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    Wyświetlanie 1-14 z 14
    Tytuł:
    Students from Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova at Polish universities
    Autorzy:
    Gomółka, Krystyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/647703.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
    Tematy:
    students
    Belarus
    Moldova
    Ukraine
    scholarships
    Opis:
    Since the dissolution of the USSR, students from Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova have been able to study at Polish universities on the basis of bilateral agreements between the Polish government and the governments of the respective countries. The purpose of this article is to analyse the legal basis enabling the citizens of these three countries to obtain education in Poland, analyse the numbers of such students and the principles and procedures they followed to begin studies at Polish universities in 1993–2014. The research hypothesis is as follows: the range of scholarships offered has contributed to an increase in the number of students from Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova at Polish universities. The following research methods were used in this study: analysis of source materials, comparative analysis and statistical data analysis. Analysis of data for the relevant period demonstrated a systematic year-to-year increase in the number of citizens of these three countries arriving to study in Poland. The largest group of students arrived from Ukraine and the smallest – from Moldova. In 1997, the largest share of students of Polish descent was among the students from Belarus, and in 2013 – among the students from Ukraine. The number of government scholarships for Belarusian, Ukrainian and Moldavian students increased, particularly after the launch of the Eastern Partnership. Initially, the greatest number of scholarships were awarded to students from Ukraine, and as of the academic year 2006/2007 – to students from Belarus. Moldavian students received the fewest scholarships. Initially, students from Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova did not undertake paid-for studies. This situation changed after Poland’s inclusion in the EU structures. Starting from the academic year 2006/2007, the number of students undertaking paid-for studies increased systematically, particularly in the case of Ukrainian students. In the case of Belarus and Moldova, the number of scholarship holders and those studying free of charge was higher than the number of students paying for their education. However, the situation was different in the case of Ukrainian students. In 2000/2001, relatively few students undertook paid-for education. In the academic year 2013/2014, the situation reversed. Scholarship holders from Ukraine accounted for a small percentage of students, as did those studying free of charge. Students paying their tuition fees were a predominant group – 76.35% of the total number of university students from Ukraine. Availability of scholarships had a significant impact on the arrivals of Belarusian and Moldovian citizens, but did not contribute to an increase in the number of Ukrainian students.
    Źródło:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K – Politologia; 2015, 22, 1
    1428-9512
    2300-7567
    Pojawia się w:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K – Politologia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ukraine’s Energy Security in Strategies
    Autorzy:
    Gomółka, Krystyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/647844.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
    Tematy:
    strategy, energy security, Ukraine, mineral resources
    Opis:
    During the independence period, the Ukrainian government has published two energy security strategies. The first strategy was adopted in 2006 and the second one in 2016. Both documents provided a similar definition of energy security. The aims of the first strategy, covering the period 2006–2030, were the restructuring of the fuel and energy complex using new technologies, increase of energy efficiency and ensuring market prices of energy generation and sale. The second strategy was much more extensive and envisaged the implementation of changes in three stages until 2035. The changes proposed in the document are reasonable from the point of view of Ukraine’s energy security. The strategy does not take an explicit position on decarbonisation, although it provides for the modernisation of power plants and closure of unprofitable mines. Some of the goals of the Ukrainian energy sector were only roughly outlined and therefore need elaboration and clear indication of how they would be achieved. The aim of this article is to analyse the reforms and measures provided for in Ukraine’s strategies designed to ensure the country’s energy security. The research hypothesis is as follows: The reforms envisaged in the strategies can effectively contribute to ensuring the state’s energy security. To test this hypothesis, the author formulated the following research questions: 1. How did the two energy strategies define security?; 2. Which elements of energy policy were considered to be the most important in the first strategy document?; 3. What energy security components are listed in the second strategy document?; 4. Were the measures specified in the first and second strategies capable of ensuring the energy security of Ukraine? The applied research methods were the following: literature research, comparison method and content analysis.
