Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

English (EN)·Polski (PL)·Yкраїнський (UK)
Przejdź do strony domowej biblioteki Centralna Biblioteka Wojskowa Link otwiera się w nowym oknie Logo biblioteki Prolib Integro - strona głównaCentralna Biblioteka Wojskowa

Wyszukujesz frazę "Econometrics" wg kryterium: Temat

  Lista filtrów
Wyrównaj
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 37
Tytuł:
Spatial Econometrics: a Personal Overview
Autorzy:
Paelinck, Jean H.P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/588070.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Ekonometria
Econometrics
Opis:
The paper is based on the invited lecture given at the Katowice University of Economics in June 2012. In the paper the beginnings of subdiscipline called spatial econometrics are presented. The history of spatial statistical analysis and its influence on economic surveys is considered. Author's contribution to this area is presented together with personal overview of the developments of the subdiscipline. Moreover, some future challenges connected with "non-standard spatial econometrics" are analyzed including spatial bias, spatial specification, spatial estimation, spatial complexity and isomorphisms.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2013, 152; 106-118
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Predicting Polish transport industry equilibrium characteristics as an inverse problem: An Entropy Econometrics Model
Autorzy:
Bwanakare, Second
Cierpiał-Wolan, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1058997.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-04
Wydawca:
Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Tematy:
transport industry
inverse problem
econometrics
non-extensive entropy econometrics
Opis:
The business environment dynamics is governed by a high degree of uncertainty and risk; consequently, in a majority of cases investors face serious difficulties when making business decisions. Additionally, when detailed statistical information relating to industry is missing, any decisions may become a matter of highly risky conjectures. The present article proposes a simultaneous equation model based on the entropy econometrics estimator for recovering some key industrial subsector long-term equilibrium characteristics in the situation where only sparse, insufficient statistical information is available (e.g. only aggregated data on the whole industry). The model is applied to the transportation equipment manufacturing industry in Poland, which is composed of eight sub-sectors. As a result of the above procedure, an observation has been made that all firms from different sub-sectors have to increase their steady-state concentration ratios, while the highest concentration corresponds to the lowest increase in profitability. The model outputs conform to the market tendency in this sector and should lead to further applications of the NCEE methodology in business activity on a worldwide scale.
Źródło:
Statistics in Transition new series; 2020, 21, 5; 179-191
1234-7655
Pojawia się w:
Statistics in Transition new series
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Possibility of using meta-analysis in econometrics
Autorzy:
Gondek, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/425167.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
meta-analysis
methodology
econometrics
Opis:
The purpose of the article was to point out the possibilities of applying metaanalysis in economic science and particularly in econometrics. So far, in Poland meta-analyses were applied in behavioral sciences, medicine and some in economic studies and management, whereas this method has been used used elsewhere since the 1970s for solving a wide spectrum of problems in many fields of study. The present article shows meta-analysis as the method using statistical tools the most, from amongst all the methods of the literature review, and it shows the procedure of carrying it out step by step and its advantages and disadvantages.
