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    Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3
    Tytuł:
    The Definition of the Armed Conflict in the Conditions of Cyber Warfare
    Autorzy:
    Piątkowski, Mateusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594875.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    armed conflict
    international humanitarian law
    cyberwarfare
    Opis:
    The paper is presenting the examination of the cyberwarfare phenomenon in its legal context. The cyberattacks are increasingly effective measures of modern combat and would probably become the most crucial dimension of forthcoming armed conflict. The role of the international humanitarian law is to determine whenever the cyberattack is reaching the threshold of an armed conflict. The aim of the article is to present the existing framework of ius in bello in terms of its temporal scope of applicability, especially in the light of the Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare. It supported conclusion that the international law requires an revision of the armed conflict definition to sufficiently addressed the challenges arising from growing cyber activity.
    Źródło:
    Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2017, 1 (46); 271-280
    0208-7375
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Political Science Yearbook
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Scots pine Pinus sylvestris mortality after surface fire in oligotrophic pine forest Peucedano-Pinetum in Kampinos National Park
    Autorzy:
    Tyburski, Łukasz
    Zaniewski, Piotr T.
    Bolibok, Leszek
    Piątkowski, Mateusz
    Szczepkowski, Andrzej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2044173.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
    Tematy:
    burn
    Kampinos National Park
    Scots pine
    survival
    Opis:
    Pines are generally fire-resistant trees. There is a shortage of research on the behaviour of Scots pine after surface fire in older stands. The aim of the work was to describe the effect of the surface fire intensity on the mortality of pines of various diameter at breast height (DBH), including older trees. The research was conducted in Peucedano-Pinetum oligotrophic Scots-pine forest in Kampinos National Park (KPN, central Poland) on the area of two adjacent surface fire sites originated in spring 2015 in 60- to 200-year-old stands (site area: 10,92 ha). There were 45 (28 burned and 17 control) permanent plots established after the fire. The share of not burned, superficially burned and completely burnout organic horizon of the soil was determined within all of them. DBH and location of pine trees were measured within all of the plots on the area of 200 m2. For all of the trees for which full information about soil organic horizon damage was mapped, the prevailing type of disturbance in their close neighbourhoods with radii of 1 and 2 m was assessed. The mortality of trees was assessed after each vegetation period up to 2017, basing on the presence of green needles on the trees. The influence of fire intensity on the survival of trees was examined on whole permanent plot level as well as on individual tree level. Strong linear correlation was observed between Scots pine mortality and the share of plots area with damaged organic layer, especially at the end of the third vegetation period after fire. Logistic regression models constructed for individual trees suggest that bigger tree diameter (hence, thicker bark) diminished the odds of mortality only after two vegetation periods from the fire. After the third vegetation period, only the intensity of surface fire in the close neighbourhood of trees influenced (negatively) the chance on survival. The size of trees did no matter in this case. Nearly all of the trees that were located within burnout organic matter areas died. The results did not support the commonly known mechanism of enhancement of bigger Scots pine tree survival after surface fire because of thicker bark responsible for heat protection. Probably, the main cause of observed mortality was not overheating of cambium but it was rather connected to massive fine root loses. Scots pines growing on oligotrophic arid sites modify their root system to explore topsoil layers with higher proportion of shallow roots, growing even in organic litter layer. This corresponds with massive (regardless of size) pine mortality within sites characterised by complete burnout of organic matter layer and very high survival in those ones with only surfacely burned litter layer. The results can improve the assessment of surface fires consequences in managed Scots pine stands growing in oligotrophic conditions.
    Źródło:
    Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry; 2019, 61, 1; 51-57
    0071-6677
    Pojawia się w:
    Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Casting of Combustion Engine Pistons Before and Now on the Example of FM Gorzyce
    Autorzy:
    Czerepak, Mateusz
    Piątkowski, Jarosław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27314155.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
    Tematy:
    castings
    silumins
    pistons
    permanent moulding
    casting machines
    surface treatment
    odlewy
    siluminy
    tłoki
    permanentne formowanie
    maszyny odlewnicze
    obróbka powierzchniowa
    Opis:
    The article discusses the most important changes in the construction of permanent mould casting machines, as well as the method of casting engine pistons and their construction on the example of Federal-Mogul (FM) Gorzyce. The system of automatic cooling of the presently used permanent mould casting machines coupled with robots which pour the liquid alloy ensures uniform crystallization of the pistons and optimal efficiency of the casting process. As a result of the necessity to improve the engine efficiency and thus reduce the fuel consumption and harmful substance emission, the construction of the pistons has changed as well. The piston castings, which are produced by gravity casting for metal moulds, have undergone a diametric transformation. Typical piston designs for gasoline and Diesel engines are shown together with the most important parts of the piston, the crown (combustion chamber) and the guide part (skirt). Depending on the type of engine, the present pistons characterize in differently shaped crown, a slimmed internal construction as well as component participation (cooling channels and ring inserts), and the piston skirts undergo surface treatment procedures.
    Źródło:
    Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2023, 23, 2; 58--65
    1897-3310
    2299-2944
    Pojawia się w:
    Archives of Foundry Engineering
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3

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