    Źródło:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K – Politologia; 2019, 26, 2
    1428-9512
    2300-7567
    Pojawia się w:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K – Politologia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The migration policy of Armenia
    Autorzy:
    Gomólka, Krystyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/616770.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    emigration
    Armenia
    policy
    occupational groups
    Russian Federation
    CIS
    Opis:
    The aim of this study is to describe the legal bases of the migration policy of Armenia and its practical implementation in 1995–2013. The author examined the international and national documents that provide the legal bases of Armenia’s migration policy, as well as the balance between departures and arrivals in the period 1995–2013, Armenian citizens’ reasons for emigrating and the occupations of emigrants. The study was based on the following research methods: content, system and quantitative analysis. The results of the analyses performed indicate that the objectives of Armenia’s migration policy were not completely fulfilled. Between 1995 and 2013, the number of emigrants declined, but Armenia’s overall migration balance was negative. The majority of those leaving the country went to Russia, followed by the other states of the CIS.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Politologiczny; 2018, 3; 57-70
    1426-8876
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Politologiczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Self-employment of Women in Azerbaijan
    Autorzy:
    Gomółka, Krystyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1633673.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-07
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
    Tematy:
    Azerbaijan
    Women
    Wages
    Self-employment
    State Aid
    Opis:
    Azerbaijan has a population of more than 10 million, of which women accounted for 50% in 2020. At the same time, 93% of Azerbaijan's citizens describe themselves as Muslims. Since the beginning of independence, Azerbaijan has been a secular state by virtue of Article 48 of the Constitution, which guarantees the freedom of worship, choice, or nonpractice of religion and the freedom of expression of one's own views on religion. This article aims to assess the changes in the self-employment of women in Azerbaijan through a deductive analysis of data and observation of changes in the structure of resources based on generally available macroeconomic data. This study focuses on the situation of women on the Azerbaijani labour market over the two decades of the 21st century. The numbers of economically active women, including those in employment and the unemployed, and economically inactive women are specified. Further, the government's legal and financial policy in respect of women's self-employment is analysed. The author determines what percentage of companies were set up by women and in which sectors and locations.
    Źródło:
    Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2021, 25, 2; 171-190
    1428-149X
    2719-3780
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    External Security Strategies of Belarus
    Autorzy:
    Gomółka, Krystyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2056228.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
    Tematy:
    Belarus
    security strategies
    the Russian Federation
    the Collective Security Treaty Organisation
    Opis:
    Under President Lukashenko, three Belarusian national security strategies have been announced: the first in 1995, the second in 2001 and the third in 2011. The first proposal, formulated after Lukashenko’ victory in the presidential elections in 1994, outlined Belarus as a neutral state, unbound to any military block in the absence of external enemies. The direction of the foreign policy pursued by the president of Belarus was reflected in the second strategy, where security against NATO and EU member states was sought in a federal state with the Russian Federation. Under the third national security scheme Belarus was to remain in Russia’s military security system. Nevertheless, an important security factor was considered to be the modernisation of the economy with foreign capital participation and the need to diversify the supplies of fuels, thus reducing the country’s dependence on its earlier partner. The subsequently issued documents: the military doctrine of the State, whose assumptions were published on 20 July 2016, and the Concept of security of the Belarusian state borders for the period 2018–2022, prioritised further development of relations with the Russian Federation and the member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation. A new element of the 2019 defence plan is the prevention of external aggression and internal disturbance that contribute to the destabilisation of the state.  
