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Tytuł:
Legal interpretation from the perspective of French jurisprudence: from positivist exegesis to free scientific research
Autorzy:
Sokalska, Edyta
Augustyniak, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2010171.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-03-10
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
codification
normative order
natural law
legal research
Opis:
The “natural law” movement provoked some discussions on the method of interpretation of law within the European legal thought. Diverse methodological approaches referring to some social, historical, and multidimensional aspects and foundations of law were developed by French and German legal scholarship at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The present article focuses on the main scientific positions on the method of interpretation of law present in French jurisprudence. Since the beginning of the 19th century, French legal studies were dominated by the positivist school of exegesis. Scholarship and legal practitioners sought the opportunity to rebuild their authority. It was accompanied by the attempts to prepare a new theoretical ground for the legal order. Then, some representatives of a new trend in scientific research considered pluralism of the methods applied in legal research. Raymond Saleilles postulated the need for the evolutionary perspective in legal science. This approach appears to be similar to the concept of the law of nature with variable content adopted by Rudolf Stammler in Germany. Since the last two decades of the 19th century, François Gény, the supporter of a greater flexibility in interpretation of a legal text, developed libre recherche scientifique. He questioned the idea of autonomy of the legal science, calling for its integration with other disciplines.
Źródło:
Review of European and Comparative Law; 2022, 48, 1; 175-189
2545-384X
Pojawia się w:
Review of European and Comparative Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Codex: Un nombre antiguo
Autorzy:
Martinez Martinez, Faustino Jose
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/421122.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie
Tematy:
Legal History
Roman Law
Justinian
Jurisprudence
Codification
Opis:
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: A brief exposition is presented on the origins and developments of Roman Law, taking as starting point the idea of a Law of Jurists that becomes a Law of Autocrats (the emperors), with changes in the sources and in the sustenance of the same ones. The ultimate result is the codification of that Roman Law in the times of Justinian and the ancient (not modern) meaning of the notion of Code. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: It is a purely informative, synthesis and exposition work for which it has relied on the most recent and the most traditional bibliography and sources, analyzing one and the others. RESEARCH RESULTS: The two great moments (classical and postclassical) of the Roman era are presented, from the legal perspective, to show how this slow and painless transition from an open and plural system to another monotone, dominated by the emperor in both what the new Law refers to as old Law. The Code is the final recapitulation of this Roman intellectual and cultural world. CONCLUSION: Rome manages to evolve, without betraying itself and without abandoning its oldest sources; rather, assembling all the materials and creating a method in which medieval and modern jurists will then be inspired. In the final Code and Codification they manage to incorporate all that Law and the main guidelines for its interpretation.
Źródło:
Horyzonty Polityki; 2019, 10, 31; 60-80
2082-5897
Pojawia się w:
Horyzonty Polityki
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On the Codification of International Law
Autorzy:
Winiarski, Bohdan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1832023.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-09-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
public international law
history of codification of public international law
political determinants of codification of public international law
Opis:
The paper is an English translation of O kodyfikacji prawa międzynarodowego by Bohdan Winiarski, published originally in Polish in “Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” in 1930. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Faculty of Law and Administration” devoted to the achievements of the late Professors of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań.
Źródło:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review; 2019, 10; 259-277
2450-0976
Pojawia się w:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Codification and Legal Sources in the Albanian Legal System: Comparative Approach to Legal Systems
Autorzy:
Olldashi, Enkeleda
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1036947.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Academicus. International Scientific Journal publishing house
Tematy:
codification process
legal system
legal reasoning
sources of law
Opis:
The civil law system entered the codification path during the 19th century, enabling the creation of uniformity, such as drafting a civil code and building a new (national) identity. The structure of the code suggests that it provides a comprehensive, internally coherent set of rules for private law. The adopted civil codes secure lawyers a systematic and coherent foundation for the legal system and legal reasoning. Codification allowed laws to be in an easily identified document easily. Traditionally, the civil law system has been subject to several codification and consolidation processes during different periods in time, influenced from political, social or economic reforms. In Albania after the proclamation of the Monarchy, work began on the preparation of various codes, with the crucial one being the Civil Code. The first Albanian Civil Code entered in force on the 1st of April 1929. This process was the first step for the Albanian Legislator to compare the secularity of the European legal framework to that of the Ottoman Empire. In 1991, the end of the communist era in Albania was marked by bringing the transformation of the economy into a market-oriented system and the creation of a legal system that protected the right of private property. The Albanian system as a continental system has developed a system based on systematic approach to laws, a procedure known as dogmatic approach. It has created an internal system of laws based on generally codified norms and principles. The purpose of this paper is to explain the impact of political, social or economic reforms in the codification process and the nature of legal sources in Albania.
