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    Wyświetlanie 1-12 z 12
    Tytuł:
    Limitations in the airspace sovereignty of states in connection with space activity
    Autorzy:
    Polkowska, Małgorzata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/576363.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-09-20
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
    Tematy:
    sovereignty
    space
    state
    space law
    boundary
    Opis:
    The launch of the Soviet Sputnik in 1957 resulted in the emergence of two legal concepts concerning spaceflight. The first of them concerned harmless passage through airspace subjected to the sovereignty of states, the second - recognition that at the height of the trajectory of a passage, space is no longer subject to the sovereignty of states (res omnium communis). In both cases, we are dealing with limiting the sovereignty of states. These issues have not been resolved to this day. The practice of spaceflight has confirmed the freedom of spaceflight, although it has not resolved the issue of the upper limit of airspace. It is worth emphasising, however, that the decisive factor for the development of space law was the customary law that arose in 1957, because states did not protest and tacitly accepted the principle of a harmless flight.
    Źródło:
    Security and Defence Quarterly; 2018, 20, 3; 42-56
    2300-8741
    2544-994X
    Pojawia się w:
    Security and Defence Quarterly
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Integrated Space Situational Awareness Systems: SDA and SSA – Advantages and Limitations
    Autorzy:
    Polkowska, Małgorzata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2020195.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-06-30
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    security
    satellites
    outer space
    SDA/SSA
    observation programmes
    Opis:
    SDA (Space Domain Awareness) and SSA (Space Situational Awareness – SSA) have been defined as comprehensive knowledge of space objects and the ability to track, understand, and predict their future location. The purpose of the article is to present SSA initiatives to protect space systems, which are now recognized as fundamental assets of the sustainable development of each country. The destruction of even a part of the space infrastructure can have severe consequences for the security of citizens and economic activity. These systems assume the combination of all data obtained by various entities operating in space and Earth to create a common database. The SSA system was created based on the US military programme SDA (Space Domain Awareness); SSA and SDA are almost similar, but SDA is a new term replacing SSA, which existed previously. SDA is a better and improved SSA. Increasingly, the SSA programme is part of national and EU space strategies, but it is not yet possible to include it in international space law.
    Źródło:
    Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2021, 2 (50); 133-148
    0208-7375
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Political Science Yearbook
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Space Security Policy in Japan and Poland
    Autorzy:
    Polkowska, Małgorzata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1991238.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-03-02
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
    Tematy:
    space security
    legislation
    policy
    Space Situational Awareness
    strategy
    Opis:
    This article refers to the Space security legislation in Japan and Poland. Both states have already prepared some legislation on Security in Space- the question is the following- if there is still a need of progress and if those presented legislation are sufficient for the practical purposes of the peaceful uses of Outer Space. Japan is a much more experienced state in using space than Poland; the same seems with the legislation. Poland as less experienced state in this matter has lots of ambitions to create the efficient legislation on Space security, so it must follow the good examples of states and institution in this matter. One of them is Japan. On the other state, Poland as a Member of EU must implement the European law in space security (in particular SSA), which seems to be priceless and efficient for the international cooperation in Space.