    Źródło:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K – Politologia; 2020, 27, 2; 75-89
    1428-9512
    2300-7567
    Pojawia się w:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K – Politologia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Polish FDI in Central Asian Countries
    Autorzy:
    Gomółka, Krystyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594775.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    investments
    direct investments
    Kazakhstan
    Kyrgyzstan
    Tajikistan
    Turkmenistan
    Uzbekistan
    Polska
    Opis:
    Since gaining independence, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan gradually opened their markets to foreign investors. Before Poland’s accession to the European Union, the activities of Polish investors in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan were based on bilateral treaties concluded by Poland with those countries. Later, except Turkmenistan, they were governed by the partnership and cooperation agreements between the European Communities and their Member States. Despite the ample investment opportunities and favourable conditions for access to the market, the activity of Polish companies in these markets has not produced a significant effect. Poland invested with more considerable success on the markets in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. It made investment attempts in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, leaving out Turkmenistan. The reason why Poland has a weak position in these markets is the distance between the partners and inability of Polish companies to effectively compete with large multinational companies which have been operating there for years. In the Kazakh market, good investment prospects are available for waste management, petrochemical, mining and road construction companies. In Kyrgyzstan, there are cooperation possibilities in the area of modern agricultural and processing technologies and establishment of fruit and vegetable processing enterprises. In Tajikistan, enterprises can invest in petroleum and natural gas extraction and exploitation, the fuel market, processing of precious metals and construction of conventional and hydroelectric power plants. In Turkmenistan, Polish companies can compete for road, railway and housing construction contracts, whereas in Uzbekistan they can invest in businesses covered by government tax reductions.
    Źródło:
    Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2018, 1 (47); 20-38
    0208-7375
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Political Science Yearbook
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Threats to Armenia’s Security in the National Strategy and Practice with Special Emphasis on External Security
    Autorzy:
    Gomółka, Krystyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594791.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    Armenia;
    Caucasus;
    Nagorno-Karabakh;
    NATO;
    European Neighbourhood Policy
    Opis:
    The national security strategy adopted in 2007 provided a detailed definition of security and identified its threats. The key threat to the Armenian state was considered to be the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The document indicated the Collective Security Treaty Organisation main guarantor of security, with Russia being Armenia’s main partner in bilateral relations. The second position in the strategy was assigned to cooperation with the NATO and the OSCE. One of the priorities identified was to intensify the economic and trade connections with the European Union and participation in the European Neighbourhood Policy as a step towards integration with European structures. As to bilateral relations, the most significant were Armenia’s contacts with Georgia and Iran. If we compare the assumptions of the strategy with the policy pursued by Armenia after 2007, it is clear that the measures taken are in line with the provisions of the document. By the end of 2016, the most serious threat to Armenia – the Nagorno-Karabakh issue – remained unresolved. Russia reinforced its position as Armenia’s strategic ally. The talks conducted between Armenia and the NATO are of little significance in view of the obligations assumed by Armenia. The same goes for the talks with the European Union after Armenia’s withdrawal from signing the association agreement, accession to the Eurasian Economic Union on 01 January 2015 and signing bilateral agreements with the Russian Federation.
    Źródło:
    Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2017, 1 (46); 74-90
    0208-7375
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Political Science Yearbook
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Russian Federation in European Union Programmes
    Autorzy:
    Gomółka, Krystyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/647523.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
    Tematy:
    Russian Federation
    European Union
    TACIS
    European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument
    European Union Programmes
    Opis:
    Since the early 1990s, the European Union has been supporting socio-economic transformations in the former Soviet Union states, including the Russian Federation. Initially, this assistance was provided in the framework of the TACIS Programme, offering long-term, non-repayable aid. In 1991–2006 Russia received EUR 2.7bn for the restructuring of the state enterprise sector, establishment of private companies, state administration reform, telecommunications, nuclear safety and security and environmental protection. Despite severe criticism directed at the implemented programme, emphasising its unclear objectives, lack of awareness of the conditions in which the projects were executed, prolonged completion periods for some projects and lack of evaluation, the European Union continued its financial assistance to Russia since 2007 as part of the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument. The funds available for the programme were earmarked to support political, economic and social reforms, and regional and local development through programmes implemented in two time perspectives: 2007–2013 and 2014–2020. Evaluation of the programmes implemented in 2007–2013 revealed numerous shortcomings in project execution. For example, projects implemented as part of the Arctic Circle-Russia Programme were criticised for weak objectives and only partial completion of some undertakings. Another programme – Karelia–Russia failed to create a joint vision of the region and develop joint investment plans.  The issues indicated as barriers to cooperation between the Russian Federation and Finland included: complicated administrative procedures in Russia and poor command of the English language on the Russian side. No evaluation report was prepared on completion of the South-East Finland–Russia Programme and Lithuania–Poland–Russia Programme. Furthermore, the objectives of the Estonia–Latvia–Russia Programme were not accomplished.  Nevertheless, the European Union decided to continue the assistance to the Russian Federation in 2014–2020 as part of the following programmes: Arctic Circle–Russia, Karelia–Russia and South-East Finland–Russia and to launch four new programmes: Estonia–Russia, Latvia–Russia, Poland–Russia and Lithuania–Russia.
