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Tytuł:
The breaking down of contemporary state neutrality: the case of Sweden`s non-alliance
Autorzy:
Modzelewski, Wojciech Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/642987.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Fundacja Copernicus na rzecz Rozwoju Badań Naukowych
Tematy:
evolution of neutrality
neutrality policy
military neutrality
Sweden's non-alliance
Opis:
This article is a review and its main purpose is to show the evolution of the idea of neutrality as well as its contemporary understanding in selected cases. At the present time traditional neutrality seems to be an anachronism, and its contemporary forms are an expression of the adaptation of states to changing international conditions. The evolution of the concept began with neutrality abandoning its economic dimension and then reducing its military one. The distinction between war and conflict in the UN`s sense gave the neutral state the opportunity to participate in armed intervention, which in reality meant shifting from neutrality towards non-alliance. For example, Sweden is playing a specific political game to gain benefits from neutrality.
Źródło:
The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies; 2019, 1
2299-4335
Pojawia się w:
The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Models of State Ethical Neutrality in Selected Areas of Social Life
Autorzy:
Zadykowicz, Tadeusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2149987.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:
ethical neutrality
morality
family
Opis:
Contemporary societies are increasingly pluralistic, even in terms of their values, ideals, and norms of behavior. What should the state and its institution’s attitude be toward citizens who have different and sometimes contradictory views on moral issues? One proposition is the principle of neutrality, particularly in the most controversial areas. This article outlines the characteristics of basic models of ethical neutrality and their practical application in specific areas of social life. A critical assessment of the consequences of introducing this principle sheds light on the need to search for a different definition of the state’s role in morality.
Źródło:
Rocznik Teologii Katolickiej; 2021, 20; 123-134
1644-8855
Pojawia się w:
Rocznik Teologii Katolickiej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Neutrality in Austrias Foreign and Security Policy after the Cold War
Autorzy:
Popławski, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/558354.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
Austria;
Perpetual Neutrality;
Freedom from Alliances;
Post-Neutrality;
Foreign Policy;
Security Policy;
European Union;
Opis:
After the end of the Cold War, neutrality was redefi ned by adapting its functioning to the unprecedented changes in the international environment. This redefinition covered two key areas; the change in attitudes towards international conflicts and the rejection of the principles of economic neutrality. By joining the EU, Austria, as a perpetually neutral state, made a commitment to fully conform with its obligations arising from participating in the Common Foreign and Security Policy. The necessary changes to legal regulations have led to a departure from the principles of traditional neutrality and the actual change of international status to an alliance-free/post-neutral state. The main area of main Austrian political forces’ dispute within foreign and security policy was the recognition of the possibility of abandonment of neutrality and NATO membership. It remains unresolved as to whether the rejection of neutrality constitutes solely a legal and constitutional issue. At the same time, Austrian society, with its firm pro-European attitude, still shows a strong commitment to neutrality.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2020, 24, 2; 105-120
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nordic States: Towards Unity or Diversity?