    Źródło:
    Cybersecurity and Law; 2019, 2, 2; 75-100
    2658-1493
    Pojawia się w:
    Cybersecurity and Law
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    International security and outer space – today’s law challenges
    Autorzy:
    Polkowska, Małgorzata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899369.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-09-20
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    space security
    Space Situational Awareness SSA
    code of conduct in space
    space traffic management
    space debris
    Opis:
    Space security means safe and permanent access to space and limiting threats coming from there. This definition also includes the security aspects of man-made devices sent into space and of ground stations. Space infrastructure can be described as a network of space and ground systems connected by communication channels and allowing access to space. Today, the largest space powers have begun to consider space as an operational domain of warfare. Space more and more often appears to be a field for competition, which might become an arena of conflict. The aim of this article is to present today’s many law challenges to the security of space infrastructure, such as unintentional threats (space debris, geomagnetic and solar storms, and other random disturbances), intentional threats (ASAT anti-satellite weapons, malicious interference, and cyber-attacks), the growing problems of Earth orbit congestion, and the increasing amount of space debris from devices launched into space. The article also presents the role of international organizations (such as the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer space) in making laws that are intended to observe and react to all changes necessary in the outer space environment and to be proactive to help outer space to be safe and secure for all mankind. The conclusion is, however, not optimistic. Space security is a sensitive issue, mainly during conflicts or wars. States are not inclined to bind themselves by international law in this matter. Thus, due to the absence of hard international law (treaties), bilateral and multilateral agreements as well as the best practices from countries that organize space flights must apply. Space monitoring systems, such as the Situational Awareness System (SSA), the code of conduct in space, the UN Long Term Sustainability, or the space Traffic Management rules are legal tools to manage the above challenges in space today.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2023, 97; 126-142
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Technical and legal problems of space drones
    Techniczne i prawne problemy z dronami kosmicznymi
    Autorzy:
    Polkowska, Małgorzata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24202705.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej
    Tematy:
    unmanned aerial vehicle
    space drones
    space law
    atomic energy
    bezzałogowe statki powietrzne
    drony kosmiczne
    prawo kosmiczne
    energia atomowa
    Opis:
    The article presents several legal and technical challenges related to space drones. This topic is ground-breaking, as space law (without a definition of space object or space drone) is attempting to keep up with the evolving space technology. The design and construction of space drones may be used to study Mars, Venus and other celestial bodies. These first two planets were studied well in the 20th century; for example, the atmosphere of Venus was explored by two balloons. A few years ago, the concept of using UAVs in space missions appeared. On April 19, 2022, a successful experiment was carried out with the first small Mars space drone Ingenuity; it took ten photos (of the crashed lander), which were sent to the Perseverance rover, and through it to the Earth. Larger space drones are currently being developed; one of the projects concerns a platform for launching spacecraft from a height of 18 km above the Earth, and another assumes the use of nuclear propulsion in space drones. However, it appears that the law is unable to keep up with evolving space technology. Plans for the use of space drones may face many difficulties due to the imprecision or loopholes of international space law and the need to rely on soft law, i.e. regulations and recommendations whose adoption depends on the goodwill of states. Besides, using analogy to unmanned aerial vehicle regulation (EU, ICAO) may not prove to be always possible. What is more, there is a scarcity of literature and lack of legislation on space drones, which is a challenge for international lawyers. Aviation law and aviation organizations taking care of UAVs are good examples to be followed by space legislators.
    W artykule przedstawiono przykłady wyzwań prawnych i technicznych związanych z dronami kosmicznymi. Temat ten jest pionierski, ponieważ prawo kosmiczne (bez definicji obiektu kosmicznego lub drona kosmicznego) stara się podążać za rozwijającą się technologią kosmiczną. Drony kosmiczne mogą być użyte do badań Marsa, Wenus i innych ciał niebieskich. Te dwie pierwsze planety były badane jeszcze w XX w.; tak np. atmosferę Wenus zbadały dwa balony. Przed kilku laty pojawiła się koncepcja zastosowania w misjach kosmicznych bezzałogowych statków powietrznych. 19 kwietnia 2022 r. udało się przeprowadzić udany eksperyment z pierwszym niewielkim kosmicznym dronem marsjańskim Ingenuity; wykonał on dziesięć zdjęć (rozbitego lądownika), które zostały przesłane na pokład łazika Perseverance, a przez niego na Ziemię. Obecnie trwają prace nad większymi dronami kosmicznymi; jeden z projektów dotyczy platformy do wystrzeliwania statków kosmicznych z wysokości 18 km nad Ziemią, inny dotyczy użycia napędu atomowego w dronach kosmicznych. Wygląda jednak na to, iż prawo nie nadąża za rosnącą technologią kosmiczną. Plany zastosowania dronów kosmicznych mogą napotkać wiele trudności z racji nieprecyzyjności i luk międzynarodowego prawa kosmicznego oraz konieczności oparcia się na prawie miękkim, czyli przepisach i zaleceniach, których przyjęcie zależy od dobrej woli państw. Poza tym stosowanie analogii do przepisów dotyczących bezzałogowych statków powietrznych (UE, ICAO) może nie zawsze być możliwe. Ponadto obecnie nie ma literatury ani przepisów dotyczących dronów kosmicznych, co jest wyzwaniem dla międzynarodowych prawników. Prawo lotnicze i organizacje lotnicze zajmujące się bezzałogowymi statkami powietrznymi to dobre przykłady do naśladowania przez legislatorów kosmicznych.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej; 2023, 85; 233--249
