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    Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6
    Tytuł:
    The 2008 Law "On Gender Equality in Society" and some of its effects on equal representation.
    Autorzy:
    Gjinko, Juliana Marko
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/23592331.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2024-01-02
    Wydawca:
    Academicus. International Scientific Journal publishing house
    Tematy:
    Albanian transition
    gender equality
    legal approximation
    EU conditionality
    Opis:
    Since the fall of their socialist centralized systems, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have experienced considerable changes to their socioeconomic policies. The Republic of Albania has encountered several noteworthy challenges since 1992, and initially, eradicating gender inequality was not given much emphasis. Gender equality is an essential element that needs to be incorporated into the legal frameworks of all candidate countries aspiring to join the EU, in addition to being a fundamental right and a shared vision of EU institutions. In developing nations, social exclusion can be either active or passive. Because females are excluded from many facets of society, such as the workforce, education, access to the legal system, the realization of their property rights, and so forth, women's demands and interests are frequently disregarded. Following the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the Republic of Albania has developed a number of laws, policies, and action plans pertaining to gender equality, in addition to measures addressing issues such as human trafficking, domestic abuse, closing the representational gap in politics and the economy, and other matters. This essay looks at Albania's methodology for evaluating European standards and, where necessary, adapts them to regional political and cultural norms. Ensuring that the body of legislation is in accord with the culture in which it functions is a better strategy to enforce laws than merely making models, rules, and regulations. This is a comprehensive effort to assess and contrast specific in pursuing full EU integration. This is an overall attempt to evaluate and compare some of the strategies and actions Albanian representatives and society have taken to address the gender factor in the democratization process and institution-building while pursuing full EU integration.
    Źródło:
    Academicus International Scientific Journal; 2024, 15, 29; 119-133
    2079-3715
    2309-1088
    Pojawia się w:
    Academicus International Scientific Journal
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Rule of Law Reforms in the Shadow of Clientelism: The Limits of the EU’s Transformative Power in Romania
    Autorzy:
    Mendelski, Martin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1929896.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011-07-13
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne
    Tematy:
    Romania
    EU conditionality
    rule of law
    clientelism
    state capture
    Opis:
    This study examines the role of theEuropean Union (EU) and domestic actors in the development of the rule of law (judicial quality) in Romania between 2000 and 2009. This study offers an empirical analysis of rule of law development across two key dimensions (1. judicial capacity, 2. judicial impartiality). The findings of the study show that, while the reform actions of domestic change agents and the EU led to improvement on the judicial capacity dimension of the rule of law (efficiency-related aspects), there was considerable persistence on the judicial impartiality dimension (power-related aspects). The limited transformative power of the EU is explained by the strong resistance of clientelistic veto players, who captured the reform process and undermined the creation of de facto rule of law.
    Źródło:
    Polish Sociological Review; 2011, 174, 2; 235-254
    1231-1413
    2657-4276
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Sociological Review
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The European Neighbourhood Policy: Differentiation without Political Conditionality?
    Autorzy:
    Poli, Sara
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/419642.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
    Tematy:
    European Neighbourhood Policy
    EU values
    political conditionality
    EU external relations
    Opis:
    The aim of this chapter is to examine the way in which the EU has differentiated its relations with its Eastern and Southern neighbours, as well as the basis for such differentiation. The analysis shows that differentiation lies at the heart of the EU relations with these countries, and also describes factors that have led to ‘differentiation’ in the context of the ENP. The deepening of the cooperation with the ENP countries is not always and only due to political conditionality; it is linked to ex post rather than ex ante conditionality. The high level of variable geometry in the ENP does not, however, concern EU restrictive measures. The EU has adopted a fairly uniform policy in this area and has imposed restrictive measures vis-à-vis neighbour countries, regardless of their different geopolitical position and specifi c relations with the EU. In the near future, the level of variable geometry in the ENP is likely to grow: new contractual arrangements will be offered to Armenia and Azerbaijan; and differentiation and fl exibility are the hallmarks the 2015 review of the ENP. The question arises: Can the ENP remain a single policy framework, considering the high degree of differentiation? It is submitted herein that the ENP should remain the overall framework for the EU-ENP relations, since this counters the risk of a re-nationalization of this policy. A different issue is whether the EU’s choice of engaging with countries which have rejected EU values, in whole or in part, can be reconciled with a value-based foreign policy.
