the Ministry of Finance, the Supreme Audit Office, and the National Bank of Poland.
Głównym celem artykułu była analiza implikacji podatku od niektórych instytucji finansowych, określanego jako podatek bankowy, dla budżetu państwa polskiego od początku funkcjonowania tej daniny. W artykule wskazano także na istotę i cel funkcjonowania tego podatku na tle krajów należących do Unii Europejskiej oraz przedstawiono zasady jego konstrukcji prawnej. W oparciu o przeprowadzone badania stwierdzono, że poziom wpłat z podatku bankowego do budżetu państwa w latach 2016-2019 był stabilny, przyjmując niewielki trend wzrostowy, który się utrzymał w 2020 r., mimo wybuchu pandemii COVID-19. Dodatkowe działania finansowe polskiego rządu spowodowane tą pandemią zwiększyły bowiem podstawę opodatkowania w daninie bankowej. Przyczyniły się one również do wzmocnienia powiązań sektora rządowego z sektorem bankowym, mierzonych indeksem sovereign-bank nexus, wskutek dalszego wzrostu ekspozycji banków na papiery skarbowe. Papiery te bowiem są wyłączone z podstawy opodatkowania w podatku bankowym. W przygotowaniu artykułu wykorzystano metodę badawczą, jaką było krytyczne studium literatury, oraz analizę danych empirycznych publikowanych przez Komisję Nadzoru Finansowego, Ministerstwo Finansów, Najwyższą Izbę Kontroli oraz Narodowy Bank Polski.
Źródło:: Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu; 2021, 65, 4; 54-76
1899-3192
Pojawia się w:: Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: From the history of Polish archaeology studies of the beginning of the Polish state 1948–1966 („Millennium Program”)
Z historii polskiej archeologii. Badania nad początkami państwa polskiego 1948–1966 (Program „Millenium”)
Autorzy:: Szczerba, Adrianna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/681906.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:: historia polskiej archeologii
początki państwa polskiego
badania milenijne
history of Polish archaeology
research on the beginnings of the Polish state
“millennium program”
Opis:: Krótko po zakończeniu drugiej wojny światowej archeolodzy i historycy podjęli szeroko zakrojone badania nad początkami państwa polskiego, popularnie zwane badaniami milenijnymi. Działania zaplanowane dla różnych dyscyplin miały na celu pozyskanie różnorodnych źródeł, które rzuciłyby światło na genezę i funkcjonowanie państwa pierwszych Piastów. Ze względu na potrzeby naukowe, społeczne i polityczne, badania milenijne korzystały ze wsparcia władz państwowych (finansowego i organizacyjnego).
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Źródło:: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica; 2018, 33; 247-254
0208-6034
2449-8300
Pojawia się w:: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Analysis of positioning methods using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in Polish State Railways (PKP)
Autorzy:: Specht, Mariusz
Szmagliński, Jacek
Specht, Cezary
Koc, Władysław
Wilk, Andrzej
Czaplewski, Krzysztof
Karwowski, Krzysztof
Dąbrowski, Paweł S.
Chrostowski, Piotr
Grulkowski, Sławomir
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/906101.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020
Wydawca:: Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:: rail transport
global navigation satellite system (GNSS)
satellite receiver
European Train Control System (ETCS)
train positioning system
Polish State Railways (PKP)
Opis:: Each year, global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) improve their accuracy, availability, continuity, integrity, and reliability. Due to these continual improvements, the systems are increasingly used in various modes of transport, including rail transport, the subject of this publication. GNSS are used for rail passenger information, rail traffic management, and rail traffic control. These applications differ in the positioning requirements that satellite navigation systems must meet. This article presents the methods and systems of rolling stock location and tracking using the Polish State Railways (PKP) as an example. The information on the equipment used for train positioning is not specified anywhere, hence they may differ, even for the same multiple units travelling in different parts of the country. In addition, the publication presents the progress of the European Train Control System (ETCS) implementation by the PKP.
