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    Tytuł:
    Possibilities to Optimize QoS with Next SON Versions
    Autorzy:
    Langer, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/309116.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Łączności - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
    Tematy:
    4G
    QoS
    SON
    Opis:
    The paper discusses quality of service in LTE and LTE-A networks seen as a challenge that can be met with Self-Organizing Networks (SON) functionalities. The SON concepts have been included in the LTE (E-UTRAN) standards since the first release of the LTE technology. Self-optimization functionalities will monitor and analyze performance measurements, notifications, and self-test results and will automatically trigger re-configuration actions on the affected network nodes when necessary. The SON specifications have been built over the existing 3GPP network management architecture, the ultimate implementation of SON in 4G networks will bring many advantages. Successive SON procedures are waiting for their time and money to be implemented in 4G, though some essential issues for example of inter Radio Access Technology (RAT) interfaces must be overworked.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology; 2015, 1; 27-31
    1509-4553
    1899-8852
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Characterization of Propagation Models in Wireless Communications for 4G Network
    Autorzy:
    Al-Aamri, Nawal
    Nadir, Zia
    Al-Lawati, Hassan
    Suwailam, Mohammed Bait
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2055256.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    path loss model
    prediction
    4G
    RMSE
    Opis:
    Estimating the pathloss and signal strength of the transmitted signal at specific distances is one of the main objectives of network designers. This paper aims to provide generalized pathloss models appropriate for urban areas in Muscat the capital city of the Sultanate of Oman environment. The research includes studying different models of pathloss for the 4G cellular network at Muttrah Business District (MBD) at Muscat. Different models (Free Space model, Okumura Hata, Extended Sakagami, Cost231 Hata, ECC-33 Hata – Okumura extended, Ericsson, Egli, and SUI) are used with 800MHz. The results of the prediction models are compared with real measured data by calculating RMSE. The generalized models are created by modified original models to get accepted RMSE values. Different cells at MBD are tested by modified models. The RMSE values are then calculated for verification purposes. To validate the modified pathloss models of 4G, they are also applied at different cells in a different city in the capital. It has approximately the same environment as MBD. The modified pathloss models provided accepted predictions in new locations.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications; 2022, 68, 1; 137--143
    2300-1933
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Inefficiency in spectrum auctions – empirical evidence
    Autorzy:
    Kuś, Agnieszka
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1871786.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Śląska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej
    Tematy:
    spectrum auction
    inefficiency
    Polish 4G auction
    spectrum policy
    auction design
    aukcja widma
    nieefektywność
    polska aukcja 4G
    polityka widmowa
    projekt aukcji
    Opis:
    Purpose: The spectrum is scarce recourses, so it is very important to allocate it in a way to maximize the economic and social returns to the countries` economies. Economists agree that the best way to allocate rare resources are auctions. Despite their good properties, in some environments, they can create inefficiency. We describe some potential sources of inefficiency in spectrum auctions and some negative effects of inefficient spectrum allocation. We also discuss how the government through appropriate spectrum policy and auction designing can promote efficient spectrum allocation. Design/methodology/approach: The paper is based on the literature on the spectrum auction and public documents published by national spectrum authorities. Theoretical discussions are supported by case studies of real world spectrum auctions. Much attention has been paid to the case of the Polish 4G auction. Findings: Extremely high reserve prices or rigorous approach to promoting entry could lead to price distortions, misallocation or even unsold spectrum which harm both competition and consumers. The case of the Polish 4G auction confirms that gaps in the detailed auction rules may lead to significant delays in frequency allocation and increase the risk of an ineffective auction outcome. Practical implications: In the light of our findings, it is important that the rules of the auction in the 3.6 GHz band currently planned in Poland should allow the regulator to control the pace of the auction and take into account the risk of inefficient outcome associated with passive bids. Originality/value: The discussions made in this paper could help policy makers in Poland and other countries in spectrum auction designing.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska; 2021, 150; 115-130
    1641-3466
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Quality management in 4G wireless networking technology allows to attend high-quality users
    Autorzy:
