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Tytuł:
Research on efficiency of heat recovery in the cross-plate heat exchanger made of plastic
Autorzy:
Sas, S.
Kasprzyk, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/88926.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Wydział Geoinżynierii, Górnictwa i Geologii. Instytut Górnictwa
Tematy:
heat exchanger
heat recovery
Opis:
The article content the results of study of heat exchanger. Exchanger was made of plastic material: polystyrene. The measurement results were used for efficiency analysis of this type of heat exchanger as an alternative to the commonly used heat exchangers made of aluminum.
Źródło:
Mining Science; 2015, 22, Special Issue 2; 151-159
2300-9586
2353-5423
Pojawia się w:
Mining Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modular heat storage in waste heat recovery installations
Autorzy:
Górszczak, Piotr
Rywotycki, Marcin
Hojny, Marcin
Filo, Grzegorz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27312237.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
heat storage
heat recovery
waste heat
CFD
Opis:
The paper presents the methodology of designing a system for accumulating waste heat from industrial processes. The research aimed to analyse the fluid’s movement in the heat accumulator to unify the temperature field in the volume of water constituting the heat buffer. Using the computer program Ansys Fluent, a series of computational fluid dynamics simulations of the process of charging the heat storage with water at 60◦C, 70◦C, and 80◦C was carried out. The selected temperatures correspond to the temperature range of unmanaged waste heat. In the presented solution, heat storage is loaded with water from the cooling systems of industrial equipment to store excess heat and use it at a later time. The results of numerical calculations were used to analyse the velocity and temperature fields in the selected structure of the modular heat storage. A novelty in the presented solution is the use of smaller modular heat storage units that allow any configuration of the heat storage system. This solution makes it possible to create heat storage with the required heat capacity.
Źródło:
Archives of Thermodynamics; 2023, 44, 3; 301--323
1231-0956
2083-6023
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Thermodynamics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Usage of thermosyphon for avoiding of low grade corrosion on the surfaces of air heaters and increasing of thermal efficiency of steam generators PK-38-4
Autorzy:
Iliev, I.
Lazarov, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/175291.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
heat pipes
thermosyphon
waste heat recovery
air heater
Opis:
The paper presents and analyzes new type air heater, which uses the thermosyphon’s technology, aims to replace the existing horizontal tubular air heater of first-degree for steam generators Nos.5,6,7 and 8 at TPP Maritsa East-2 in Bulgaria. The main advantage of the air heater with heat pipes is the ability to lower the temperature of exhaust gases to levels that are impossible for the conventional tubular air heaters, thus increasing the efficiency of the steam generator. Along with the increased energy efficiency, reductions in CO2, SOx and NOx emissions into the atmosphere are achieved. The preheating of the air, used for air combustion by recirculation relieving the operation and improving the combustion in the steam generator, is also reduced.
Źródło:
Transactions of the Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery; 2014, 126; 211-219
0079-3205
Pojawia się w:
Transactions of the Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of thermal stratified storage tank
Autorzy:
Smusz, R.
Kielan, P.
Mazur, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/140948.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
temperature stratification
thermal energy
heat recovery
convection
Opis:
The basic aim of the task is to compile a temperature stratification system in an accumulation tank. The range of the thesis concerns the shape and dimensions of a stratification system for an accumulation tank. Thermal stratification is a process that comprises the maintaining of temperature stratification at different levels of an accumulation tank which reduce to a minimum the process of temperature equalization. It results from the fact that the thermal stratification in a tank significantly increases the installation efficiency and improves the process of energy storing. It is connected with a thermodynamic element quality, that is the higher the temperature, the higher the energy, and, thus, the thermosdynamic element quality. In this phenomenon, thanks to the same amount of accumulated thermal energy and average temperature, as in a fully mixed tank, the user has a higher temperature in the upper part of the tank at his disposal. It has significant importance in the case when there is a low-temperature heating medium that transfers heat to the accumulation tank. Such a situation occurs when heat is absorbed from synthetic freons used in cooling and air-conditioning systems.