    0239-5223
    2720-0779
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Global Space Security and Counter-space Capabilities: the Legal and Political Challenges
    Autorzy:
    Polkowska, Małgorzata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/684857.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    space security
    counterspace
    space weapon
    Space Situational Awareness
    Opis:
    This article undertakes a very sensitive issue: space security and counterspace capabilities and arms control. Those issues come under the sovereignty of each state and are strictly connected to national defense and policy. Counterspace, also known as space control, is the set of capabilities or techniques that are used to gain space superiority. Space superi-ority is the ability to use space for one`s own purposes while denying it to an adversary. These issues are so important now in the era of fast-growing state activities in space and under such a big dependence on space. Anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) are a subset of offensive counterspace capabilities, although the satellite itself is only one part of the system that can be attacked. That is the reason why protecting space infrastructure, in the absence of stabilized international space control cooperation and difficulties in reaching an agreement on PPWT treaty and lack of progress of international space law in this matter, is crucial by building the Space Situational Awareness system. Collaboration of states in this matter seems to be a priority.
    Źródło:
    Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review; 2019, 9; 101-120
    2450-0976
    Pojawia się w:
    Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Space Tourism Challenges
    Autorzy:
    Polkowska, Małgorzata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1195205.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-06-16
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
    Tematy:
    space tourism
    space governance
    space policy
    aerospace challenges
    ICAO
    space business
    Opis:
    Space is a new destination for tourism. Today tourists can travel the world using many different modes of transportation, including road, maritime, and air. People always want to discover new destinations. Human beings strive to break borders and go beyond - even to the stars. There are new technical and commercial challenges and innovations in reaching outer space. The new transportation business of today has already experienced many ups and downs, but definitely big projects, such as traveling to the Moon or Mars remain the purview of the perennial space powers. The Author considers what kind of challenges space tourism brings (in the commercialization era) and what kind of space governance and policy is needed to make this tourism efficient. Some comparisons referring to airspace and outer space aspects, such as managerial, organizational, and legal have been made. The basic analysis made in this article indicates that the commercial space industry seeks to be new space operators, provided that they operate in a safe and secure manner according to international rules and policies. Good strategic planning and management of space is the key.
    Źródło:
    Review of European and Comparative Law; 2021, 45, 2; 153-182
    2545-384X
    Pojawia się w:
    Review of European and Comparative Law
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Space Defense in Europe. Policy and Security Aspects
    Autorzy:
    Polkowska, Małgorzata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2014308.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-06-30
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    space
    defense
    space capabilities
    space security
    Space Situational Awareness
    Opis:
    Today countries participating in space activities, share serious concerns about militarization of space. The defense of space can become an important issue in the international arena, because counteracting emerging threats will probably be associated not only with the development of technology and operational capabilities, but also with the creation of political alliances or attempts at international agreement on certain “rules of the game” for space operations. Ultimately, the growing importance of “space for defense” creates the need for “defense of space”. Individual countries remain the main actors in the field of space defense. Military strategies are defined at national level, and the development and exploitation of military space assets are managed by national organizations. Today, most European countries recognize space as a strategic area, next to land, sea, air and, increasingly, cyberspace, but they have adopted different policies and doctrines depending on their sensitivity, priorities and concerns. European space forces also have different governance structures with significant differences in the distribution of roles and responsibilities, including space agencies and private entities.
    Źródło:
    Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2020, 2 (49); 127-139
    0208-7375
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Political Science Yearbook
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Space Traffic Management (STM) – Legal Aspects
    Autorzy:
    Polkowska, Małgorzata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2019085.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-03-31
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    space management
    space debris
    code of conduct
    national legislation
    SSA
    space policy
    Opis:
    Space Traffic Management (STM) is a new concept referring to space activities. The highest priority is the safety and security of outer space and all conducted operations. There is no definition of STM. There is an urgent need to regulate STM providing safety and security regulations at the international, regional, and national levels. Because there is no STM definition, the regulator might use the example of existing regulations of the International Civil Aviation Organization on Air Traffic Management (ATM). European EUSST is a good example of being a “precursor” of STM. However, many questions are still open regarding specific regulations needed to create an STM system, such as at which level they should be made: globally, regionally, or nationally.