    Langer, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/309463.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Łączności - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
    Tematy:
    4G
    device-to-device communication
    LTE
    policy management
    QoS
    Opis:
    The 4G networks are all-IP based heterogeneous networks that allow users to use any system at anytime and anywhere, and support a variety of personalized, multimedia applications such as multimedia conferencing, video phones, video/movie-on-demand, education-on-demand, streaming media, multimedia messaging, etc. Personalized services should be supported by personal mobility capability, which concentrates on the movement of users instead of users’ terminals. As the technology matures, traffic congestion increases, and competitive pressures mount, QoS and policy management will become more and more important. Also the users come with a number of new requirements on connectivity, and D2D networking technology must follow the idea of “Internet of things”. Operators must make sure they are working with vendors that have a strong framework to supply end-to-end QoS and are capable of supporting evolving needs. The paper discusses qualitative and quantitative indicators of telecommunication services. Main challenges that need to be addressed by nowadays and future systems are shown, and within them the massive growth in traffic volume and in the number of connected devices seems to play the most key role.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology; 2013, 3; 48-55
    1509-4553
    1899-8852
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Performance Analysis of Empirical Radio Propagation Models in Wireless Cellular Networks
    Autorzy:
    Rahul, Rahul
    Bansal, Bajrang
    Kapoor, Rajiv
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1075552.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
    Tematy:
    2G
    3G
    4G
    5G Cellular Networks
    Cell Coverage
    Path Loss
    Radio Propagation Models
    Opis:
    This paper presents the performance analysis of different empirical radio propagation models used in wireless cellular networks. It particular, the parameters such as path loss and cell coverage area are studied for different cellular networks from second generation (2G) to fifth generation (5G). Accurate prediction of path loss and coverage area is highly desirable for planning of any wireless communication systems. Considering the urban terrain, the comparison is made between Hata model, Stanford University Interim (SUI) model, and modified SUI models. As a motivation for new millimeter wave (mm-wave) cellular systems, i.e., for 5G communication, the analysis is performed at 28 GHz. Considering -75 dBm as the desired minimum received power, it is observed that 2G communication (at 900 MHz using Hata model) experiences the lowest path loss and thus results into largest coverage area. The path loss is observed to be maximum for the future mm-wave systems (at 28 GHz using modified SUI model) that directly imply the smallest coverage area.
    Źródło:
    World Scientific News; 2019, 121; 35-41
    2392-2192
    Pojawia się w:
    World Scientific News
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Enhanced call processing discipline for control and charging in 4G network
    Wzmocniony tryb przetwarzania połączeń do kontroli i taryfikacji w sieciach 4G
    Autorzy:
    Globa, L.
    Diadenko, A.
    Luntovskyy, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/153560.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
    Tematy:
    dyscyplina usług
    sieci 4G
    polityka kontroli i taryfikacji
    architektury systemów zarządzania
    mechanizm taryfikacji
    serving discipline
    4G networks
    policy control and charging
    management system architectures
    charging mechanism
    Opis:
    The tendency of charging development and policy call processing management systems is to deploy the convergent architecture call processing and charging [1]. Those systems can increase the flexibility of charging mechanism which becomes the way of impact on call processing policy. This approach gives opportunity to create call policy processing with different parameters: quality of service, service priority, subscriber priority, etc. The article focused on current disciplines of serving calls in PCC subsystems of 4G systems, which affects the charging procedure and may increase the profit of carrier
    Tendencją rozwoju systemów taryfikacji i zarządzania przetwarzaniem ruchu telekomunikacyjnego jest tworzenie zgodnej architektury systemów dla realizacji obu tych zadań. Takie systemy mogą zwiększać elastyczność mechanizmów taryfikacji, co stanowi ważny cel polityki przetwarzania ruchu telekomunikacyjnego. Jednolite podejście stwarza możliwość realizacji polityki przetwarzania ruchu telekomunikacyjnego przy wykorzystaniu różnych parametrów: jakości usług (QoS), priorytetów obsługi, priorytetu subskrybenta itp. Praca dotyczy aktualnych wymagań obsługi połączeń w podsystemach obsługi taryfikacji należących do systemów 4G, co może prowadzić do zwiększenia zysku dostawcy. Zaproponowano oryginalny tryb serwisu przy przetwarzaniu informacji multimedialnych w sieci bezprzewodowej z dostępem OFDMA. Wykorzystano model oparty na rozkładzie Poissona. Uwzlędniona została szerokość pasma wymaganego przez usługę przy przeciążeniu sieci. Zaproponowany tryb pozwala lepiej wykorzystać połączenia i nie zmniejsza ilości usług w sieci. Badania eksperymentalne pokazały, że tryb ten jest wydajniejszy od innych., stosowanych dotychczas.