Autorzy:
Kobierecka, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594492.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Nordic states
security
foreign policy
cooperation
neutrality
Opis:
The aim of the article is to examine whether Nordic area can be regarded as a homogenous and successfully cooperating region, which is providing one unified political front. Considering many similarities between Nordic states, as for example shared values (equality, women rights, common love of democracy, peace and welfare state), one could say that Nordic states constitute a single and unitary area. What is more, the linguistic, cultural and historical closeness of those states is a fact, but at the same time many differences can be pointed, especially considering their security and foreign policies. Those aspects seem to be the main obstacle in introducing full cooperation in the region. Nevertheless, it is worth noticing that current international developments and appearance of new threats to security are influencing the Nordic states which, as a result, are changing their attitudes towards security policy. Those factors could lead to introducing new dimensions of their cooperation.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2017, 1 (46); 105-120
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Net neutrality and its influence on the competetiveness of web-based services
Autorzy:
Trnka, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1827127.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-05-12
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Przyrodniczo-Humanistyczny w Siedlcach
Tematy:
Competetiveness
Federal Communications Commission (USA)
Net neutrality
Opis:
Access to knowledge and technology is necessary for the proper functioning of a competitive economy. The fastest and most efficient way to obtain and relay information is through the use of electronic media, particularly the Internet. Therefore nation-states should take steps to ensure the free flow of information and fair access to it through the Internet. One of the means to achieve this goal is net neutrality – a regulation, mandating the equal treatment of all sites, platforms and services available on the Web. For the purposes of this paper, achievements of the school of law and economics have been utilized, the behavioural method in particular. The method is used to examine legal rules through the prism of expected social response, i.e. behaviour of addressees of the rule being analyzed, with the assumption that they are guided by a rational desire to fulfill their own economic interests to the fullest extent possible. The author reviewed the arguments presented in scholarly literature, put forward by representatives of economic, legal and IT sciences, both opponents, as well as advocates of net neutrality. An emphasis was put on arguments taking the traits of the Internet as a two-sided market into account. The critical analysis of the aforementioned arguments has led the author to the conclusion, that abandoning the principle of net neutrality creates conditions for companies that are favoured by Internet Service Providers to become more competitive in an undeserved manner. This increase in competitiveness would not involve a higher quality of services or a lower price, so it would be detrimental to consumers. As a consequence, new monopolies may be created or existing ones may become more entrenched. Net neutrality was on the books in the USA from 2015 to 2017, based on a regulation issued by the FCC. This regulation was recently repealed
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach; 2018, 45, 118; 63-68
2082-5501
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo-Humanistycznego w Siedlcach
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Review of Carbon Emission and Carbon Neutrality in the Life Cycle of Silk Products
Autorzy:
Liu, Shuyi
Liu, Hong
Meng, Yudong
Li, Qizheng
Wang, Laili
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2171952.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Biopolimerów i Włókien Chemicznych
Tematy:
carbon footprint
carbon neutrality
silk product
life cycle
Opis:
Silk is a distinctive and significant category of natural structural protein fiber. With a remarkable structure and versatility, silk has emerged as a topic of scientific study perennially because of its chemical, physical and biological properties. Meanwhile, in order to have an omnifaceted understanding of silk, the environmental performance of silk production is also worthy of attention. With the concern of global warming, efforts are increasingly focused on understanding and addressing carbon emission in the life cycle of silk products. However, the majority of current studies give priority to the carbon emission of either just one or a few stages of silk products’ life cycle, or to a specific type of silk product. On the basis of a review of literature on the life cycle assessment of silk products, this study presents a full-scale review of the quantification of the carbon emission and carbon neutrality of cocoon acquisition, industrial production of silk products, distribution, consumption, and recycling. The analysis revealed that the carbon sequestration by photosynthesis at the stage of cocoon acquisition could not be ignored. It is of importance to establish complete and unified system boundaries when quantifying carbon emissions in the industrial production of silk products. Reasonable models of washing times and washing modes are needed to assess carbon emissions in the domestic laundry of silk products. At the end of life phase of silk products, the positive impact on carbon emission in the phase of silk recycling is noteworthy. This study will help interested scholars, manufacturers and consumers to gain an in-depth understanding of the carbon emissions and carbon neutrality of silk products, and it is also of great value for exploring new production processes for reducing carbon emissions of silk products.