Źródło:: Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2020, 62 (134); 26-35
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:: Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: The Baptism of Mieszko in 966: The Evolution of Scientific Theories on the Basis of Archaeological Discoveries
Autorzy:: Górecki, Piotr
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2037659.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:: the baptism of Mieszko I
christening Poland
year 966
genesis and effects of baptism of Mieszko
the beginning of Polish state
Opis:: When Mieszko I went into the water of baptism he opened for the posterity the access not only to the family of the kingdom out of this world, but also to the family of nations of the western culture. His decision started the Polish state. The distance in time and scarce source material cause that the research process is still in progress. The author on the basis of written sources shows how scientific theories considering baptism of Mieszko changed and evolved. Confirmation or falsification of these theories is searched on the basis of archaeological discoveries. On the basis of the research to date the author presents how the main theories considering formation of Polish state based on the decision of baptism of the ruler himself were changing. After presentation of the Mieszko's state in 966, main hypotheses concerning genesis, time and place as well as effects of the baptism of the ruler are pointed out. The theories changed due to the influence of reading sources, political events, comparative research performed through the years and, lately, on the basis of archaeological research and results achieved thanks to the use of the newest research technologies. The baptism of Mieszko was most probably on the territory of Gniezno state in 966 (maybe on Easter Eve). The effects of his decision triggered formation of Christian identity of the Polish state, however, the ruler had probably purposes which were less distant in time, including religious purpose.
Źródło:: Roczniki Teologiczne; 2017, 64, 4 English Online Version; 49-69
2353-7272
Pojawia się w:: Roczniki Teologiczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Professor Waclaw Szyszkowski — a Lawyer, Anticommunist, One From the Generation of Independent Poland
Autorzy:: Kardela, Piotr
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1374775.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
Tematy:: the Piłsudski left in the Second Republic of Poland
the Polish underground state
aid to Jews
Polish independence emigration
Opis:: The article presents the activity of Wacław Szyszkowski, a lawyer, an emigration independence activist and an outstanding scientist, who fought in the Polish-Bolshevik war of 1920 and, after Poland regained independence, was active in a secret Union of the Polish Youth “Zet” and a public Union of the Polish Democratic Youth. Until 1939 W. Szyszkowski was a defence lawyer in Warsaw, supporting the activities of the Central Union of the Rural Youth “Siew” and the Work Cooperative “Grupa Techniczna”. Published articles in political and legal journals, such as “Przełom”, “Naród i Państwo”, “Palestra”, “Głos Prawa”. During World War II — a conspirator of the Union for Defense of the Republic of Poland, soldier of the Union of Armed Struggle and Home Army, assigned to the Bureau of Information and Propaganda of the Home Army Headquarters. Fought in the Warsaw Uprising, after which he was deported by Germans to the Murnau oflag in Bavaria. For helping Jews during the occupation, the Yad Vashem Institute awarded him and his wife Irena the title of Righteous Among the Nations. After 1945, he remained in the West, engaging in the life of the Polish war exile in France, Great Britain and the United States. He received a doctorate in law at the Sorbonne. He belonged to the People’s Party “Wolność”, the Association of Polish Combatants. He was a member of the National Council of the Republic of Poland in Exile. As an anti-communist, he was invigilated by the communist intelligence of the People’s Republic of Poland. In the 1960s, after returning to Poland, as a lawyer and scientist, he was first affiliated with the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University of Lublin, and then with Nicolaus Copernicus University of Toruń. W. Szyszkowski is the author of nearly two hundred scientific and journalistic publications printed in Poland and abroad.
Źródło:: Internal Security; 2018, Special Issue; 41-52
2080-5268
Pojawia się w:: Internal Security
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:: Polish Regional State Television – On the Border Between Regional and National Television. The Evolution of the Profile of Regional Television Stations
Polska Telewizja Regionalna – na granicy pomiędzy telewizją regionalną a krajową. Ewolucja charakteru regionalnych stacji telewizyjnych
Autorzy:: Świerczyńska-Głownia, Weronika
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/620408.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:: Polish Regional State Television
program strategy
reform
TVP S.A.