Źródło:
Academicus International Scientific Journal; 2018, 17; 36-45
2079-3715
2309-1088
Pojawia się w:
Academicus International Scientific Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
THE SCIENCE OF LAW REGARDING NEW LEGAL CONTRACTUAL COMMERCIAL INSTITUTIONS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE CONTINENTAL CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS: THE SPANISH AND GERMAN EXAMPLES
Autorzy:
Palao-Uceda, Juan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/915790.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
science of law
Roman law
codification
civil law
new contracts
Opis:
This article tries to return to the essence of civil law which, with a little more than ten key contractual institutions, allows all disputes created from newly founded institutions to be examined and interpreted. If law is science it must be ableto be reduced to a set of basic concepts that have been coined and concluded from daily contractual practice and, almost in their entirety, have been in force over time. Hence the study of Roman law and Roman legal tradition remain a constantreference to our continental law. However, this does not prevent them from being open to gradual enrichment.
Źródło:
Review of European and Comparative Law; 2018, 35, 4; 73-102
2545-384X
Pojawia się w:
Review of European and Comparative Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A moderate position in the debate on the possibility and moral utility of the ethical standards codification
Autorzy:
Klimczuk, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/653104.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
professional ethics
codification
social responsibility
regulation of behavior
standardization
situationism
Opis:
The popularisation of drawing up codes that are addressed to various social groups is one of the features of the modern world. However, researchers of the phenomenon have not yet reached a consensus about the moral validity and utility of this activity. The article thoroughly reviews the Polish literature on the subject with regard to the reasons for taking a moderate stance on the codification of ethical standards. The essay describes the main concepts of ethical codes as well as arguments for their approval and rejection. Attention is drawn to the ways of improving the effectiveness of codes and to the ethical decision-making procedure that reconciles the positions of the supporters and opponents of codification.
Źródło:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym; 2017, 20, 5; 127-139
1899-2226
2353-4869
Pojawia się w:
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Global supply chain standards and solutions in the context of legislative and structural tools of the Ministry of Defense of the Slovak Republic in alliance cooperation
Autorzy:
Skolnik, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/119696.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
Tematy:
logistics
supply
standardisation
codification
NATO Codification System (NCS)
Slovak Republic
logistyka
dostawa
normalizacja
kodyfikacja
NATO
NCS
Natowski System Kodyfikacyjny (NCS)
Republika Słowacka
Opis:
The paper analyses the NATO Codification System, explains basic terms and definitions, analyses the NATO codification policy and basic principles, characterizes the procurement system and NATO related codification procedures applied within the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic and describes the supply and stock system implemented at the Ministry of Defense of the Slovak Republic.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe AON; 2016, 1(102); 69-74
0867-2245
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe AON
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
German Pronunciation Database and its Possible Applications in the Age of Homeschooling
Autorzy:
Skoczek, Robert
Ebel, Alexandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2056768.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
Geschichte der Aussprache Kodierung
Aussprache Datenbank
history of pronunciation codification
pronunciation database
historique de la prononciation codification
base de données de prononciation
Opis:
Orthoepie research is a traditional field at the department of Speech Science and Phonetics at Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg. After several pronunciation dictionaries, the department has now published a pronunciation database. With the establishment of the German pronunciation database (DAD), the desire for a publicly accessible reference source is met. It offers norm phonetic information on general vocabulary, as well as forms and rules of phonetical Germanization. The database can be used for various scenarios in German lessons. Continuous expansion means that further possible uses can be introduced in the future.