    Źródło:
    Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2021, 1 (50); 159-169
    0208-7375
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Political Science Yearbook
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    European Space policy regarding Space security and safety and role of SSA programme
    Autorzy:
    Polkowska, Małgorzata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2028032.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Metropolitalny
    Opis:
    Numerous European countries, whether pursuing Space activity or not, share serious concerns as to armaments in Space. Space defence might become an important issue in the international arena because counteracting the emerging hazards will probably entail not only development of operational technologies and capacities but also formation of political alliances or attempts at determining certain “rules of conduct” concerning Space operations on the international level. European Space Situational Awareness constitutes operational monitoring and understanding of the orbital environment and the behaviours of entities being its part. Surveillance and tracking sensors (e.g. radar, optical, laser ones) acquire data on objects (active and defunct satellites, debris, fragments, Space weather and NEOs), which are processed and incorporated into the database (catalogue). Thus obtained data are aggregated and create a Space image, serving, among others, for warning operators against possible collisions of objects. At present, in Europe SSA constitutes a key operational domain.
    Źródło:
    Ad Astra. Program badań nad astropolityką i prawem kosmicznym; 2022, 3; 11-22
    2720-4456
    Pojawia się w:
    Ad Astra. Program badań nad astropolityką i prawem kosmicznym
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Legal and political aspects of space mining
    Autorzy:
    Polkowska, Małgorzata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2168437.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Fundacja Instytut Nauki o Polityce
    Tematy:
    space mining
    international law
    national law
    research missions
    Opis:
    In recent years, there has been a great interest of states and international corporations in the problem of obtaining raw materials from celestial bodies. Space mining is a future branch of industry that does not exist yet, related to the extraction of natural resources from celestial bodies. Although we currently bring from space at most samples of material for research, serious companies have been established that deal with the development of technologies related to the extraction of raw materials. Today, space mining is treated as an inevitable and important element of the future world economy. Moreover, it is already a source of conflicts. Space mining is of interest mainly to those countries which have not been endowed by nature with deposits of rare raw materials sufficient to meet the needs and ambitions, and private entities encouraged by the scale of potential profits. The flagship example of the first type is the United States, for which the ultimate goal of the space programme is the expansion of humanity throughout the solar system; it also counts on quick and big profits. For years, the Americans have been concerned about maintaining freedom of action, e.g. by remaining outside the regime of the Moon Treaty; they even introduced in their domestic legislation preliminary regulations regarding extraterrestrial extraction and ownership of raw materials.
    Źródło:
    Polish Journal of Political Science; 2020, 6, 4; 61-83
    2391-3991
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Journal of Political Science
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Safety and security in space traffic management regulations
    Bezpieczeństwo w przepisach regulujących zarządzanie ruchem kosmicznym
    Autorzy:
    Polkowska, Małgorzata (1974- )
    Powiązania:
    Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego 2019, nr 15, s. 287-303
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Tematy:
    Bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe
    Wszechświat
    Loty kosmiczne
    Prawo kosmiczne
    Zarządzanie
    Artykuł problemowy
    Artykuł z czasopisma naukowego
    Opis:
    Artykuł dotyczy zarządzania bezpieczeństwem w ruchu kosmicznym. W tekście przedstawiono definicje i historię ewolucji koncepcji najpierw zarządzania ruchem powietrznym a później kosmicznym. Omówiono regulacje dotyczące ruchu kosmicznego i konieczność utworzenia nowych zasad i przepisów, zważywszy na systematycznie zwiększającą się aktywność i częstotliwość działań prowadzonych w kosmosie. Autorka artykułu rozpatruje też problematykę regulacji na szczeblu międzynarodowym, europejskim i krajowym, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem doświadczeń Organizacji Międzynarodowego Lotnictwa Cywilnego i zapisów z konwencji chicagowskiej z 1944 roku.
    Bibliografia, netografia, wykaz aktów prawych na stronach 300-303.
    Dostawca treści:
    Bibliografia CBW
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-12 z 12

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