    Źródło:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K – Politologia; 2017, 24, 1
    1428-9512
    2300-7567
    Pojawia się w:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio K – Politologia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Introduction
    Autorzy:
    Gomółka, Krystyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2131269.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Gdańska
    Źródło:
    Przedsiębiorstwo we współczesnej gospodarce - teoria i praktyka; 2022, 2, 35; 5-6
    2084-6495
    Pojawia się w:
    Przedsiębiorstwo we współczesnej gospodarce - teoria i praktyka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Russians on the Polish Labour Market
    Autorzy:
    Gomółka, Krystyna Ewa
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/915702.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
    Tematy:
    russians
    labour market
    work permit
    professions practised
    national economy sectors
    Opis:
    The article looks into the employment of Russian citizens in Poland in 2004–2018. It presents the legal basis for Russians’ entering Poland and taking up work without having to seek a work permit, and specifies who must apply for such a permit. Russian citizens can obtain refugee status under the Geneva Convention, which grants them the right to move freely, choose their place of residence and undertake paid employment, while guaranteeing social security. On the basis of the Act on granting protection to aliens, citizens of the Russian Federation may obtain subsidiary protection if their return to their country of origin may expose them to a real risk of serious harm. A tolerated stay is granted to aliens where an alien might be expelled to a country in which their life, freedom and personal security would be jeopardised, where they could be subjected to torture, degrading treatment, humiliation, forced to work or deprived of the right to a fair trial. Training and employment can be undertaken in Poland under the bilateral agreements between Poland and Russia: the Treaty on friendly and good-neighbourly cooperation and the Cooperation Agreement in the fields of science, culture and education. In Poland, the entry and stay of foreign nationals is governed by the Act on aliens, their education by the Higher Education Act, whereas the employment of foreigners is regulated by the Act on employment promotion and labour market institutions. The empirical basis of the study was provided by the analysis of data from the Polish Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy and the Demographic Yearbook. Russians constitute the third largest group (after Ukrainians and Belarusians) of the post-Soviet States’ citizens coming to Poland. The analysis conducted showed that employment in Poland was chiefly sought by the citizens of the Russian Federation who arrived in Poland for a limited period and for permanent residence. In 2004, the Russians represented 4.4% and in 2018 – 0,66% of all foreigners who received work permits in Poland. Before 2015 some Russian nationals took up work in Poland as the managers of their own companies. Since 2015, there has been an influx of workers from Russia in three occupational groups: IT specialists, skilled workers and workers in elementary occupations. Most of the Russians were employed in the wholesale and retail, information and communication, construction, transport and warehousing sectors, which were the same sectors where Polish entrepreneurs reported demand for Russian workers. The demand significantly exceeded the number of Russians employed.