Źródło:
Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature; 2021, 45, 3; 71-81
0137-4699
Pojawia się w:
Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Impact of the Economic Legislation on the Restoration of the Polish State after the First World War
Autorzy:
Jastrzębski, Robert
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2129059.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:
business law
commercial law
law codification
the Second Republic of Poland
Opis:
The paper discusses the issue of the impact of Polish economic legislation on the restoration of the Polish State after the First World War. The author draws attention to those legal regulations that directly influenced the Polish legal order and constituted the result of the activity of the Polish legislature in the years 1918-1939. Most of those regulations were drafted by the Commission of Codification, which had been established under the Act of June 3, 1919, and were related to two periods of economic reform: firstly – the reform conducted by Wladyslaw Grabski along with the earlier legislation mainly related to the period of partition of the Polish state; and secondly – the times after 1926. Significantly, an overwhelming number of regulations were promulgated in the form of decrees with the statutory validity issued by the President of the Second Republic of Poland, which actually eliminated the Polish Parliament from the legislative process. The purpose of these regulations was to unify economically the Polish lands and to create a uniform commercial law. It is worth emphasizing that such enactments as the Industrial Law of 1927, the Commercial Code, the Law of Arrangements with Creditors and the Insolvency Law (all enacted in 1934) remained in force also after 1945. Some of the aforementioned regulations, in particular the Commercial Code of 1934 that was finally repealed at the beginning of this century, largely affected the economic changes after 1989.
Źródło:
Optimum. Economic Studies; 2018, 1(91); 265-282
1506-7637
Pojawia się w:
Optimum. Economic Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Common Usage vs Codified Standard: Problems with the Codification of Anglicisms in the Contemporary Russian Language
Norma uzualna vs norma skodyfikowana. O problemach kodyfikacji anglicyzmów we współczesnym języku rosyjskim
Autorzy:
Romanik, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38697126.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Slawistyki PAN
Tematy:
anglicism
media discourse
Russian language
codification
linguistic norm
common usage
Opis:
This article focuses on the important problem of codification of the most recent borrowings of British and American English origins in the contemporary Russian language. Standardization of loanwords is a current issue of vital importance, as it has a global reach, which means that it affects not only the Russian language but many other national languages that are under the influence of the English language – the contemporary lingua franca. The codification of the lexis of foreign origin is examined based on material obtained from contemporary lifestyle magazines published in Russian. This type of press disseminates borrowed neologisms particularly intensively and, at the same time, creates the language use of the given discourse. The excerpted vocabulary items have been confronted with the lexis of the most recent Russian spelling dictionaries. The deliberations contained in this paper show a fragment of linguistic reality changing under the influence of ubiquitous English language, where common usage competes with the linguistic norm. The article shows the difficulties caused by lexical transfer of loanwords faced by specialists in prescriptive linguistics (e.g. a common problem of orthographic variation).
Niniejszy artykuł zwraca uwagę na istotny problem kodyfikacji najnowszych zapożyczeń anglo-amerykańskiej proweniencji we współczesnej ruszczyźnie. Temat standaryzacji zapożyczeń jest aktualny i niezwykle ważny, bowiem ma on zasięg globalny, zatem dotyczy nie tylko języka rosyjskiego, lecz wielu innych języków narodowych, które znajdują się pod wpływem angielszczyzny – współczesnej lingua franca. Badanie kodyfikacji leksyki obcego pochodzenia oparto na materiale zaczerpniętym z najnowszych rosyjskojęzycznych czasopism kolorowych typu life style. Ten rodzaj prasy szczególnie ochoczo rozpowszechnia zapożyczone neologizmy, jednocześnie kreuje uzus danego dyskursu. Wyekscerpowany materiał porównano z leksyką zawartą w najnowszych słownikach ortograficznych języka rosyjskiego. Niniejsze rozważania dają obraz fragmentu rzeczywistości językowej zmieniającej się pod wpływem wszechobecnej angielszczyzny, w której uzus konkuruje z normą językową. Ponadto wskazano tu szereg problemów wywoływanych zapożyczeniami leksykalnymi, z którymi zmagają się specjaliści z obszaru językoznawstwa normatywnego (np. powszechny problem wariantywności ortograficznej zapożyczeń).   