Źródło:
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics; 2013, 3(41); 15-23
1507-3866
Pojawia się w:
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Interpretation of Structural Parameters for Models with Spatial Autoregression
Autorzy:
Pietrzak, Michał Bernard
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517218.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
spatial econometrics
measures of average impact
Opis:
The main purpose of the article is to consider a important issue of spatial econometrics, which is a proper interpretation of structural parameters of econo-metric models with spatial autoregression. The problem will be considered basing on the example of the spatial SAR model. Another purpose of the article is to make an overview of measures of average spatial impact proposed by the subject litera-ture (see Lesage and Pace 2009). The analysis will include such measures as Aver-age Total Impact to an Observation, Average Total Impact from an Observation, Average Indirect Impact to an Observation, Average Indirect Impact from an Ob-servation and Average Direct Impact. Having considered the above issues, I will introduce a set of three original measures that allow the interpretation of the strength of the impact of the explanatory processes within the spatial SAR model, which take the forms of average direct impact, average indirect impact and average induced impact. The use of this set of measures will be illustrated with the example of the analysis of the unemployment rate in Poland. It must be emphasized that the presented set of measures may also be designated for other spatial models. With the knowledge of the empirical form of the model and of the spatial weight matrix, the set of measures introduced simplifies significantly the complex procedure of the interpretation of the structural parameters for spatial models to the use of merely three values.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2013, 8, 2; 129-155
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Identification of Factors Determining Market Value of the Most Valuable Football Players
Autorzy:
Majewski, Sebastian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/465618.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-09-15
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
economics of sport
football
econometrics
intangible assets
Opis:
Purpose: The problem of identifying the most important determinants of the market value of football players is quite well described in the literature. There are many works that try to identify these factors. Some of them are focused on variables to make a set complete and others are on models and methods. The aim of this article is to present the variables influencing the valuation and to build an econometric model valuing footballers playing on the forward position, taking into consideration the assumptions of the econometric modelling. Such an approach indicates managers as other sources for obtaining information. Methodology: Econometric models were used to verify the hypothesis formulated in this research. The database was created on the basis of variables presented on the website www.transfermarkt. de that presents the values of the most valuable football players in the world playing on the forward position. The Gretl program was used in the research. Findings: The literature review showed that there are many independent variables having an impact on the value of the player. There are also many different models used to valuate footballers’ performance rights. The results of estimation of models in the research indicated that such factors as Canadian classification points adjusted the market value of the team and dummy variables describing “goodwill” (only for the best players) had an impact on the market value of footballers’ performance rights. Limitations/implications: Information about different factors having an impact on football players’ market value could support the investment decision process of football managers. Originality/value: The results were part of a study concerning economics of sport, particularly processes of management of football clubs and valuation of intangible assets.
Źródło:
Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe; 2016, 3; 91-104
2450-7814
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An Empirical Study Of Productivity Growth In EU28 - Spatial Panel Analysis
Autorzy:
Olejnik, Alicja
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/633093.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-12-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
spatial panel model
spatial econometrics
productivity growth
Opis:
This paper investigates the spatial process of productivity growth in the European Union on the foundations of the theory of New Economic Geography. The proposed model is based on the study of NUTS 2 regions and takes into consideration a spatial weights matrix in order to better describe the structure of spatial dependence between EU regions. Furthermore, our paper attempts to investigate the applicability of some new approaches to spatial modelling including parameterization of the spatial weights matrix. Our study presents an application of the spatial panel model with fixed effects to Fingleton’s theoretical framework. We suggest that the applied approach constitutes an innovation to spatial econometric studies providing additional information hence, a deeper analysis of the investigated problem.