    Źródło:
    Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola; 2010, R. 56, nr 12, 12; 1509-1512
    0032-4140
    Pojawia się w:
    Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Space-Time-Frequency Machine Learning for Improved 4G/5G Energy Detection
    Autorzy:
    Wasilewska, Małgorzata
    Bogucka, Hanna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/226216.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    spectrum sensing
    cognitive radio
    machine learning
    energy detection
    4G
    LTE
    5G
    k-nearest neighbors
    random forest
    Opis:
    In this paper, the future Fifth Generation (5G New Radio) radio communication system has been considered, coexisting and sharing the spectrum with the incumbent Fourth Generation (4G) Long-Term Evolution (LTE) system. The 4G signal presence is detected in order to allow for opportunistic and dynamic spectrum access of 5G users. This detection is based on known sensing methods, such as energy detection, however, it uses machine learning in the domains of space, time and frequency for sensing quality improvement. Simulation results for the considered methods: k-Nearest Neighbor sand Random Forest show that these methods significantly improves the detection probability.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications; 2020, 66, 1; 217-223
    2300-1933
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    IgG4-related disease manifesting as an isolated gastric lesion- a literature review
    Autorzy:
    Skorus, Urszula
    Kenig, Jakub
    Mastalerz, Kinga
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1392432.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Index Copernicus International
    Tematy:
    Autoimmune diseases
    IgG4 related disease
    Immunoglobulin G4
    Inflammatory pseudotumor
    Stomach
    Opis:
    Introduction: IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a newly recognised disorder of unknown etiology and pathogenesis, characterised by dense IgG4+ cells infiltration and fibrosis. IgG4-RD can affect various organs, but gastrointestinal tract involvement is rare. First case of isolated gastric IgG4-RD reported in polish population was diagnosed in our Clinic and became the reason for conducting a literature review. Materials and methods: A literature review was performed using PubMed database. Eight studies of isolated gastric IgG4-RD, published between 2011 and 2017, and a case diagnosed by the authors were included. Results: Three out of nine analysed patients had gastrointestinal complaints. In other cases lesions were detected accidentally. The majority of them were submucosal tumors while only one was a gastric ulcer. The most commonly affected was the stomach body. In all cases malignancy had been suspected, and the lesions were surgically removed. Diagnosis was based on the histopathology image and immunohistochemical staining. Only one patient had elevated IgG4 serum level. No case of recurrence or other organ involvement was reported. Conclusion: IgG4-related disease may manifest as an isolated gastric lesion and should be taken in consideration in differential diagnosis. Making an ultimate diagnosis without histopathological specimen examination seems to be difficult and can lead to misdiagnosis followed by inappropriate treatment. IgG4-RD responds well to steroid therapy. However, on this matter further studies are needed.