    Źródło:
    Yearbook of Polish European Studies; 2015, 18; 133-164
    1428-1503
    Pojawia się w:
    Yearbook of Polish European Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The impact of China’s Belt and Road Initiative on the Western Balkan Region: An erosion of EU conditionality?
    Autorzy:
    Cotella, Giancarlo
    Berisha, Erblin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2033944.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    Belt and Road Initiative
    the Western Balkan Region
    EU enlargement
    China
    conditionality
    Opis:
    The EU integration process contributes to influence the ongoing institutional changes in the Western Balkans. At the same time, the incremental inflow of Chinese capital in the region that followed the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative is progressively reshaping power relations there. This article sheds light on the interaction between these two processes, discussing whether the increasing inflow of resources may gradually erode EU conditionality and hinder the overall integration process. To do so, the authors draw on an extensive review of academic and policy documents and on selected expert interviews, upon which they compare the actions of the EU and China in the region.
    Źródło:
    European Spatial Research and Policy; 2021, 28, 2; 165-186
    1231-1952
    1896-1525
    Pojawia się w:
    European Spatial Research and Policy
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    “New conditionality” in the EU’s “new generation” Agreements with Asian Countries
    Autorzy:
    Kuźnar, Andżelika
    Menkes, Jerzy Brunon
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2010033.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-03-10
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
    Tematy:
    EU
    Asian countries
    conditionality
    change through trade
    FTA
    Trade and Sustainable Development (TSD)
    Opis:
    The objective of the study is to verify the implementation, by the EU, of the treaties’ obligations to proliferate “non-trade” European values in agreements with Asian countries. The thesis of the study is that the EU with “new generation” agreements strengthens the cohesion of the western hemisphere and creates the conditions for its enlargement. An instrument supporting the strengthening and development of the western hemisphere is the policy of “change through trade” combined with the promotion of “free and fair trade”. We claim that this policy contributed to political change in the world – the expansion of international law, the principles of the UN Charter, and EU values. Influence beyond the parties to the agreements takes place, although formally the agreements only govern the relationship between the parties. This influence is the outcome of, among other things, demonstrating the implementation of the values and benefits of value-based cooperation. By agreements (FTAs, IPAs and political) with Asian countries, the network of connections among the states of the Western hemisphere is developed and the community of values reinforced. The institutionalisation of the community of values of EU-Asian countries also fosters the institutionalisation of ties among the democratic Asian countries.
    Źródło:
    Review of European and Comparative Law; 2022, 48, 1; 67-84
    2545-384X
    Pojawia się w:
    Review of European and Comparative Law
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    GAEC 5 Direct Payment System Implementation Challenges in Slovakia
    Autorzy:
    Pipíšková, Petra
    Muchová, Zlatica
    Dežerický, Dávid
    Michal, Peter
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24201744.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
    Tematy:
    water erosion
    conditionality
    GAEC5
    GSAA
    CAP EU
    DMR 3.5
    DMR 5.0
    soil loss
    Opis:
    The Agricultural Payments Agency (supervisory and registry authority) of the Slovak Republic has announced an erosion hazard layer to meet the requirements of GAEC5 (Minimising soil erosion. Limit soil erosion by putting in place suitable practical measures). If a farmer fails to observe the layer data, they will be fined and might lose access to direct subsidies (also known as direct payments). The layer that has been announced raises a number of questions and concerns amongst beneficiaries of direct subsidies and users of land parcels. For instance, with the Pastuchov land parcel, the uncertainties associated with the application of GAEC5 were raised. A comparison of the water erosion layer commitment for 2023 with the erosion calculated by the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) method based on the Digital Relief Model (DRM) generated from airborne laser scanning has confirmed the uniformity in all classified categories of water erosion over a 65% land parcel area. The situation of the land user has been diminished (i.e. they have to comply with GAEC5 even when there is no reason to) over 11% of the area. The situation of the land user has improved over 24% of the area (i.e. they do not have to comply with the conditions even when there is reason to). This paper describes the problems and outlines the possibilities for the necessary adjustment of compliance with the GAEC5 conditions in Slovakia.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2023, 24, 6; 109--118
    2299-8993
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Ecological Engineering
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6

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