Źródło:
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej; 2022, 57
0081-7090
2392-2435
Pojawia się w:
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Examining the Family in the Light of Marriage Annulment as a New Research Perspective
Autorzy:
Kroczek, Piotr
Kisiel, Przemysław
Ulman, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/29552073.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawła II w Krakowie
Tematy:
annulment of marriage
marriage
family crisis
codification of the modern family
Opis:
The aim of this article is to outline a new research perspective, allowing for an in-depth reflection on the condition of contemporary marriages and families. Of course, the problem itself is not new, but in order to analyse it, we propose to adopt a perspective which has not been present in the literature so far and which will consist in analysing the condition of the institution of marriage through the prism of the process of declaring a marriage null and void, i.e., the canonical procedure in force in the Catholic Church. The proposed research perspective is based on an interdisciplinary approach, taking into account the broad context in which, in our opinion, the functioning of the contemporary institution of marriage should be considered. In this approach we try to integrate sociological and demographic premises and inspirations with legal, theological and canonical premises, which is a significant novelty. The integration of these approaches will make it possible to consider the problem of the break-up of the marital bond in a different way than has been presented so far. Thanks to this, it is possible to make a comprehensive diagnosis of the situation of marriages in moments of crisis and to capture those aspects of spiritual and social life which have not yet been taken into account in the research, and which play a particularly important role in initiating proceedings to declare a marriage null and void.
Źródło:
Analecta Cracoviensia; 2021, 53; 143-168
2391-6842
0209-0864
Pojawia się w:
Analecta Cracoviensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reflexivity and the Codification of Legal Ethics. Remarks on the Basis of Paul Ricoeur’s “Little Ethics” Theory
Autorzy:
Pieniążek, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/927293.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-06-01
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej – Sekcja Polska IVR
Tematy:
legal ethics
codification
reflexivity
Paul Ricoeur
teleological ethics
deontological ethics
“little ethics”
Opis:
Codes of legal ethics encounter constant waves of criticism. It is pointed out that their disadvantage is, on the one hand, the excessive casuistry, limiting the possibility of taking independent decisions in cases of ethical and professional conflicts, and, on the other hand, the exaggerated declarative character of perfectionist ethical and professional virtues. The gap between the above mentioned perspectives, easily perceived in such codes, results in a dysfunctionality of professional ethics in the actions undertaken by members of the legal profession. The article, apart from the critical-comparative part, includes a proposal of reading and interpreting the content of the codes in a way that transgresses the above opposition. The theoretical basis of the presented position is provided by the concept of “little ethics” formulated by Paul Ricoeur in his work Oneself as Another. The ethical theory developed by Ricoeur combines the elements of Aristotelian ethics of virtues with Kantian ethics of duty. For this reason, it sets a uniform perspective for opposing elements, namely: subordination to the norm of the code and pursuit of ethical and professional self-improvement by legal professionals. The proposed solution belongs to the “reflexive” paradigm of the lawyer’s professional ethics proposed on the basis of Ricoeur’s onto-ethical theory.
Źródło:
Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej; 2016, 2(13); 39-50
2082-3304
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ethics of Polish Bar Association in the Interwar Period According to Aleksander Mogilnicki
Autorzy:
Grudzińska, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/619273.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
Aleksander Mogilnicki
legal ethics
codification
barristers’ ethical code
etyka adwokacka
kodyfikacja
kodeks etyczny adwokatów
Opis:
In Poland, during the partitions and the interwar period, lawyer ethics was not a popular subject, however, it was not neglected. During that time, some texts on the subject were published. The aim of the following paper is to present the standpoint of A. Mogilnicki, (lawyer, Supreme Court Justice) concerning the constitution of the code of lawyer ethics commonly used by lawyers at the time. He was one of the first to raise the issue in the press where he presented the guidelines that lawyers should pursue while creating their own code of professional ethics. Even though Mogilnicki’s vision of creating the code did not materialize at the time, it was in the 1960s that The Collection of Principles of Lawyer Ethics and Professional Dignity was published.