    Źródło:
    Polish Journal of Surgery; 2018, 90, 4; 41-45
    0032-373X
    2299-2847
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Journal of Surgery
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Effect of Pyrolysis Conditions on the Physicochemical Properties of Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Degradation
    Autorzy:
    Kim, Jeong Hyun
    Ji, Myeongjun
    Ryu, Cheol-Hui
    Lee, Young-In
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/351503.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    g-C3N4
    pyrolysis
    polymerization
    synthesis condition
    photocatalysis
    Opis:
    Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) is an attractive photocatalyst, however, its practical photocatalytic applications are still faced with huge challenges. The aim of this research is to identify the correlation between synthetic conditions and properties of the g-C3 N4 and derive an optimum synthesis condition for improving photocatalytic activities of the g-C3 N4. In this study, novel and versatile g-C3 N4 nanosheets were synthesized by the simple thermal pyrolysis of urea. In the synthesis process, the pyrolysis temperature and the heating rate, which can have the most significant influence on the structures and properties of g-C3 N4, were set as variables, and the effects were systematically investigated. When synthesized at a relatively high temperature, the amount of material being synthesized is reduced, however it has been found to represent optical properties suitable for highly efficient photo-catalyst by the increase in the thickness and defects formed in the g-C3 N4nanosheets. The photocatalytic degradation experiment of MB dyes indicated that the highest degradation of 95.2% after the reaction for 120 min was achieved on the g-C3 N4 nanosheets synthesized at 650°C.
    Źródło:
    Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2020, 65, 3; 1111-1116
    1733-3490
    Pojawia się w:
    Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Analysis of C-shape Slotted MSPA for 5G Sub Band Applications on Three Different Substrates
    Autorzy:
    Nagaraju, P
    Sachina, D.H
    Khan, Imran
    Kumaraswamy, H.V
    Sudhindra, K. R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2200694.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    C-shape
    RT Duroid
    Taconic (TLC)
    FR4
    5G
    Opis:
    A comparative analysis of a compact planar Square patch Microstrip Multiband antenna on three different substrates is proposed. The proposed design has a C-shaped slot etched on the square radiating part and the antenna is energized using microstrip feed line. RT Duroid (ε r= 2.2), Taconic (ε r= 3.2) and FR4 (ε r= 4.4) substrates are used for simulation analysis. The flow of current is modified by the C-shaped slot making the antenna to resonate at 3/4 and 6 bands for RT Duroid/Taconic and FR4 substrates respectively suitable for 5G sub GHz applications. The antenna has a compact dimension of 32 × 32 × 1.6 mm 3 and exhibits a return loss, S11 of less than -10dB for all the resonating frequencies for all three substrates. The analysis has been done by considering the S11 (Return loss <-10 dB), Directivity, Antenna Gain, VSWR and surface current distribution. Table II provides the comparison of parameters for different substrate material.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications; 2022, 68, 4; 715--719
    2300-1933
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    G4 Multi-constellation Precise Point Positioning service for high accuracy offshore navigation
    Autorzy:
    Tegedor, J.
    Ørpen, O.
    Melgård, T.
    Łapucha, D.
    Visser, H.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/115985.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
    high accuracy offshore navigation
    Precise Point Positioning (PPP)
    Integer-Ambiguity Resolution (IAR)
    G4 system architecture
    Multi-constellation Precise Point Positioning Service
    offshore navigation
    positioning accuracy
    Opis:
    Fugro is operating a global GNSS infrastructure for the delivery of high-accuracy multi-constellation Precise Point Positioning (PPP) service, named G4. Precise orbit and clock for all global satellite navigation systems are estimated in real-time and broadcast to the users using geostationary satellites. End-users with a G4-enabled receiver are able to obtain sub-decimeter positioning accuracy in real-time. The system has been tailored for offshore applications where a nearby GNSS station is not always readily available. G4 offers seamless integration of GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou in the navigation solution, therefore allowing the user to obtain a reliable and accurate position even in challenging environments, especially in presence of interference, scintillation or partial sky visibility. In addition, carrier-phase integer-ambiguity resolution (IAR) is supported, for those users requiring the highest possible navigation accuracy. This paper presents the G4 system architecture and current performance. The benefits of multi-constellation Precise Point Positioning (PPP) are shown in terms of increased availability, robustness and accuracy.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2017, 11, 3; 425-429