Źródło:
Archives of Electrical Engineering; 2017, 66, 3; 631-642
1427-4221
2300-2506
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reliability and availability modelling of a retrofitted Diesel-based cogeneration system for heat and hot water demand of an isolated Antarctic base
Autorzy:
Coronado, Miguel
Kadoch, Benjamin
Contreras, Jorge
Kristjanpoller, Fredy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27312786.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Naukowo-Techniczne Towarzystwo Eksploatacyjne PAN
Tematy:
reliability
availability
waste heat recovery
combined heat and power
Opis:
The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is a relevant challenge for a sustainable development. Waste heat could be used to produce hot water by using a recovery system. This article studies the availability of a combined heat and power systems (CHP) in extreme area (Antarctic) through the integration of a waste heat recovery system with a diesel generator to produce hot water. The reliability and availability principles are incorporated to explore how the profile of hot water consumption and the hot water storage tank size affect system availability. Different combined heat and power systems are thus classified, and their availability indexes modelled by adopting the continuous Markov approach and the state space model. The results indicate that the CHP systems availability is strongly influenced by the daily hot water demand profile. As a useful recommendation, one of the considerations for increasing availability, reducing costs and greenhouse gas emissions with the CHP system is to include a hot water tank in the analysis.
Źródło:
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność; 2023, 25, 3; art. no. 169779
1507-2711
Pojawia się w:
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Opportunities of exhaust heat recovery and conversion to electricity
Autorzy:
Cienciała, M.
Kaźmierczak, A.
Krakowian, K.
Błasiński, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247492.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
combustion engine
heat recovery
simulation
efficiency
environmental protection
Opis:
The maximum efficiency of the conventional spark ignition engine is 33%, in the case of diesel engines is 42%. The conclusion is that the energy contained in the fuel and "released" in the combustion process is converted into mechanical work only in a small degree. The rest of the energy is unfortunately lost by heat, friction, or used to drive the engine accessories. It should also be noted that these values are peak efficiency, which is achieved only when the engine works in optimal parameters. At most used parameters engines reach efficiency on the level of 10% to 25%. In modern cars with a hybrid powertrain are solutions that can improve the efficiency of conventional internal combustion engines. It is worth to notice that there are few ways to improve the efficiency of a reciprocating engine. The main technological trends on which research is underway are knock ignition and heat recovery from the exhaust. More development seems to be the second solution, because it can be used to design new engines such as the replacement of the alternator on the generator of electricity from exhaust heat. Besides, it will be possible to adapt these systems to in-use units, which improve the energy balance of riding vehicles. In article, you will find information of literature analysis for exhaust heat recovery and conversion to electricity solutions, computerized exhaust modification with flow calculations, real modification, test bench creation, researches and scores, analysis.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 4; 63-70
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Improving spark-ignited engines efficiency by heat energy recovery system
Autorzy:
Sutkowski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/132997.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
Tematy:
heat recovery system
turbo-compound
system odzysku ciepła
Opis:
The current trends in regulations changes focus more and more on emissions reduction. Earlier environment protection mechanisms covering emissions limits of particulates, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides and carbon monoxide were recently extended also to cover carbon dioxide emissions. One way to reduce carbon dioxide emission is the improvement of the efficiency of a powertrain system or main driver efficiency. This paper explains main limitations for efficiency improvement when conventional methods are used. The effective heat energy recovery system principles and its technical specification are described including its control principles. System was initially tested in the engine laboratory and experience from the laboratory tests is included in the paper. After successful and promising laboratory tests the solution was transferred to commercial operation which covered already period of more than 2 years. Statistics and operational data from commercial operation is shown with relevant examples of various operational modes. At the end of the paper simple feasibility study is shown. Alternative applications with basic evaluation of their feasibility and efficiency improvement potential are included in this paper as well.
Źródło:
Combustion Engines; 2015, 54, 2; 64-67
2300-9896
2658-1442
Pojawia się w:
Combustion Engines
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Waste Heat Recovery from Servers Using an Air to Water Heat Pump
Autorzy:
Lipiński, Seweryn
Duda, Michał
Górski, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2069738.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie
Tematy:
air-water heat pump
server cooling
waste heat
heat recovery
domestic hot water
Opis:
The analysis of advisability and profitability of using an air to water heat pump for the purpose of waste heat recovery from servers being used as cryptocurrency mining rigs, was performed. To carry out such an analysis, the cooling unit of the computing server was connected to the heat pump, and the entire system was adequately equipped with devices measuring parameters of the process. Performed experiments proves that the heat pump coefficient of performance (COP) reaches satisfactory values (i.e., an average of 4.21), what is the result of stable and high-temperature source of heat at the pump inlet (i.e., in the range of 29.9-34.1). Economic analysis shows a significant reduction in the cost of heating domestic hot water (by nearly 59-61%). The main conclusion which can be drawn from the paper, is that in a case of having a waste heat source in a form of a server or similar, it is advisable to consider the purchase of air-to-water heat pump for the purpose of domestic hot water heating.