Źródło:
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe; 2014, 17, 4; 187-202
1508-2008
2082-6737
Pojawia się w:
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem – Analysis of Correlation and Regression
Autorzy:
Pietrzak, Michał Bernard
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517297.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
spatial econometrics
modifiable areal unit problem
scale problem
Opis:
The paper focuses on the issue of the modifiable areal unit problem, which means a possibility of obtaining various results for spatial economic analyses depending on the assumed composition of territorial units. The major research objective of the work is to examine the scale problem that constitutes one of the aspects of the modifiable areal unit problem. Analysis of the scale problem will be conducted for two research problems, namely, for the problem of the causal relationships between the level of investment outlays in enterprises per capita and the number of entities of the national economy per capita, and the issue of the dependence between the registered unemployment rate and the level of investment outlays per capita. The calculations based on the empirical values of those variables have showed that moving to a higher level of aggregation resulted in a change in the estimates of the parameters. The results obtained were the justification for undertaking the realisation of the objective. The scale problem was considered by means of a simulation analysis with a special emphasis laid on differentiating the variables expressed in absolute quantities and ones expressed in relative quantities. The study conducted allowed the identification of changes in basic properties as well as in correlation of the researched variables expressed in absolute and relative quantities. Based on the findings, it was stated that a correlation analysis and a regression analysis may lead to different conclusions depending on the assumed level of aggregation. The realisation of the research objective set in the paper also showed the need to consider the adequate character of variables in both spatial economic analyses and during the examination of the scale problem.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2014, 9, 4; 113-131
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Spatial Dynamic Modelling of Tax Gap: the Case of Italy
Autorzy:
Carfora, Alfonso
Pansini, Rosaria Vega
Pisani, Stefano
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/623739.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
determinants of tax gap
spatial econometrics
panel estimation
Opis:
This paper analyses the determinants of regional tax gap in Italy testing if tax evasion is characterised by spatial persistence. The size of spatial correlation in regional tax gaps has been tested and the role of additional determinants of evasion over the period 2001–2011 has been estimated. Using a dynamic spatial panel model, it is shown that regional tax gap is determined by tax evasion in neighbouring regions and is characterised by spatial persistence. Results make it possible to draw a taxonomy of the determinants of regional tax gap: contextual factors and operational factors linked to the relative efficacy of tax evasion contrasting policies and geography.
Źródło:
European Spatial Research and Policy; 2018, 25, 1; 7-28
1231-1952
1896-1525
Pojawia się w:
European Spatial Research and Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Local indebtedness in Hungary: Experience of 20 years
Autorzy:
Kovács, Gábor
Stion, Zsuzsa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/639834.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
indebtedness, local governments, municipal bond, econometrics model, Hungary
Opis:
Hungary has a unitary government system with 19 counties, 23 “cities with county rank” and about 3200 local (municipal) governments. The financial architectureof local governments is quite complicated and budget constraints are “halfway” between soft and hard. After an early and temporary “municipal bond boom” in the middle of 1990’s, the size of indebtedness started to increase considerably, first in 2002. By the end of 2011 the size of financial obligations deriving from local borrowing amounted more than 4.7% of GDP.The paper is aimed at examining factors that might have been behind indebtedness and tries to separate the effect of internal and external variables for the period between 1990 and 2011. According to the results of the empirical analysis local authorities’ borrowing activity cannot be explained only with help of quantitative macro-economical indicators such as total sub-national revenues, expenditures, CPI and GDP.Namely, the formation of debt was mainly determined by behaviour patterns of local governments and byrandom (unforeseeable) shocks caused by changes in central regulation. The short term patterns in borrowing attitude are due to the four-year long election cycle of local representatives while adapting to random shock happens quickly within one year. Four different time-phases (periods) can be determined, which can be described by different characteristics and makes explanation for the formation of local debt: Early development of subnational debt markets (1990-1995); restriction (1996-1997); moderate growth (1998-2006); municipal bond-boom (2007-2010).
Źródło:
Zarządzanie Publiczne; 2013, 4(24)
2084-3968
Pojawia się w:
Zarządzanie Publiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A spatial regression model of retail chains development in Poland
Model regresji przestrzennej rozwoju sieci handlowych w Polsce
Autorzy:
Bednarowska, Zofia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/425264.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
spatial econometrics (statistics)
urban space
retail chain development
Opis:
The key research goal is to identify predictors of retail chain space development in Poland, as well as to define if there is any spatial correlation between increasing retail area and the spatial proximity of the other malls. In order to do so, the study covers an analysis of the retail area in Poland in the framework of the socio-economic development of cities. The study covers a macroeconomic overview of the retail map of Poland. The unit of the analysis are cities with a population of 40,000-400,000 inhabitants. The method of analysis is based on two models: non-spatial OLS and the spatial regression model. The model’s goal is to predict the retail development of a city based on the most effective predictors. The independent variables included a range of socio-economic indicators such as: city population, city unemployment rate and average salary in the private sector.