program format
telewizja regionalna
strategia programowa
reforma
ramówka
Opis:: Od upadku monopolu Telewizji Polskiej, kwestia Oddziałów Terenowych TVP pozostała nierozwiązana, de facto, do dnia dzisiejszego. Na przestrzeni lat podejmowane były liczne próby określenia statusu oraz zasad funkcjonowania oddziałów w strukturze TVP, jak również poszukiwano koncepcji na określenie ich miejsca oraz roli na rynku telewizyjnym. Podejmowane przez lata próby zrestrukturyzowania regionów nie przyniosły oczekiwanych rezultatów. Proponowane rozwiązania, począwszy od koncepcji „sieci” w latach 90-tych, poprzez próbę integracji programowej i zarządczej pod koniec XX wieku, a na próbach sprofilowania anten skończywszy, zamiast poprawy sytuacji pogrążały oddziały w jeszcze większym chaosie i pogarszały ich, i tak trudną, sytuację finansową. Zmianę tej sytuacji miała przynieść nowa, zaproponowana pod koniec 2015 roku, koncepcja funkcjonowania Oddziałów Terenowych TVP S.A., zakładająca reorientację filozofii regionów i odejście od „telewizji regionalnej” na rzecz „telewizji regionów”. Zmiany na poziomie Zarządu TVP zatrzymały planowaną reformę. Artykuł ukazuje chronologię planowanych i przeprowadzonych reform od 1990 do 2015 roku, w aspekcie profilu anten oraz oferty programowej Oddziałów Terenowych TVP S.A.
Since the collapse of the monopoly of Telewizja Polska (TVP – National Polish Television), the issue of field branches of TVP remains unresolved actually to this day. Numerous attempts have been made throughout the years to establish the status and functioning rules of the branches within the structure of TVP. Also, the concept has been sought to determine their position and role on the TV market. The years of attempts to restructure regions have brought no expected outcome. The proposed solutions ranged from the concept of a “network” during the 1990s, through attempts at programme and managerial integration in the late 20th century, to the endeavours to profile channels. Instead of improving the situation, they caused even greater chaos to the branches and further deteriorated their already difficult financial situation. Changes were to be brought by a new concept of the functioning of field branches of TVP S.A., proposed towards the end of 2015. It assumed the reorientation of the philosophy of the regions and abandonment of “regional television” in favour of “the television of the regions.” But personal changes to the Management Board of TVP stopped the planned reform. This article presents the chronology of the planned and implemented reforms, from 1990 to 2015, in the scope of channel profile and the programme platform of field branches of TVP S.A.
Źródło:: Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne; 2016, 1; 277-300
1731-7517
Pojawia się w:: Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 12.

Tytuł:: Polish e-democracy: legal state of affairs
Autorzy:: Matusiak, Justyna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1819126.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019-05-12
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Przyrodniczo-Humanistyczny w Siedlcach
Tematy:: E-democracy
e-voting
Poland 21st century
Polish e-democracy: legal state of affairs
Opis:: One of the elements upon which e-Government is based is electronic democracy. It stands for a broad range of activities engaging citizens in state matters. In Poland, it is difficult to find examples of such activities whether in the area of e-Voting, e-Engagement, e-Controllership, or e-Consultation. This is due to many reasons, one of which may be errors committed by the legislator, and upheld by it, with respect to the conceptual framework related to the e-Government, as well as the conceptual framework used in acts of law, while another reason may be the legislative quality of some of them. The phenomenon which raises the highest concern, however, is the fact that the initiatives that are undertaken, usually at local, not central, level, arouse very little interest among citizens, who do not trust public administrative authorities providing the solutions to question. By way of illustration, the paper presents local solutions related to electronic voting, and central solutions related to public information. Due to the scarcity of solutions and their often questionable quality, it is hard to say that in Poland electronic democracy solutions are well developed and shaped.
Źródło:: Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach; 2018, 46, 119; 65-72
2082-5501
Pojawia się w:: Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:: Towards Freedom : Polish Underground State 1939-1945 : Warsaw Uprising August -- October 1944 : [exibition catalogue]
Współwytwórcy:: Kunert, Andrzej Krzysztof (1952- ). Scenariusz
Walkowski, Zygmunt (1936- ). Opracowanie
Data publikacji:: 2004
Wydawca:: [Warszawa : Rada Ochrony Pamięci Walk i Męczeństwa
Tematy:: Wystawa pt.: Towards freedom. Polish Underground State 1939-1945. Warsaw Uprising August -- October 1944 (2004; Strasbourg) katalog wystawy
Powstanie 1944 r. warszawskie katalog wystawy
Dostawca treści:: Bibliografia CBW

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Skocz do pozycji: 14.