Źródło:
Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe; 2022, 2 (151); 1--7
1230-3666
2300-7354
Pojawia się w:
Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Objectivity in social science
Autorzy:
Dansabo, Muhammad Tasiu
Bello, Muhammad Muhammad
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375410.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Międzynarodowy Instytut Innowacji Nauka – Edukacja – Rozwój w Warszawie
Tematy:
Objectivity
Science
Social Science
Social reality
Positivism
Value neutrality
Opis:
The debate on the scientific status of the Social Sciences and their bid to achieve objectivity in their inquiries is an unending debate within and outside the Social Science family. The positivists are of the opinion that objectivity in Social Science is achievable and that scientific methods can be used in Social Science inquiry, just the same or similar way(s) the natural scientists do their scientific endeavor. To the positivists ‘value-free Social Science’ is possible. This position is however criticized even within the Social Sciences, let alone in the scientific world. All these debates centered on whether or not the Social Scientists are truly scientific in their quest for knowledge. No matter the outcome of the debate what is obvious is that there is a philosophical problem with scientific objectivity in general. Based on a historical review of the development of certain scientific theories, in his book, ‘the Structure of scientific revolutions’, a scientist and a historian Thomas Kuhn raised some philosophical objections to claims of the possibility of scientific understanding being truly objective. Against this backdrop, the paper seeks to unravel the varied theoretical debates on the subject. Objectivity, Science, Social Science, Social reality, Positivism, Value neutrality
Debata na temat statusu naukowego nauk społecznych oraz ich dążenia do osiągnięcia obiektywizmu jest niekończącą się debatą w rodzinie nauk społecznych i poza nią. Pozytywiści są zdania, że obiektywizm w naukach społecznych jest osiągalny i że metody naukowe mogą być stosowane w badaniach społecznych, w taki sam lub podobny sposób, w jaki naukowcy przyrodniczy stosują je w swoich badaniach. Dla pozytywistów „społeczna nauka bez wartości” jest możliwa. To stanowisko jest jednak krytykowane nawet w naukach społecznych, nie mówiąc już o świecie naukowym. Wszystkie debaty koncentrowały się na tym, czy naukowcy społeczni są naprawdę naukowi w poszukiwaniu wiedzy. Bez względu na wynik debaty oczywiste jest, że istnieje filozoficzny problem z obiektywizmem naukowym w ogóle. Opierając się na historycznym przeglądzie rozwoju niektórych teorii naukowych, w swojej książce „Struktura rewolucji naukowych” naukowiec i historyk Thomas Kuhn podniósł pewne filozoficzne obiekcje wobec twierdzenia, że naukowe zrozumienie jest naprawdę obiektywne. Artykuł stara się rozwikłać różnorodne teoretyczne debaty na ten temat. obiektywizm, nauka, nauki społeczne, rzeczywistość społeczna, pozytywizm, neutralność wartości
Źródło:
International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences; 2019, 10(2); 243-250
2450-2146
2451-1064
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Franco’s Choice: The Reevaluation of Spain’s Neutrality and Non-Belligerence During the Second World War
Autorzy:
Lénárt, András
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2131151.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-07-20
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Spain
Second World War
Neutrality
Non-Belligerence
Blue Division
Opis:
General Francisco Franco established his dictatorship in Spain in 1939 after winning the Civil War fought against the democratic Republican government. The same year, the Second World War broke out. The Caudillo wanted his country to remain neutral, but Spain soon moved forward to the status of non-belligerence: Franco backed Mussolini and Hitler on the level of propaganda, and he also sent voluntary troops to help the Germans, although he also maintained relations with the Allies. Later, the country returned to the status of neutrality. The aim of my article is to highlight the main features of the Spanish attitude and the government’s diplomatic maneuvers between the Axis powers and the Allies, paying special attention to Franco’s possibilities and doubts.