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Analiza immunoreaktywności antygenów B7H4 i HLA-G w ognisku wznowy raka jajnika i jego mikrośrodowisku
    A nalysis of B7H4 and HLA-G immunoreactivity within ovarian cancer relapse and its microenvironment according to the preceding applied chemotherapy
    Autorzy:
    Basta, Paweł
    Gałązka, Krystyna
    Stasienko, Elżbieta
    Dutsch-Wicherek, Magdalena
    Wicherek, Łukasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1031011.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011
    Wydawca:
    Medical Communications
    Tematy:
    B7H4
    HLA-G
    chemotherapy
    macrophages
    ovarian cancer relapse
    chemioterapia
    makrofagi
    wznowa raka jajnika
    Opis:
    Introduction: We decided to examine the immunoreactivity of two antigens, B7H4 and HAL-G, within ovarian cancer cells and the macrophages that infiltrate the ovarian cancer microenvironment. It is well known that these two antigens are responsible for the inhibition of both cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells. It has also been suggested that the response of the patient to applied therapy (surgery and chemotherapy) may be related to the status of the tumor microenvironment. Certainly, both B7H4 and HLA-G have been found in the ovarian cancer nest. Methods: We analyzed the immunoreactivity levels of both B7H4 and HLA-G on ovarian cancer cells with respect to the number of different chemotherapy regiments the patient underwent between the first- and second-line surgeries. Additionally, we detected the immunoreactivity of these two antigens on the macrophages present in the ovarian cancer microenvironment. The immunoreactivity analysis was performed on tissue samples derived from 17 patients. Result: In our study, we observed a statistically significantly higher amount of infiltration of B7H4-positive macrophages into the ovarian cancer relapse microenvironment in those patients who had had more than one type of chemotherapy regiment between surgical procedures compared to those who had had only one. Likewise, the HLA-G immunoreactivity level was higher in the first than in the second group. Conclusion: An immunosuppressive ovarian cancer relapse microenvironment, as indicated by the presence of suppressive macrophages, may be related to the need to supplement the primary chemotherapy.
    Ekspresja antygenu B7H4 i antygenu HLA-G jest związana z ucieczką komórek raka spod nadzoru immunologicznego, ponieważ antygeny te odpowiadają za ograniczenia aktywności limfocytów cytotoksycznych T i komórek NK. Ich ekspresję wykazano zarówno w komórkach raka jajnika, jak i w obrębie błony komórkowej makrofagów znajdujących się w mikrośrodowisku raka jajnika. Ponieważ odpowiedź na zastosowane leczenie chirurgiczne i chemioterapię może zależeć od stopnia zahamowania aktywności układu odpornościowego gospodarza, postanowiliśmy zbadać immunoreaktywność tych antygenów w tkance wznowy raka jajnika u 17 chorych w zależności od odpowiedzi na zastosowane wcześniej leczenie. Metody: Oceniliśmy immunoreaktywność antygenów B7H4 oraz HLA-G w komórkach raka jajnika i w obrębie makrofagów naciekających mikrośrodowisko raka jajnika w próbkach tkankowych pochodzących od 17 chorych. Następnie przeprowadziliśmy analizę zmian ekspresji badanych antygenów w zależności od odpowiedzi na zastosowane leczenie chirurgiczne i chemioterapię. Wyniki: W naszej pracy zaobserwowaliśmy statystycznie znamiennie więcej makrofagów B7H4-dodatnich w mikrośrodowisku wznowy raka jajnika w przypadkach, w których wznowa występowała po wcześniejszym leczeniu chirurgicznym i chemioterapii I i II rzutu, w porównaniu z przypadkami wznowy po leczeniu chirurgicznym i chemioterapii I rzutu. Podobnie w pierwszej grupie obserwowano wyższą immunoreaktywność antygenu HLA-G. Wnioski: Obecność w mikrośrodowisku raka jajnika makrofagów o działaniu hamującym układ odpornościowy jest związana z powstaniem hamującego mikrośrodowiska guza i może mieć związek z odpowiedzią na leczenie.
    Źródło:
    Current Gynecologic Oncology; 2011, 9, 1; 9-17
    2451-0750
    Pojawia się w:
    Current Gynecologic Oncology
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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