Tytuł:: Polskie Państwo Podziemne wobec propozycji rozmów polsko-białoruskich w latach 1941–1944
Autorzy:: Wysocki, Roman
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/624796.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2019
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:: Polish Underground State, Polish-Belarusian talks, Belarusian national movement, Radaslaŭ Astroŭski, Vaclaŭ Ivanoŭski
Polskie Państwo Podziemne, rozmowy polsko-białoruskie, białoruski ruch narodowy, Radosław Ostrowski, Wacław Iwanowski
Польская падпольная дзяржава, польска-беларускія перамовы, нацыянальны рух, Радаслаў Астроўскі, Вацлаў Іваноўскі, Ян Станкевіч
Opis:: This paper gives an account of the talks between the Polish Underground State and members of the Belarusian political communities over the years 1941–1944. Following the attack of the Third Reich on the Soviet Union, the Belarusians found themselves under German occupation, which had an impact both on the Polish Underground State structures and the Belarusian resistance movement. Convinced that the Third Reich was bound to fail, the two organisations should have allied themselves with each other on the premise of common objectives. Were they, however, able to break the deadlock on mutual animosity, distrust, bias, belittling and disparaging? The answer to that question lies in the remaining source material. Upon analysis of archival documents, it is possible to state that the Polish Underground State did not consider the Belarusian resistance movement as a potential partner for cooperation. The Poles maintained a rigid stance on the issue of pre-war borders, which determined the character of the dialogue between the Polish Underground and the Belarusian political environment. They also largely underestimated the resources of the Belarusian resistance, which might have played a key role in reversing the situation in the region. A group of Belarusian activists were persistent in their attempts to contact the Polish Underground State nevertheless. These were Vaclaŭ Ivanoŭski, Jan Stankievič, and Radaslaŭ Astroŭski. However, the talks were low-level and conducted on an irregular basis, and their character was exploratory rather than focusing on particular problems. They were thus futile from the very beginning. Improving Polish-Belarusian relations in the course of the war was an enormous challenge which neither of the parties could cope with, and which ultimately determined the fate of both nations in the post-war period.
Tematem artykułu są rozmowy prowadzone przez Polskie Państwo Podziemne z członkami białoruskich środowisk politycznych w latach 1941–1944. Po ataku III Rzeszy na ZSRR obszary zamieszkane przez Białorusinów znalazły się pod okupacją niemiecką. Zmieniło to sytuację zarówno działających na tym terenie struktur Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego, jak też białoruskiego ruchu narodowego. Przekonanie o nieuniknionej przegranej III Rzeszy powinno było rodzić świadomość wspólnoty celów. Czy potrafiono jednak wyjść z wcześniejszego impasu wzajemnych animozji, niedowierzań, uprzedzeń, lekceważenia i niedoceniania?. By uzyskać odpowiedź na to pytanie należy sięgnąć do zachowanego materiału źródłowego. Analiza dokumentów archiwalnych pozwala jednoznaczne stwierdzić, że Polskie Państwo Podziemne nie traktowało białoruskiego ruchu narodowego jako poważnego partnera. Jego członkowie stali na stanowisku utrzymania przedwojennych granic, co determinowało charakter prowadzonych rozmów. Nie doceniano też zaplecza białoruskiego ruchu narodowego, które mogło odegrać kluczową rolę w zmianie sytuacji politycznej w regionie. Mimo to grupka działaczy białoruskich stała na stanowisku porozumieniu z Polakami (Wacław Iwanowski, Jan Stankiewicz, Radosław Ostrowski), poszukiwała kontaktów z Polskim Państwem Podziemnym. Rozmowy miały charakter nieregularnych wymian zdań, prowadzonych na niskim szczeblu, raczej sondażowych niż problemowych. Takie podejście skazywało je na porażkę i sprawiło, że ułożenie relacji polsko-białoruskich w warunkach wojennych okazało się wyzwaniem, które przerosło obie strony, a także zaważyło na losach obu narodów po II wojnie światowej.