Źródło:
Studia Historyczne; 2022, 63, 1(249); 61-74
0025-1429
Pojawia się w:
Studia Historyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Convincing Finnish Move: Implications for State Identity of Persuading Sweden to Jointly Bid for NATO Membership
Autorzy:
Lundqvist, Stefan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2189665.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-01-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
Sweden
Finland
State-Identity
Neutrality
Non-Alignment
NATO Membership
Opis:
This article examines the consequences for Sweden's state identity by the decision of Finland and Sweden to apply for membership in NATO. Taking its starting point in Sweden's shattering loss of its easternmost provinces in the 1809 Treaty of Fredrikshamn, it explores Sweden's initial formulations of a policy of neutrality and its evolution until the end of the Cold War. The article then directs attention to how Social Democratic leaders managed to institutionalise a Swedish “active foreign policy”, exerting a lasting, formative influence on Sweden's state identity. It also addresses the rapprochement of Finland and Sweden after the end of the Cold War and the consequences of the bilateral dynamics that characterised their EU-membership applications. The article critically discusses how Sweden reformulated its concept of neutrality into a nebulous concept of nonalignment and adopted a security policy rooted in a cooperative security approach. Based on key findings drawn from this historical account, this article addresses the processes that lead to Finland and Sweden unexpectedly deciding on jointly applying for NATO membership. It concludes with a forward-looking assessment of how a Swedish NATO membership will ultimately stabilise Sweden's adaptable state identity and its implications for the Nordic countries' regional military strategy.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2022, 26, 4; 73-110
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The European Green Deal – challenges for agriculture and the agri-food sector
Autorzy:
Jarosz, Zuzanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/37240980.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Instytut Uprawy Nawożenia i Gleboznawstwa – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
sustainable production
food system
agriculture
climate neutrality
European Green Deal
Opis:
Growing climate and environmental problems oblige the search for efficient business solutions. In December 2019, the European Commission issued a communication on the European Green Deal strategy, which set ambitious goals in the pursuit of climate neutrality in 2050. The presented study is based on a literature review and legal acts. It identifies the rationale behind the European Green Deal strategy, its aims and objectives. It also presents the farm-to-fork strategy, which is intended to contribute to a fair, healthy and environmentally friendly food system. The transformation will require committed action from all actors in the food chain, including agriculture and the agri-food sector. The challenges faced by agriculture and the food industry in achieving the objectives of the strategy have therefore been identified. An attempt was made to answer the question of what actions should be initiated so that their implementation in agriculture and the agri-food sector contributes to improving the state of the environment and stabilizing the climate. Great importance in this regard is attributed to the implementation of mitigation practices.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Agronomy; 2023, 52; 90-96
2081-2787
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Agronomy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The unattainable neutral State
Autorzy:
Garcimartín, Carmen
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1363614.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12-30
Wydawca:
Uczelnia Łazarskiego. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
prawo i religia
laickość
neutralność
law and religion
secularity
neutrality
Opis:
State neutrality in relation to religion is a principle of the juridical system and the political activity that aim to protect religious freedom. It conveys two main elements: equality and incompetence of the State in religious matters. Religious neutrality is entailed in a number of European Constitutions, although its scope varies from one country to another. At times, neutrality has been misunderstood. The article deals with two of the wrong approaches to this principle that are not uncommon in the contemporary society
Neutralność państwa w stosunku do religii jest podstawą systemu prawnego i działań politycznych, mających na celu wolność religijną. Wyraża ona dwa główne elementy: równość i niekompetencję państwa w kwestiach religijnych. Neutralność religijna jest ustanowiona w wielu konstytucjach europejskich, chociaż jej zakres różni się w zależności od kraju. Niekiedy neutralność była źle rozumiana. Artykuł dotyczy dwóch niewłaściwych podejść do tej zasady, które nie są rzadkością we współczesnym społeczeństwie.
Źródło:
Ius Novum; 2018, 12, 4; 33-46
1897-5577
Pojawia się w:
Ius Novum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Role of Energy Taxation in Terms of Achieving Climate Neutrality
Autorzy:
Lovas, Dóra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2129149.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-09-09
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
energy tax
European Union
Climate Neutrality
sovereignity of the Member States
Opis:
The energy tax is a type of environmental tax. In addition to its ability to generate revenue for the central budget, it is important that it can have a major impact on the achievement of the European Union’s significant but not legally binding objectives in the field of energy policy and climate change. The role of the energy tax is gradually increasing, partly due to the growing importance of environmental considerations in certain policies, on the other hand, the EU attaches great importance to the harmonization of these tax rules, as almost 75% of environmental taxes in integration come from the energy sector, so the role of energy taxes in environmental taxation and policy is also important. The EU wants to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 55% by 2030 and achieve full climate neutrality by 2050, as set out in the Green Agreement Communication. Aiming to achieve these goals, the European Commission has adopted the so called ‘Fit for 55’ package of proposals on climate protection, which, in addition to several measures, states the need of the amendment of the Energy Tax Directive (hereinafter: Energy Tax Directive, the Directive). The reason for this is that, in its current form, it is not in line with climate protection goals, as it does not encourage the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and energy efficiency.