Źródło:
Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; 2021, 24(1); 105--113
1505-4675
2083-4527
Pojawia się w:
Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Energy efficiency analysis of styrene production by adiabatic ethylbenzene dehydrogenation using exergy analysis and heat integration
Autorzy:
Ali, E.
Hadj-Kali, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/949461.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane ZUT w Szczecinie
Tematy:
Styrene production
Ethylbenzene dehydrogenation
Exergy analysis
Heat Integration
Pinch Analysis
Heat Recovery
Opis:
Styrene is a valuable commodity for polymer industries. The main route for producing styrene by dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene consumes a substantial amount of energy because of the use of high-temperature steam. In this work, the process energy requirements and recovery are studied using Exergy analysis and Heat Integration (HI) based on Pinch design method. The amount of steam plays a key role in the trade-off between Styrene yield and energy savings. Therefore, optimizing the operating conditions for energy reduction is infeasible. Heat integration indicated an insignificant reduction in the net energy demand and exergy losses, but 24% and 34% saving in external heating and cooling duties, respectively. When the required steam is generated by recovering the heat of the hot reactor effluent, a considerable saving in the net energy demand, as well as the heating and cooling utilities, can be achieved. Moreover, around 68% reduction in the exergy destruction is observed.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology; 2018, 20, 1; 35-46
1509-8117
1899-4741
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The assessment of surface layers texture of the fouling gathered on the heat transfer surfaces within regenerative feedwater heat exchangers
Autorzy:
Hajduk, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246269.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
steam power plants
heat recovery devices
fouling
surface layer texture
Opis:
The fouling presence on the heat transfer surfaces, both on the waterside and the steam side of the steam power plants heat recovery exchangers usually leads to the loss of their heat transfer capacities. This loss appears owing to the high value of heat resistance of fouling. Furthermore, these deposits are most often formed with irregularities in the surface layers. These textures are usually characterized by a varied, often stochastic and difficult to define, geometric structures. The most common measure of their inequalities is the roughness parameter describing the surface geometry. The fouling surface layer texture can, on one hand, cause enhancement of the heat transfer process, but on the other hand, it may contribute to an additional increase in thermal degradation of the heat exchanger. Many experimental studies have shown that the greater the unevenness of the heat transfer surface on the waterside of a given heat transfer device, the smaller increase in the thermal resistance of the impurities over time, thereby increasing the amount of heat transferred. It should be emphasized, however, that the rise in roughness results in an increase in the heat transfer coefficient, while simultaneously intensifying the flow resistance of the working medium. Taking into account the heat transfer surface by steam side, the increase in the roughness promotes the formation of a thicker condensate layer, thus impairing the condensate drainage organization. It can be explained by the fact that deposits settle in a sort of quasi-rib effect, although with undefined ribbed grid, it may lead to the overflow of inter-finned passages. The article shows the previously mentioned phenomena and also presents the descriptive quantities for the fouling surface layer texture, based on the results of the author’s own experimental research.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2017, 24, 4; 55-60
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigation of waste heat recovery for automobile application based on a thermoelectric module
Autorzy:
Buchalik, R.
Buczkowski, D.
Przybyła, G.