Etyka adwokacka w czasie zaborów i w okresie międzywojennym na terenie Polski nie była tematem popularnym, co nie znaczy, że nie była ważna. Pojawiły się w tym czasie nieliczne teksty dotyczące tego zagadnienia. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie stanowiska Aleksandra Mogilnickiego (adwokata, sędziego Sądu Najwyższego) dotyczącego spisania zasad etyki adwokackiej, które zwyczajowo obowiązywały wśród adwokatów. Jako jeden z pierwszych podniósł ten problem na łamach prasy, przekazując wytyczne, jakimi winni kierować się adwokaci, tworząc własny kodeks etyki. Wizja A. Mogilnickiego stworzenia kodeksu nie ziściła się jednak w tamtym czasie. Dopiero lata 60. XX w. przyniosły adwokatom pierwszy Zbiór zasad etyki adwokackiej i godności zawodu.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia; 2016, 25, 3
1731-6375
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
How to Create a Language for the Whole People? On the Codification of Putonghua Pronunciation
Autorzy:
Kurpaska, Maria
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1798456.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-11-05
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
Putonghua; mandaryński; kodyfikacja; reforma językowa; fonetyka; fonologia
Putonghua; Mandarin; codification; language reform; phonetics; phonology
Opis:
Jak stworzyć język dla wszystkich ludzi? O kodyfikacji wymowy Putonghua Proces tworzenia nowoczesnego języka narodowego dla całych Chin był długi. Zaczął się na początku XX wieku, kiedy stało się jasne, że potrzebny jest wspólny język, by zjednoczyć Chińczyków. W ten sposób powstała koncepcja Guóyǔ — „języka narodowego”. Po założeniu Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej prace zostały wznowione, standard został przemianowany na Pǔtōnghuà — „wspólną mowę”. Jego wymowa opiera się na dialekcie Pekinu, dialekty mandaryńskie były źródłem leksyki, a gramatykę oparto na „modelowych pracach w báihuà”. Jak jednak dokładnie wyglądały prace nad stworzeniem nowego standardu? Ten artykuł ma na celu pokazanie procesu kodyfikacji wymowy tego, co obecnie znamy jako Pǔtōnghuà. Dlaczego postanowiono wybrać mowę Pekinu jako punkt wyjścia, jak przebiegały prace, a także jak zmieniał się sam standard?
The process of creating a modern national standard language for the whole of China has been long. It started in the beginning of the 20th century, when it became clear that a common spoken tongue was needed to unite the Chinese people. Thus the concept of Guóyǔ — ‘national language’ — was created. After the founding of People’s Republic of China, the work was taken up anew, the standard was renamed Pŭtōnghuà — ‘common speech.’ Its pronunciation is based on the dialect of Beijing, the Mandarin dialects have been the source of lexicon, and grammar has been founded on “model works in báihuà.” But how exactly did the work on creating the new standard look like? This paper intends to show the process of codification of the pronunciation of what we now know as Pŭtōnghuà. How it was decided to choose the speech of Beijing as the starting point, how the work was carried out, and also how the standard is changing.
Źródło:
Roczniki Humanistyczne; 2019, 67, 9; 89-100
0035-7707
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Humanistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rola pisarzy w rozwoju języka białoruskiego w XIX – początku XX w.