    Źródło:
    Review of European and Comparative Law; 2020, 43, 4; 139-162
    2545-384X
    Pojawia się w:
    Review of European and Comparative Law
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Youth civic participation from the perspective of Polish and Lithuanian institutions as illustrated by project South Baltic Youth Core Group Network
    Partycypacja obywatelska młodzieży z perspektywy polskich i litewskich instytucji na przykładzie projektu South Baltic Youth Core Group Network
    Autorzy:
    Gomółka, Krystyna
    Borucińska, Izabela
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/616544.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    youth
    civic participation
    Polska
    Lithuania
    SB YCGN project
    młodzież
    partycypacja obywatelska
    Polska
    Litwa
    SB YCGN projekt
    Opis:
    Celem artykułu było ukazanie partycypacji obywatelskiej młodzieży w opinii pracowników instytucji działających na terenie 5 polskich gmin: Dzierzgoń, Elbląg, Gdynia, Iława i Nowe Miasto Lubawskie i litewskiej gminy Teslai. W ramach projektu SB YCGN przeprowadzono badanie metodą sondażu diagnostycznego z wykorzystaniem techniki ankiety internetowej na 118 respondentach z 53 polskich instytucji i 47 respondentach z 10 litewskich instytucji. Na podstawie wyników badań ilościowych potwierdzono hipotezę: podobieństwa w zakresie poziomu partycypacji obywatelskiej młodzieży, barier, potrzeb i efektywnych metod działania w badanych gminach z Polski i Litwy determinują potrzebę zacieśniania współpracy transgranicznej.
    The aim of the paper was to show youth civic participation in the opinion of employees of institutions operating in 5 Polish municipalities: Dzierzgoń, Elbląg, Gdynia, Iława and Nowe Miasto Lubawskie and the Lithuanian municipality of Teslai. Within the SB YCGN project, a diagnostic survey was conducted using an online survey technique on 118 respondents from 53 Polish institutions and 47 respondents from 10 Lithuanian institutions.. Based on the results of quantitative research, the hypothesis was confirmed: similarities in the level of civic participation of young people, barriers, needs and effective methods of operation in the analysed communes from Poland and Lithuania determine the need to strengthen cross-border cooperation.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Politologiczny; 2019, 4; 55-70
    1426-8876
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Politologiczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Business Environment of Georgia and Ukraine: Approaches to a Comparative Analysis
    Autorzy:
    Gomółka, Krystyna
    Kurmaiev, Petro
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2035688.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-04-29
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
    Tematy:
    Business Environment
    Entrepreneurship
    Democratisation
    Market Factors
    Infation
    Macroeconomic Indicators
    Opis:
    The formation of a favourable business environment and the intensification of entrepreneurial activity on this basis is one of the priorities of economic policy of governments around the world. The aim of this article is to conduct a comparative analysis of some of the characteristics of the business environment of Georgia and Ukraine. The theoretical basis of the study is the understanding of the business environment as a necessary prerequisite for the implementation of entrepreneurial initiatives in a particular country. In the process of our research, the following methods were used: comparative analysis, generalisation, content analysis, correlation, and regression analysis. The authors studied the business environment of Georgia and Ukraine on the basis of an analysis of the following components; that of general economic, political and legal, financial, and fiscal. The results of the study show that Georgia's business environment is more favourable than Ukraine's. It is noted that between 2011-2020, Georgia made significant progress in the fight against corruption, in simplifying the procedures for starting a business, and bettering access to finance. Both countries are reforming their tax systems towards liberalisation and democratisation, and they declare the functioning of special tax regimes. According to the Paying Taxes indicator, which is calculated within the Doing Business rating, Georgia improved its result from 61st position in the ranking in 2011 to 14th position in 2020, while Ukraine improved its result from 181st place in 2011 to 65th place in 2020. It is indicated that between 2011-2020, Ukraine showed significant positive dynamics in inflation targeting. The authors note that the weakest elements of the business environment in Ukraine are its efforts to ensure the independence of the judiciary and the fight against corruption. In conclusion, the authors note that the policy of the governments of Georgia and Ukraine should be aimed at the further democratisation of relations with businesses in order to increase the level of a favourable business environment.