Nowak, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243601.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
energy harvesting
combustion engine
heat recovery
exhaust gas
thermoelectric effect
Opis:
The article presents a brief discussion about issues of energy harvesting of waste heat generated during the operation of the SI (spark ignition) internal combustion engine (ICE). The available methods of implementation and the problems associated with them were presented. In recent years, there has been an increase in the significance of successful researches on new types of thermoelectric modules. Despite relatively low efficiency of the thermoelectric modules, a systematic growth in their interest is observed. Their application seems to be reasonable because of many advantages - mainly the simplicity. The paper contains the literature review in the subject of interest. For the purpose of this work, a test rig was designed and manufactured. The test rig consists of a single thermoelectric module and makes it possible to work in variety of operating conditions for different values of the exhaust gas flow rate and temperature. It is equipped with an automatic, servo controlled, movable element, which control direction of the exhaust gas flow and as a result changes the heat flux transferred via the thermoelectric module. This solution allows achieving the maximum power of the thermoelectric module in a wide range of ICE operating conditions and also allows adjusting operating parameters to actual working conditions of the whole system. The problems encountered during the construction of the test rig and the proposed solutions of practical implementation were described. Experimental research was conducted on a small size automobile petrol engine. The influence of electrical parameters at the output on the whole system was analysed. The results suggest that the actual thermoelectric module parameters, especially the thermal conductivity, vary from declared by the producer. Maximum achieved electric power output reached about 10 W from a single thermoelectric module (57 mm x 54 mm), which is nearly half of the declared value.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2016, 23, 4; 25-32
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Investigation of the combustion processes in the gas turbine module of an fpso operating on associated gas conversion products
Autorzy:
Cherednichenko, Oleksandr
Serbin, Serhiy
Dzida, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/259197.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
thermo-chemical heat recovery
gas turbine engine
associated gas
combustor
Opis:
In this paper, we consider the issue of thermo-chemical heat recovery of waste heat from gas turbine engines for the steam conversion of associated gas for offshore vessels. Current trends in the development of offshore infrastructure are identified, and the composition of power plants for mobile offshore drilling units and FPSO vessels is analyzed. We present the results of a comparison of power-to-volume ratio, power-to-weight ratio and efficiency for diesel and gas turbine power modules of various capacities. Mathematical modeling methods are used to analyze the parameters of an alternative gas turbine unit based on steam conversion of the associated gas, and the estimated efficiency of the energy module is shown to be 50%. In the modeling of the burning processes, the UGT 25000 serial low emission combustor is considered, and a detailed analysis of the processes in the combustor is presented, based on the application of a 35-reaction chemical mechanism. We confirm the possibility of efficient combustion of associated gas steam conversion products with different compositions, and establish that stable operation of the gas turbine combustor is possible when using fuels with low calorific values in the range 7–8 MJ/kg. It is found that the emissions of NOx and CO during operation of a gas turbine engine on the associated gas conversion products are within acceptable limits.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2019, 4; 149-156
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Studies on the process of recovering low-temperature waste heat from a flue gas in a pilot-scale plant
Autorzy:
Szulc, P.
Tietze, T.
Wójs, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/185836.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
heat recovery
condensation
inert gas
odzysk ciepła
kondensacja
gaz obojętny
Opis:
This paper presents studies carried out in a pilot-scale plant for recovery of waste heat from a flue gas which has been built in a lignite-fired power plant. The purpose of the studies was to check the operation of the heat recovery system in a pilot scale, while the purpose of the plant was recovery of waste heat from the flue gas in the form of hot water with a temperature of approx. 90 °C. The main part of the test rig was a condensing heat exchanger designed and built on the basis of laboratory tests conducted by the authors of this paper. Tests conducted on the pilot-scale plant concerned the thermal and flow parameters of the condensing heat exchanger as well as the impact of the volumetric flow rate of the flue gas and the cooling water on the heat flux recovered. Results show that the system with a condensing heat exchanger for recovery of low-temperature waste heat from the flue gas enables the recovery of much higher heat flux as compared with conventional systems without a condensing heat exchanger.
Źródło:
Chemical and Process Engineering; 2016, 37, 4; 529-543
0208-6425
2300-1925
Pojawia się w:
Chemical and Process Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kitchen and garden waste as a source of heat for greenhouses
Bioodpady kuchenne i ogrodowe jako źródło ciepła do ogrzewania szklarni
Autorzy:
Neugebauer, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/93717.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Rolniczej
Tematy:
composting
heat recovery
greenhouse
heating
kompostowanie
odbiór ciepła
szklarnia
ogrzewanie
Opis:
The process of composting biological waste is a natural process - in which heat is released. Biological wastes generated in typical households in Poland - are mainly kitchen waste (KW) and green waste from home gardens (GGW - if they are owned). From the ecological point of view - the most advantageous method of their management is their utilization in the place of production. The paper presents a proposal for effective management of bio-waste arising by composting - with the simultaneous use of heat for greenhouse heating in autumn. This is to encourage residents to independently compost bio-waste - and increase the level of recycling of waste generated in Poland by 2020. Calculations for greenhouses were made - in accordance with the energy audit methodology. The obtained thermal balance results were compared with the actual temperature prevailing in the greenhouse in autumn. These calculations were the basis for calculating the amount of KW and GGW enabling effective heating of greenhouses in the autumn so that the internal temperature does not drop below 10ºC. It has been calculated that 22 kg of composted bio-waste (KW and GGW) will suffice to heat the greenhouse in October with an area of 18 m2.