Autorzy:
Barszczewska, Nina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/624932.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
Belarusian language, dialects, lexis, codification, writers
język białoruski, dialekty, słownictwo, kodyfikacja, pisarze
беларуская мова, дыялекты, лексіка, кадыфікацыя, пісьменнікі
Opis:
Belarusian dialects have become the foundation of the contemporary Belarusian language. The role of two dialects, namely the Southwestern and the Northeastern, was greater or lesser throughout various historical periods. To a great extent, they depended on the place of birth or residence of writers who eagerly used the vocabulary of their native dialect reflecting its phonetic and morphologic features. In the 19thcentury, writers enriched the Belarusian vocabulary. However, there were no conditions in the official sphere for Belarusian language to emerge, nor was there a journal published in which the representatives of the Belarusian cultural elite could publish their works that would support the strengthening of general Belarusian features and the development of grammar and spelling norms. The grammatical-spelling rules of the early 20th century editions, in comparison with the 19th century principles, became more uniform. The randomness and inconsistency of the use of various forms were significantly reduced. It is possible to speak about the existence of certain rules of spelling that appeared as a result of publishing practices, and to which editors of published books and newspapers were faithful. These circumstances contributed to the publishing of a Belarusian Grammar for chools (1918) by Branislaŭ Taraškievič (codification), which was difficult due to the complexity and variety of the Belarusian dialects. However, the trail has already been cleared.
Беларускія народныя гаворкі сталіся асноваю развіцця сучаснай беларускай мовы. Роля двух дыялектаў – паўднёва-заходняга і паўночна-ўсходняга – была большай альбо меншай у розныя гістарычныя перыяды і ў вялікай ступені залежала ад месца нараджэння ці жыхарства пісьменнікаў, якія ахвотна выкарыстоўвалі рэсурсы роднай гаворкі, адлюстроўваючы яе лексічны склад, фанетычныя і марфалагічныя асаблівасці. Пісьменнікі XІX ст. узбагацілі беларускую лексіку, аднак не стварылі ўмоваў, якія дазволілі б беларускай мове заіснаваць у афіцыйнай сферы, а таксама ім не ўдалося заснаваць такі часопіс, на старонках якога маглі б друкаваць свае творы прадстаўнікі беларускай культурнай эліты, што спрыяла б умацаванню агульнабеларускіх рыс ды станаўленню граматычных і арфаграфічных нормаў. Граматычна-арфаграфічныя прынцыпы выданняў пачатку XX ст. у параўнанні з правіламі з XІX ст. сталі больш аднароднымі, адвольнасць і непаслядоўнасць у выкарыстанні розных формаў значна зменшылася. Можна нават гаварыць пра існаванне пэўных правілаў правапісу, якія склаліся ў выніку выдавецкай практыкі і якіх прытрымліваліся рэдактары выдаваных кніг і газет. Гэта спрыяла апрацаванню Беларускае граматыкі для школ (1918) Браніславам Тарашкевічам (кадыфікацыі), што няпроста было зрабіць з увагі на складанасць і разнароднасць беларускіх гаворак, але шлях ужо быў расчышчаны.
Białoruskie gwary ludowe stały się podstawą rozwoju współczesnego języka białoruskiego. Rola dwóch dialektów południowo-zachodniego i północno-wschodniego była większa lub mniejsza w różnych okresach historycznych i w dużym stopniu zależała od miejsca urodzenia lub zamieszkania pisarzy, którzy chętnie odwoływali się do zasobów rodzimej gwary, odzwierciedlając zarówno leksykę, jak i jej cechy fonetyczne i morfologiczne. W XIX w. pisarze wzbogacili słownictwo białoruskie, jednak nie stworzono warunków do funkcjonowania języka białoruskiego w sferze oficjalnej, nie założono czasopisma, na którego łamach przedstawiciele białoruskich elit kulturalnych mogliby publikować utwory, co sprzyjałoby umocnieniu się cech ogólnobiałoruskich oraz opracowaniu norm gramatycznych i ortograficznych tego języka. Gramatyczno-ortograficzne zasady wydawnicze z początku XX w. w porównaniu z zasadami XIX-wiecznymi stały się bardziej jednolite; dowolność i niekonsekwencja użycia form znacznie się zmniejszyły. Można nawet mówić o istnieniu pewnych zasad, które pojawiły się jako rezultat praktyki wydawnicze i którym byli wierni redaktorzy publikujący książki i gazety. Stworzyło to dogodne warunki do opracowania Białoruskiej gramatyki dla szkół (1918), kodyfikacji przygotowanej przez Bronisława Taraszkiewicza.
Źródło:
Studia Białorutenistyczne; 2019, 13
1898-0457
Pojawia się w:
Studia Białorutenistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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