Źródło:
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics; 2015, 3 (49); 45-54
1507-3866
Pojawia się w:
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Spatial Pseudo Panel Data Models with an Application to Mincer Wage Equations
Autorzy:
Güris, Selahattin
Aydin, Gizem Kaya
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2119918.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
spatial econometrics
pseudo panel data
Mincer wage equations
Opis:
The studies using Mincer equations are generally applied to cross-sectional data at the micro-level. There are however limited studies conducted with macro or panel data for wage equations. Pseudo panel data methods can be applied to empirical studies by creating cohorts from repeated cross-sectional data in the absence of genuine panel data. Difference in both the human and labour resources according to the spatial positions may also affect the prediction of the wage equations. We aim to introduce the application of spatial pseudo panel models by creating cohorts according to the birth years of employees and regions in which they live from the Turkish household labour survey for the period 2010– 2015. As a result, we find that the spatial autocorrelation model is appropriate for wage equations of Turkey. We also find that return of education on wages is 11% while return of experience on wages is 4%.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics; 2022, 1; 37-56
2080-0886
2080-119X
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bayesian Pricing of an European Call Option Using a GARCH Model with Asymmetries
Bayesowska wycena europejskiej opcji kupna z wykorzystaniem modelu GARCH z asymetriami
Autorzy:
Osiewalski, Jacek
Pipień, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/906870.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Bayesian inference
financial econometrics
volatility models
forecasting
derivative pricing
Opis:
In this paper option pricing is treated as an application of Bayesian predictive analysis. The distribution of the discounted payoff, induced by the predictive density of future observables, is the basis for direct option pricing, as in Bauwens and Lubrano (1997). We also consider another, more eclectic approach to option pricing, where the predictive distribution of the Black-Scholes value is used (with volatility measured by the conditional standard deviation at time of maturity). We use a model framework that allows for two types of asymmetry in GARCH processes: skewed t conditional densities and different reactions of conditional scale to positive/negative stocks. Our skewed t-GARCH(l, 1) model is used to describe daily changes of the Warsaw Stock Exchange Index (WIG) from 4.01.1995 till 8.02.2002. The data till 28.09.2001 are used to obtain the posterior and predictive distributions, and to illustrate Bayesian option pricing for the remaining period.
W prezentowanym artykule wycena opcji jest traktowana jako jedno z zastosowań bayesowskiej analizy predyktywnej. Rozkład wartości zdyskontowanej wypłaty, indukowany przez gęstość predyktywną przyszłych stóp zwrotu, jest podstawą bezpośredniej wyceny opcji (zob. Bauwens, Lubrano, 1997). Rozważamy też bardziej eklektyczne podejście, wykorzystujące rozkład predyktywny formuły Blacka i Scholesa (ze zmiennością określoną jako warunkowe odchylenie standardowe w momencie realizacji opcji). Przyjmujemy ramy modelowe, które uwzględniają dwa rodzaje asymetrii w procesach GARCH: skośne rozkłady warunkowe (typu t-Studenta) oraz zróżnicowane reakcje wariancji warunkowej na szoki dodatnie lub ujemne. Model: skośny £-GARCH(l, 1) jest stosowany do opisu dziennej zmienności Warszawskiego Indeksu Giełdowego (WIG) od 4.01.1995 r. do 8.02.2002 r. Dane do 28.09.2001 wykorzystujemy do budowy rozkładów a posteriori i predyktywnego oraz do ilustracji bayesowskiej wyceny opcji na pozostały okres.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 2004, 177
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Longevity – can we afford it? The problem of households’ direct health care expenditures in Poland
Autorzy:
Żółtaszek, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1827687.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-06-02
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
longevity
health expenditures
Polish health care
social policy
health econometrics
Opis:
Longevity can be perceived as increasing life expectancy in a population or as the long lifespan of an individual. Longer lifespans and decreasing fertility rates in many countries will cause societies to rapidly grow old. This paper is an attempt to define the determinants of the ‘out-of-pocket’ medical expenditures of the elderly. In this research statistical tests and micro-econometric modelling were carried out on a sample of the Polish population. The results of the analysis indicate that the elderly with their elevated needs for medical assistance spent more on the health care, than the rest of population (in the absolute value and in relation to income) and that their expenditures are constantly increasing. The main limitation to households’ health care expenditures is the income, which suggests that there may be an unrealized demand for medical services and products, especially medical drugs that cannot be obtained entirely free of charge. This highlights a new direction for the development of Poland’s health care policy; otherwise, longevity may be a luxury that not everyone can afford.