Źródło:
Review of European and Comparative Law; 2022, 50, 3; 39-59
2545-384X
Pojawia się w:
Review of European and Comparative Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The European Green Deal and its Impact on Regional Development Processes
Autorzy:
Piontek, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1811629.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Tematy:
European Green Deal
climate neutrality
regional development
factors of economic growth
Opis:
The aim of the paper is to analyse the theoretical aspects of the European Green Deal and to identify its potential impact on the Community's regional development processes. The paper presents the objectives and assumptions of the doctrine and its global dimension. The theoretical foundations of the doctrine in economic and social dimension have been defined. An attempt was made to identify and analyse the impact of the European Green Deal on regional development processes in the European Community. Regional development has been defined as the process of development of economic potential, increase in the competitiveness of economic entities and the standard of living of the countries' inhabitants, in their regional decomposition, which takes place as a result of transforming factors and resources into goods and services, ensuring economic security. The influence of the European Green Deal on factors of economic growth and development, factors of competitive advantage of countries, system of both public and private value (natural resources, national assets), transformations in the structure of economies (emerging and declining industries), as well as costs necessary to make the doctrine a reality were indicated.
Źródło:
Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska; 2020, Tom 22, cz. 2; 735-762
1506-218X
Pojawia się w:
Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Apolitical reality of Polish Police
Autorzy:
Osmólska, Iwona
Pruchniak, Józef
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2189021.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
apoliticality
non-partyism
the police
politics
politicians
political neutrality
uniformed groups
Opis:
The aim of the study is not only an attempt to define the concept of “apoliticality of the police” and its meaning, but above all, to draw attention to the increasingly emerging problem of interference by the participants of the political scene in the work of the Polish Police. For the purposes of this study, the notions of “political neutrality” and “apoliticality” are equivalent and synonymous. The main problem is the search for an answer to the question of whether the Polish Police nowadays are adequately protected against the influence of political pressure? The text uses theoretical research methods, including literature analysis and statistical data analysis. It was assumed that the apolitical nature of the police means the lack of involvement of police officers in political activities and the scrupulous and impartial performance of official duties, regardless of what is happening on the Polish political scene. The results of the conducted analyses allow the conclusion that the apolitical nature of the Polish Police is a mystification because it is insufficiently protected against the influence of politics, which as a consequence leads to a reduction in its effectiveness and social trust.
Źródło:
Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka; 2022, XLIX, 4; 69-82
1899-6264
2451-0718
Pojawia się w:
Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
EU Involvement in the Financing of the Blue Economy
Autorzy:
Proczek, Magdalena
Garbarczyk, Marta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2189678.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-04-14
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
Blue Economy
Ocean Economy
European Union
Climate Neutrality
Blue Bonds
BlueInvest
Opis:
The prospect of implementing the concept of the Blue Economy is currently still at a relatively early stage of achieving its full potential. The purpose of this paper is to present the idea of the ocean economy and selected aspects of its financing, including initiatives undertaken in this area by the European Union. Part I characterises the Blue Economy, part II discusses selected aspects of financing a sustainable ocean economy, and part III analyses the institutional approach, particularly within the EU, to the financing process of this type of economy. The descriptive method was used to conduct this study, and the available literature on and legal acts related to the subject of the article has been analysed. The undertakings made so far, especially by the EU, are impressive and, moreover, are driving global activity towards the sustainable financing of the Blue Economy. It is becoming a fundamental priority to realise the governments' and international organisations' aspirations to make economies independent from excessive carbon emissions, to counteract water degradation, overfishing, and shrinking drinking water resources. In the long term, it is important to develop coherence between the actions of national entities and the sources and methods of international funding. This is in order to develop a mutual, global good of innovative financing of coastal projects for sustainable development.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2023, 27, 1; 149-161
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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