Тэмай дадзенага артыкула з’ яўляюцца перамовы, якія праводзіліся паміж Польскай падпольнай дзяржавай і членамі беларускіх палітычных суполак у перыяд 1941–1944 гг. Пасля нападзення Трэцяга рэйха на СССР тэрыторыі, на якіх пражывалі беларусы, трапілі пад нямецкую акупацыю. Гэта паўплывала як на дзейнасць Польскай падпольнай дзяржавы, так і на беларускі нацыянальны рух. Перакананне пра непазбежнае паражэнне Трэцяга рэйха павінна было прывесці да ўсведамлення агульнай мэты. Ці змаглі, аднак, зразумець польскі і беларускі бакі, што знаходзіліся ў тупіку ўзаемных варожасці, недаверу, прадузятасці, пагарды, недаацэньвання? Адказ на гэтае пытанне трэба шукаць у архіўных матэрыялах. Аналіз дакументаў дазволіў нам адназначна сцвердзіць, што Польская падпольная дзяржава не ставілася да беларускага нацыянальнага руху як да сапраўднага партнёра. Яе члены лічылі, што неабходна вярнуць даваенныя межы, што абумоўлівала характар усіх перагавораў з беларускім бокам. Неадпаведна быў ацэнены рэзерв беларускага нацыянальнага руху, які мог сыграць асноўную ролю ў змене палітычнага становішча ў рэгіёне. Нягледзячы на гэта група беларускіх дзеячоў была зацікаўлена пагадненнем з палякамі (Вацлаў Іваноўскі, Ян Станкевіч, Радаслаў Астроўскі) і спрабавала наладзіць зносіны з Польскай падпольнай дзяржавай. Гэтыя кантакты аднак не мелі рэгулярнага характару, праводзіліся на нізкім узроўні і з’ яўляліся хутчэй зборам інфармацыі, чым праблемнай дыскусіяй. Па прычыне такога падыходу загаддзя было вядома, што перамовы скончацца паразай. Узровень кантактаў сведчыў пра тое, што наладзіць польска-беларускія адносіны ў ваенных умовах было выклікам, які перавысіў магчымасці абодвух бакоў, а пасля другой сусветнай вайны паўплываў на лёс абодвух народаў
Źródło:: Studia Białorutenistyczne; 2019, 13
1898-0457
Pojawia się w:: Studia Białorutenistyczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Illegal tax state aid and law-making process – Polish perspective on the illegal tax state aid and its refund
Autorzy:: Tim, Artur
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1163268.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2018
Wydawca:: Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:: European Union Law
Polska
Polish lawmaking process
Polish retail sales tax
State aid
refund of state aid
tax state aid
Opis:: The admissibility of state aid has been strongly limited both by the European Union and the World Trade Organization, as a particular threat for the development of the free market. A legal basis for restriction of the state aid in the European Union is art. 107 Treaty of Functioning of the European Union, which includes also a prohibition of the state aid sourced in the tax regulations. Advanced regulations in the phase of making the law have been established in Poland to avoid inconformity between bills and European Union law, including granting illegal state aid. Although every bill is subject to the precise examination under the criterion of the conformity with the European Union law – Retail Sales Tax, introduced in 2016, had been recognized by the European Commission as the illegal state aid for the domestic enterprises, excluded from a scope of the new tax. In the Article the Author describes Polish regulations, adopted in order to avoid the inconformity between European and domestic law, as well as with domestic administrative practice. The Author indicates also rules concerning a refund of the illegal state aid, which are in contrary to the European Union law, but which make it more difficult to execute the European Commission decision, especially having regard the time of execution. The adopted methodology consists of the analysis of the international and domestic doctrine, European and domestic legal acts, judgments of the European and domestic courts, as well as decisions of the European Commission.
Źródło:: World Scientific News; 2018, 109; 1-13
2392-2192
Pojawia się w:: World Scientific News
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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