Proces kompostowania odpadów biologicznych jest procesem naturalnym - w którym wydzielane jest ciepło. Odpady biologiczne powstające w typowych gospodarstwach domowych w Polsce - to przede wszystkim odpady kuchenne (Kitchen Waste) i odpady zielone z przydomowych ogródków (GGW - w przypadku ich posiadania). Z punktu widzenia ekologicznego - najkorzystniejszą metodą ich zagospodarowania jest ich utylizacja w miejscu powstawania. W pracy pokazano propozycję efektywnego zagospodarowania powstających bioodpadów poprzez ich kompostowanie - z jednoczesnym wykorzystaniem ciepła do ogrzewania szklarni jesienią. Ma to zachęcić mieszkań- ców do samodzielnego kompostowania bioodpadów - i zwiększyć wymagany do 2020 roku poziom recyklingu powstających w Polsce odpadów. Wykonano obliczenia dla szklarni - zgodnie z metodyką audytu energetycznego. Uzyskane wyniki bilansu cieplnego porównano z rzeczywistymi temperaturami panującymi w szklarni jesienią. Obliczenia te były podstawą do obliczenia ilości KW i GGW umożliwiającej efektywne dogrzanie szklarni jesienią tak - aby temperatura wewnątrz nie spadła poniżej 10ºC. Wyliczono, że 22 kg kompostowanych bioodpadów (KW i GGW) wystarczą do dogrzania szklarni w październiku o powierzchni 18 m2.
Źródło:
Agricultural Engineering; 2018, 22, 1; 83-93
2083-1587
Pojawia się w:
Agricultural Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Utilization of heat from sewage
Wykorzystanie ciepła z kanalizacji
Autorzy:
Perackova, J.
Podobekova, V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2065164.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Politechnika Częstochowska
Tematy:
heat exchanger
heat recovery
wastewater
sewage pipes
wymiennik ciepła
rekuperacja
woda odpadowa
kanalizacja
Opis:
The increase in fossil fuel prices and the negative environmental impacts of fossil fuel use force people to use renewable energy more widely. Recovery of waste heat also ranks among the renewable energy sources. It is proposed mainly in passive houses and energy-efficient buildings. Heat from wastewater can be optimally used for heating, cooling and hot water preparation in low-energy houses. Thermal energy can be extracted from the drain outside the housing and also in the building. For heating or cooling systems in buildings sources of wastewater with higher flow, for example the administrative buildings, the swimming pools or industrial production are suitable. For preheating domestic hot water locally regenerative systems inside buildings can be used.
Wzrost cen paliw kopalnych oraz negatywne oddziaływanie na środowisko związane z ich użytkowaniem skłania ludzi do szerszego stosowania źródeł odnawialnych. Odzysk ciepła odpadowego również zalicza się do odnawialnych źródeł energii. Rozwiązania takie proponuje się głównie w domach energooszczędnych i pasywnych. Ciepło odzyskane ze ścieków może być wykorzystywane do ogrzewania, przygotowania ciepłej wody czy chłodzenia. Ciepło ze ścieków można odzyskać w budynkach, ale też poza nimi. Do ogrzewania lub chłodzenia w budynkach bardziej odpowiednie są źródła ścieków o wyższym przepływie, np. z budynków administracyjnych, basenów czy przemysłowych. Do przygotowania ciepłej wody użytkowej mogą być użyte lokalne systemy odzysku wewnątrz budynków.
Źródło:
Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym; 2013, 2 (12); 79--86
2299-8535
2544-963X
Pojawia się w:
Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
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