    Źródło:
    Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2022, 26, 1; 119-134
    1428-149X
    2719-3780
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Energy Security of Polish Consumers in 2004–2021
    Autorzy:
    Gomółka, Krystyna
    Kasprzak, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2168357.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
    Tematy:
    economic security
    Polska
    EU
    household expenses
    salaries
    taxation
    Opis:
    Theoretical background: Energy security is one of the most important components of economic security. It is influenced not only by access to energy sources and the economic situation of the state and the individual consumer. The authors adopted the definition of energy security of an individual consumer as included in the UN report. It states that the energy security of an individual consumer is guaranteed when the average consumer has access to energy at all times, in various forms, in sufficient quantity and at a reasonable price, with the simultaneous development of support mechanisms for socially and economically sensitive consumers, and after implementation of independent mechanisms for resolving disputes with the energy company, which eliminate or at least alleviate the economic advantage of the enterprises.Purpose of the article: The main aim of the paper is to present the impact of macroeconomic indicators of the Polish economy on the energy security of Polish consumers with a minimum and average monthly income. Detailed objectives include determining the possibility of purchasing by consumers with such income, diesel oil, Pb95 gasoline, LPG, electricity, heat and present changes in the energy security of individual consumers in the analyzed period (i.e. 2004–2021).Methods: The study covered Poland, country which joined the European Union in 2004. The period of the analysis described the years from 2004 to 2021. The source of the collected information was a review of the literature on the subject and statistical data. Descriptive, tabular and graphical methods, constant dynamic indicators were used for the analysis and presentation of the results.Main findings: The last two decades of the 21st century have brought Poland a number of positive socio-economic changes. The Polish economy noted that inflation remained at the level of National Bank of Poland’s expectations, increased trade, a marked decline in unemployment and rising wages, and thus a general increase in the quality of life as well as energy security of the individual consumer. The authors assumed that in the years of 2004–2021 the consumer had good access to energy, heat and other fuels. The supplies of energy resources were ensured by long-term contracts, including the Yamal contract, and the demand for heating coal was satisfied with the raw material largely mined in Poland. Heat, mainly in large clusters of people, was generated by coal-fired power plants. This raw material was also used by power plants. For heating their houses, individual consumers – mainly in the countryside – used gas or oil.
    Źródło:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia; 2022, 56, 2; 21-39
    0459-9586
    2449-8513
    Pojawia się w:
    Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Employment of Ukrainians as an Opportunity to Fill the Labour Market in Poland – Selected Issues
    Autorzy:
    Gomółka, Krystyna
    Gawrycka, Małgorzata
    Kuc-Czarnecka, Marta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/52567533.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-06-20
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
    Tematy:
    Immigration
    Employment
    Lack of Labour Force
    Polska
    Ukraine
    Opis:
    The labour market in Poland has undergone significant transformations over the past two decades. The observed changes have been influenced by various factors related to, among other things, the possibility of free movement of the population resulting from membership of EU structures, demographic changes, technological changes, and the automation and robotisation of production processes. Demographic change is becoming a significant challenge, highlighting the shortage of workers with different qualifications and competencies in the labour market in various sectors of the national economy. This paper aims to indicate to what extent Ukrainian citizens can fill the gaps in Poland’s emerging labour market. To that end, a survey was conducted in the Qualtrics programme in May-June 2022 among Ukrainian citizens who arrived in Poland before 24th February 2022, i.e., before the outbreak of the war and who were registered in the Gremi Personal database. This particular company provides support connected to employment for Ukrainians. Due to the non-probabilistic sampling technique, the results cannot be generalised with regard to the entire population. To analyse the results, descriptive statistics were used to examine the population structure and determine the significance of the characteristics studied and the correlation between them. The research shows that labour shortages in Poland’s labour market can be compensated to some extent by employing migrants from, for example, Ukraine. The commencement of the proper research was preceded by the preparation of a pilot study and the collection and analysis of statistical data related to the situation on the Polish labour market, taking into account the level and structure of employment and an indication of shortages in the labour market when the research was prepared, and the fact that complete statistical data ended in 2020, hence the decision to include this research period in the analyses.
    Źródło:
    Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2023, 27, 2; 135-153
    1428-149X
    2719-3780
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-14 z 14

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