Źródło:
Studia Demograficzne; 2017, 171, 1; 27-48
0039-3134
Pojawia się w:
Studia Demograficzne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Redefining the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem Within Spatial Econometrics, the Case of the Aggregation Problem
Autorzy:
Pietrzak, Michał Bernard
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517415.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
spatial econometrics
modifiable areal unit problem
scale problem
aggregation problem
Opis:
The paper focuses on the issue of the aggregation problem, which is frequently discussed within spatial econometrics. The aggregation problem is one of the two aspects of the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). The aggregation problem is connected with the volatility of the obtained results occurred when various compositions of territorial units for the same aggregation scale were applied. The objective of the present paper is to consider the redefinition of aggregation problem and showing positive solution of the aggregation problem based on the empirical example of determining agricultural macroregions. In the article the aggregation problem was defined as a problem of establishing a particular composition of territorial units at a selected aggregation scale in a such a way that is remains in the quasi composition of regions within the undertaken research problem. The paper also presented the procedure for determining agricultural macroregions where the analysis of the spatial volatility of the agrarian structure and the current knowledge on the agriculture in Poland were applied. In addition, the paper considered the final areal interpretation problem con-nected with the incorrect determination of the area in relation to which final conclusions are drawn. The problem was presented basing on the example of the establishment of the average concentration of the area of agricultural land in Poland with the use of the Gini index calculated for districts. The paper emphasised that ignoring the final areal interpretation problem in spatial analyses may lead to an apparent identification of the modifiable areal unit problem.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2014, 9, 3; 131-151
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Redefining The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem Within Spatial Econometrics, the Case of The Scale Problem
Autorzy:
Bernard Pietrzak, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517391.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
spatial econometrics
modifiable areal unit problem
scale problem
aggregation problem
Opis:
The paper focuses on the issue of the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP), which is frequently discussed within spatial econometrics. This issue concerns the changeability of the characteristics of the analysed phenomena under the impact of the change in the composition of territorial units. The article indicates four conditions which need to be fulfilled if the correctness of spatial analyses is to be maintained. Also, the paper introduces the concept of the quasi composition of regions (QCR). It was defined as a set of particular compositions of territorial units for subsequent aggregation scales. Particular compositions of territorial units are selected in a way that allows a correct analysis within the undertaken research problem to be conducted. The chief asset of the paper is the proposal to redefine the concept of the modifiable areal unit problem. Both the scale problem and the aggregation problem were linked to the accepted quasi composition of regions. The redefinition of the concept is vital for the research conducted since analysing phenomena based on compositions of territorial units which are excluded from the quasi composition of regions leads to the formulation of incorrect conclusions. Within the undertaken research problem there exists only one particular composition of territorial units which allows the identification and description of the dependence for analysed phenomena. Within the considered modifiable areal unit problem two potential problems were defined and they can occur while making spatial analyses. The first is the final areal interpretation problem (FAIP) that occurs when the characteristics of phenomena or the dependence are designated for too large region. The other issue is the aggregation scale interpretation problem (ASIP). It occurs when a quasi composition of regions is enlarged by an aggregation scale where the correctness of the results of the undertaken research problem is not preserved. In both cases it is possible to reach a situation where the obtained characteristics will be deprived of the cognitive value.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2014, 9, 2; 111-132
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 37

Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies