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    Tytuł:
    People-Powered Planning: Planning from the bottom up in a top-down system
    Autorzy:
    Collins, Patrick
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2033949.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    spatial planning
    centralisation
    collaboration
    village planning
    Ireland
    Opis:
    This paper is concerned with spatial policy in Ireland. It adopts an historical lens to help explain why Ireland currently finds itself at the bottom of the European league table with regard to local governance. After categorising the Irish political and planning system as highly centralised, bureaucratic and linear, the paper uses a case study of the Moycullen village plan to show an alternate path towards place development in Ireland. This case study sets out to contrast the desire of a people to collaborate in the authorship of their place with the top down nature of spatial planning in Ireland. By making clear the methods and results of the project, this paper highlights the latent demand that exists in a community that is subject to national planning system that reduces their ability to affect change. Through the use of some innovative approaches, this project has sought to fire the geographic imaginary of a people with respect to their place.
    Źródło:
    European Spatial Research and Policy; 2021, 28, 2; 227-250
    1231-1952
    1896-1525
    Pojawia się w:
    European Spatial Research and Policy
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A Top-down Approach to the Historical Demography of 18th-Century Pomerania
    Autorzy:
    Gehrmann, Rolf
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/30145924.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
    Tematy:
    Pomerania
    18th century
    Prussian statistics
    demography
    population growth
    mode of reproduction
    mortality
    age at marriage
    Pomorze Zachodnie
    XVIII wiek
    statystyki pruskie
    demografia
    wzrost liczby ludności
    sposób reprodukcji
    umieralność
    wiek zawierania małżeństw
    Opis:
    Taking advantage of relatively well-preserved Prussian statistics, the author examines the dynamics of the Pomeranian population in the 18th century to suggest priorities for further studies at both the individual and local community level. He proposes to take the concept of the mode of reproduction as their common paradigm and also take a functionalist approach, even if detailed research may reveal that it was not external forces, as older theories proclaim, but internal forces of destabilization that finally destroyed the assumed system.
    W analizie rozwoju populacji Pomorza w XVIII w. autor korzysta z relatywnie dobrze zachowanych statystyk pruskich, aby określić priorytety dalszych badań na poziomie jednostek, zbiorowości lokalnych czy też wspólnot. Za ich wspólny paradygmat proponuje przyjąć koncepcję sposobu reprodukcji i podejście funkcjonalistyczne, nawet gdyby szczegółowe badania pokazały, że to nie siły zewnętrzne, jak głoszą starsze teorie, lecz wewnętrzne, zdestabilizowały zakładany system.
    Źródło:
    Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski; 2022, 44; 29-59
    0079-7189
    2719-4345
    Pojawia się w:
    Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Spatial surrogate for air emissions from small residential combustion – analysis using scarce top-down estimates
    Surogat emisji do powietrza ze spalania paliw w gospodarstwach domowych – analiza z użyciem podejścia top-down
    Autorzy:
    Zasina, D.
    Zawadzki, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/113664.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    STE GROUP
    Tematy:
    air emission
    spatial distribution
    residential
    zanieczyszczenia powietrza
    rozkład przestrzenny
    gospodarstwa domowe
    Opis:
    This paper presents methodology for obtaining 'first step' spatial surrogate for disaggregation of air pollutants' emissions determined using top-down approach. Considered sector was small residential combustion due to its importance in emission budget, also potential health threatening. However our analysis is not flawless due to partial loss of information connected with locations, can be effectively used as specific method for determining of spatial outliers. Simplified approach shown in this paper uses values derived from gridded population density as downs calling factor for air pollutants' emissions. We determined three potential regions that should be treated separately to obtain independent – ‘regional” emission surrogates.
    Celem przedstawionej analizy było otrzymanie wstępnego surogatu emisji zanieczyszczeń do powietrza ze spalania paliw w źródłach komunalno-bytowych (gospodarstwa domowe). Opisana w artykule metoda, nie jest pozbawiona wad (częściowa utrata informacji nt. lokalizacji), ale może służyć do otrzymywania wstępnych informacji nt. zmienności przestrzennej gęstości zaludnienia, co pociąga za sobą również zmiany w rozkładzie przestrzennym emisji. Przedstawiona metoda może służyć również do pośredniej detekcji przestrzennych wartości odstających.
    Źródło:
    Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji; 2016, 3 (15); 135-143
    2391-9361
    Pojawia się w:
    Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Bilingualism and cognitive reserve: It’s a matter of top-down or bottom-up process
    Autorzy:
    Rees, Jessica
    Boutris, Panagiotis
    Bevan, Brodie
    Izura, Cristina
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1120854.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    bilingualism
    cognitive performance
    Opis:
    Cognitive performance declines with age following different trajectories. The cognitive trade-off, however, between age and cognitive reserve is still not clear. In addition, bilingualism has been thought to play a role in delaying cognitive decline by affecting cognitive control outside the scope of language. However, the effect has been unreliably reproduced and without exploring sufficiently the differences between cognitive functions that govern language control. In the current study 112 adults varying in age, level of bilingualism and cognitive reserve, completed a modified version of the Simon task, which engaged the mechanisms of interference suppression and shifting. Using ex-Gaussian analysis, the Simon effect was replicated in the normal component and the shifting effect was found in the exponential. Additional linear mixed-effects model analysis showed a significant “negative” effect of bilingualism on inhibition and a “positive” effect of cognitive reserve on shifting, both independent of age. Age affected similarly the speed of engagement of both executive functions irrespectively of language or cognitive background. Implications of a bilingual disadvantage and a beneficial effect of cognitive reserve during ageing are discussed.
    Źródło:
    Yearbook of the Poznań Linguistic Meeting; 2020, 6, 1; 113-158
    2449-7525
    Pojawia się w:
    Yearbook of the Poznań Linguistic Meeting
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Improving reading fluency and comprehension in adult ESL learners using bottom-up and top-down vocabulary training
    Autorzy:
    Oliver, Rhonda
    Young, Shahreen
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/780685.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    reading fluency
    comprehension
    isolated word training
    bottom-up strategy
    context word training
    top-down strategy
    Opis:
    The current research examines the effect of two methods of vocabulary training on reading fluency and comprehension of adult English as second language (ESL) tertiary-bound students. The methods used were isolated vocabulary training (bottom-up reading) and vocabulary training in context (topdown reading). The current exploratory and quasi-experimental study examines the effectiveness of these methods in two intact classes using pre- and posttest measures of students’ reading fluency and comprehension. The results show that bottom-up training had a negative impact on fluency and comprehension. In contrast, top-down training positively affected fluency but had no impact on comprehension. Further, the results do suggest that fast-paced reading may potentially lead to improved comprehension. These findings have implications for the type of language instruction used in classrooms and, therefore, for teachers of adult ESL learners.
    Źródło:
    Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2016, 6, 1; 111-133
    2083-5205
    2084-1965
    Pojawia się w:
    Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Listening in Older Second Language Learners: The Teachers’ Perspective
    Autorzy:
    Słowik, Agata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/954163.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Fundacja Pro Scientia Publica
    Tematy:
    SLA
    top-down and bottom-up listening
    geragogy
    older adults
    teachers’ perspective
    Opis:
    There are various theories, strategies and techniques regarding teaching different language skills. At the same time, as practice shows listening remains the most challenging skill for the educators to teach effectively and for the learners to master. Moreover, both the learners and their teachers have their own, not infrequently rather disparate, subjective theories, as well as learning and teaching preferences. Older adult learners are a peculiar case as they are a very diverse group, aware of their needs and cognitive abilities. At the same time, their teachers are unfortunately often unaware of these needs and do not adapt the materials to suit their students. The aim of this paper is, thus, to present the opinions of the teachers of older adult students and to provide basis for future research. 
    Źródło:
    Journal of Education Culture and Society; 2017, 8, 1; 148-163
    2081-1640
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Education Culture and Society
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Methodology for the Development of Parameters for the Navigational Safety Risk Assessment Model in Port Approaches
    Autorzy:
    Bojić, F.
    Bošnjak, R.
    Lušić, Z.
    Gudelj, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1841523.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    risk assessment
    navigational safety
    Port Approaches
    navigational safety parameters
    top-down methodology
    Opis:
    Risk of an accident is an ever-present component in the maritime transportation process, especially in congested waters such as port areas. Since safety is of crucial importance in the maritime industry, different models of risk assessments were developed to ensure minimal navigational danger. The aim of this paper is the development of modular, dynamic sets of parameters, applicable for future risk assessment models on port approaches by introducing top-down expert appraisal structure methodology organised in three steps. Firstly, approaches and criteria from relevant international recommendations and scientific studies on maritime risk assessment models were analysed and compared, in order to obtain general categories of navigational safety parameters. Secondly, existing risk assessment parameters were structured and combined into new dynamic sets. In the third step, these dynamic sets of parameters were selected, and numerical values were assigned to them according to the specific context of the port. Finally, this top-down methodology aims to provide relevant dynamic sets of criteria for navigational safety risk assessment development that are flexible and widely applicable for the needs and characteristics of different ports.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2021, 15, 2; 365-372
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Consideration on the health risk reduction related to attainment of the new particulate matter standards in Poland: A top-down policy risk assessment approach
    Autorzy:
    Kobza, Joanna
    Pastuszka, Józef S.
    Gulis, Gabriel
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2177085.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015-10-08
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
    Tematy:
    particulate matter
    top-down approach
    policy
    health outcome
    health risk assessment
    environmental exposure
    Opis:
    Policies can influence health of a population in various ways. Numerous epidemiological studies supported by toxicological investigations demonstrate a positive association between ambient concentrations of airborne particulate matter and increased adverse cardio-respiratory events, including morbidity and mortality. The aim of this paper was to present the concept of the top-down health policy risk assessment approach model developed to estimate the expected health risk reduction associated with policy aiming at attaining the new particulate matter ≤ 10 μm in diameter (PM 10) standards in Poland. The top-down approach guides the analysis of causal chains from the policy to health outcomes. In this case study we tried to estimate the predicted health effects of the policy change over the past 20 years. Since Polish annual standard for PM 10 changed from 50 μg/m³ in 1990 to 40 μg/m³ in 2010, we calculated the relative risk associated with decreasing PM 10 in diameter to 10 μg/m³ in the annual level of PM 10 for 6 adverse health effects. The relative risk slightly decreased for almost all adverse health effects, which means that the relative decrease in the incidence of health effects from the baseline incidence should range from about 0.5–0.6% for heart disease admissions to > 1% for respiratory admissions. The obtained results indicate that implementation of the new ambient air standards could influence improvement of the health status of Polish population. A top-down policy health risk assessment model can be one of the main tools in this process, providing harmonized guidance how to seek evidence-based information, which could serve policy-makers.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health; 2016, 29, 1; 1-14
    1232-1087
    1896-494X
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Christ as the Face of the Father’s Mercy. A Top-Down and Theophanic Conception of God’s Mercy
    Autorzy:
    Guzowski, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2038948.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
    Tematy:
    God’s Mercy
    Jesus Christ
    cross
    resurrection
    redemption
    Opis:
    The author of the article Christ as the face of the Father’s mercy. A top-down and theophanic conception of God’s Mercy draws the most fundamental approach to the mystery of mercy as a form of the inner revelation of the Triune God's life from the ample Polish literature devoted to the issue of God’s Mercy, and analyzes it. Also practicing mercy, according to this conception, may be done in the right way if its features are recognized in Jesus Christ the Incarnated Son’s deeds. The author calls this perspective of theology of mercy “a top-down conception”, as humanity is not able to comprehend the essence of mercy without the aid of the supernatural world that, on the one hand, shows what God is like in His essence, and on the other, how one should follow God to be saved. God's self-revelation in the salutary events becomes – according to the author – the best interpretation key of God's theology of mercy, showing His Trinitarian character.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Teologiczne; 2016, 63, 2 English Version; 65-83
    2353-7272
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Teologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Using BBC Learning English Podcasts to develop university students listening skills
    Autorzy:
    Davydenko, Olena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1927548.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-22
    Wydawca:
    Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    podcast
    taxonomy
    listening comprehension
    bottom-up processing
    top-down processing
    prior knowledge
    background information
    Opis:
    The emergence of podcasts in an English foreign language (EFL) setting is seen as a helpful aid to foreign language learning. Using podcasts might help improve language learning efficiency. This research addresses how podcasts can be an alternative means of improving English listening comprehension for university students. The study was carried out at Nizhyn Gogol State University, Ukraine, using quantitative and qualitative methods of analyzing data. To collect the data, research tools such as a questionnaire, initial and final testing, and observation were used. The procedure was introduced for a group of first-year students and implemented for six weeks. Special BBC Learning English podcast activities were designed and offered to the students. The main stages have been specified in the process of developing students’ listening skills. In the pre-listening stage, students do preparation activities to prepare for the podcast using their background knowledge. The while-listening stage is aimed at listening for gist, listening for details, making inferences, and summarizing. In the post-listening stage, the listeners are taken beyond the podcast content and set tasks which contribute to integrating other language skills. Samples of activities which correspond to these three stages are provided. A balanced approach to choosing top-down or bottom-up processing within the stages improves the process of forming competencies in listening of first-year students. Hence, based on the positive results of this study, BBC Learning English podcasts with meaningful, appropriate, and interesting activities attract the students’ attention, increase their motivation, and improve their listening comprehension.
    Źródło:
    e-mentor. Czasopismo naukowe Szkoły Głównej Handlowej w Warszawie; 2021, 92, 5; 26-35
    1731-6758
    1731-7428
    Pojawia się w:
    e-mentor. Czasopismo naukowe Szkoły Głównej Handlowej w Warszawie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Top-down selection of information as an element of strategic information management in the event of a threat of internal destabilisation
    Autorzy:
    Majorek, Marta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2170021.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
    Tematy:
    information management
    destabilisation
    media
    Russia
    Ukraine
    Opis:
    In many authoritarian countries, the Internet is an oasis of freedom of speech and the free transfer of knowledge – thus, if not completely free, then at least a more free space for transferring content than traditional information providers. Nevertheless, the total freedom of this medium has passed irretrievably. Use of social media and other websites to post material that cannot be posted on traditional media, and even online newspapers tend to be affected by less stringent censorship laws. However, this does not change the fact that contemporary authoritarian regimes are going so far as to interfere with social media, either by blocking access to content or by promoting false information. The conducted analysis is to show the mechanisms of top-down information management in order to lead to widespread disinformation and distortion of reality. In this respect, it is worth bringing up the actions of the Russian authorities in the context of the conflict in Ukraine and the possible opposition of the Russian society to the ongoing military operations.
    Źródło:
    Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka; 2022, XLVII, 2; 131-144
    1899-6264
    2451-0718
    Pojawia się w:
    Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    What Do You Mean When You Say You Like This Painting? Oculomotor Indices of Processes Involved in Aesthetical Appreciation
    Autorzy:
    Francuz, Piotr
    Jankowski, Tomasz
    Augustynowicz, Paweł
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2124329.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-03-01
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
    Tematy:
    aesthetic evaluation
    expertise in visual arts
    figurative paintings
    top-down control of eye movements
    multilevel modeling
    Opis:
    This study aims to verify the hypotheses concerning emotional and cognitive predictors of aesthetic judgments, operationalized by instructions for viewing paintings from different perspectives (emotions and feelings, empathy, the captured moment, important elements, title, and mystery). Two eye movement parameters: fixation duration average and scan path length, estimated based on data recorded during viewing paintings, were analyzed. The extent to which the parameters of eye movement while performing different instructions predict the same parameters during the aesthetic assessment task was investigated. It was assumed that similar parameters of eye movements are indicators of similar mental processes, activated under different instructions. The viewing time window and expertise of participants were independent variables. Data were analyzed by multilevel modeling. The results showed that at the early stage of viewing a painting, instructions that activate emotional processing (regardless of expertise), better predict the aesthetic evaluation of a painting than instructions activating cognitive processes. At this stage, it was also found that the eye movement parameters, during the performance of instructions that activate cognitive processing, better predict the aesthetic evaluation of paintings only in the group trained in visual arts. At the later stage of viewing paintings, instructions activating cognitive processes turned out to be more reliable predictors of eye movement parameters during the aesthetic evaluation task than instructions activating emotional processes in both groups of participants. The results of the experiment were confronted with the existing models of perception of art and aesthetic experience.
    Źródło:
    Roczniki Psychologiczne; 2021, 24, 3-4; 201-226
    1507-7888
    Pojawia się w:
    Roczniki Psychologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Design methodology and modeling of synthetic biosystems
    Autorzy:
    Madec, M.
    Gendrault, Y.
    Lallement, C.
    Haiech, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/398041.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Łódzka. Wydział Mikroelektroniki i Informatyki
    Tematy:
    syntetyczna biologia
    projektowany przypływ
    biologiczny przerzutnik
    synthetic biology
    design flow
    top-down approach
    HDL
    biological gates
    biological flip-flop
    Opis:
    Synthetic biology is an emerging area of biotechnology for which main applications are in the field of Health and Environment However, it suffers from a lack of adapted CAD tools and methodology in order to fulfill efficiently and quickly the needs of these domains. In this paper, the strong relationship between circuits design in microelectronics and synthetic biology is highlighted. Most of synthesized biodevices behavior can be interpreted and modeled by BioLogic gate. As a consequence, bigger biosystems might be designed using methods and tools borrowed from microelectronics. These similarities lead to an efficient methodology, using microelectronics design flow, tools and methods, which should allow a top-down approach in synthetic biosystem design. The methodology is illustrated on the design of a biosystem (a T-flipflop), using top-down approach and HDL modeling languages. The proposed methods and their evolution prospects are discussed at the end of the paper,
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Microelectronics and Computer Science; 2010, 1, 2; 147-155
    2080-8755
    2353-9607
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Microelectronics and Computer Science
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Hierarchical Sales Forecasting System for Apparel Companies and Supply Chains
    Hierarchiczny system prognozowania sprzedaży dla firm odzieżowych i łańcuchów dostaw
    Autorzy:
    Lenort, R.
    Besta, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/232705.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Biopolimerów i Włókien Chemicznych
    Tematy:
    apparel company
    hierarchical forecasting
    sales forecasting
    top-down approach
    forecasting system
    firma odzieżowa
    hierarchiczna prognozowanie
    prognozowanie sprzedaży
    podejście odgórne
    system prognozowania
    Opis:
    The typical problems facing with apparel companies and supply chains are forecasting errors, because fashion markets are volatile and difficult to predict. For that reason, the ability to develop accurate sales forecasts is critical in the industry. There are several research studies related to forecasting apparel goods, but very often only for one level. However, apparel companies and supply chains deal with a number of levels at which the forecasts could exist and require consistent forecasts at all of them. The paper presents a hierarchical middle-term forecasting system designed for this purpose on the basis of a literature review. The system is built by the top-down forecasting approach and verified by means of a case study in a particular apparel company. The weaknesses of the system are identified during discussion of the results acquired. A generalised concept of the ANN forecasting model is designed for elimination these weaknesses.
    Rynki mody są niestabilne i trudne do przewidzenia, dlatego typowym problemem, z którym muszą się uporać firmy odzieżowe dla konstrukcji odpowiednich łańcuchów dostaw to przewidywanie błędów. Z tego powodu, możliwość opracowania dokładnej prognozy sprzedaży jest bardzo istotna w przemyśle. Istnieje wiele badań naukowych dotyczących prognozowania dla towarów odzieżowych, ale bardzo często dotyczą tylko jednego poziomu. Jednak firmy odzieżowe i łańcuchy dostaw mają do czynienia z dużą liczbą poziomów i wymagają spójnych prognoz na wszystkie z nich. Przedstawiono hierarchiczny system średnioterminowego prognozowania przeznaczony do tego celu. System zbudowano przez odgórne podejście prognozowania i zweryfikowano poprzez studium przypadku w danej firmie odzieżowej. Słabości systemu zostały określone podczas dyskusji uzyskanych wyników. Uogólnione pojęcie modelu prognozowania przeznaczone jest do eliminacji słabości.
    Źródło:
    Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe; 2013, 6 (102); 7-11
    1230-3666
    2300-7354
    Pojawia się w:
    Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Why Democracy in Poland Is Currently Impossible? Conditions For the Sustainability of The Liberal Democratic System
    Dlaczego demokracja w Polsce jest obecnie niemożliwa? Warunki trwałości systemu liberalno-demokratycznego
    Autorzy:
    Bartoś, Tadeusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1373378.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula
    Tematy:
    Post-communist culture
    tradition
    revolution
    uravnilovka
    uniformization
    top-down enforcement of uniformity
    class struggle
    class conflict
    bourgeoisie
    kultura postkomunistyczna
    tradycja
    rewolucja
    urawniłowka
    uniformizacja
    odgórne egzekwowanie jednolitości
    walka klas
    konflikt klasowy
    burżuazja
    Opis:
    Liberal democracy is the fruit of many centuries of evolution based on conflict between various interest groups. This struggle, or conflict, is the source of stability in state institutions, the law and the courts. It is a strange pitfall in which numerous strong entities are capable of enforcing their rights. The condition for a liberal democracy to be stable is therefore the existence of sustainable social stratification, opposing interests and forces among social entities. The destruction of social strata in post-communist states has become entrenched and created a new type of uniformized or groupthink society. The elimination of private ownership perpetuated over several generations, mass resettlements and the degradation of higher strata have created a new type of society devoid of genuine stratification, interest groups capable of engaging in conflict with efficacy. Many generations of evolution, including battles, disputes, perhaps of a revolutionary nature, are required for a sustainable structure of liberal democracy to be instilled in states belonging to the former Soviet bloc.
    Demokracja liberalna jest owocem wielowiekowej ewolucji opartej na konflikcie między różnymi grupami interesów. Ta walka lub szerzej – konflikt – są źródłem stabilności instytucji państwowych, prawa i sądów. To dziwna pułapka, w której liczne silne podmioty są w stanie egzekwować swoje prawa. Warunkiem stabilności demokracji liberalnej jest zatem istnienie trwałego rozwarstwienia społecznego, przeciwstawnych interesów i sił wśród podmiotów społecznych. Zniszczenie warstw społecznych w państwach postkomunistycznych ugruntowało się i stworzyło nowy typ społeczeństwa zunifikowanego lub „grupomyślnego”. Likwidacja prywatnej własności utrwalanej przez kilka pokoleń, masowe przesiedlenia i degradacja wyższych warstw stworzyły nowy typ społeczeństwa pozbawionego prawdziwego rozwarstwienia, grup interesów zdolnych do skutecznego angażowania się w konflikt. Wiele pokoleń ewolucji, w tym bitew, sporów, być może o charakterze rewolucyjnym, jest potrzebnych do zaszczepienia trwałej struktury liberalnej demokracji w państwach byłego bloku sowieckiego.
    Źródło:
    Społeczeństwo i Polityka; 2021, 2(67); 9-28
    1733-8050
    Pojawia się w:
    Społeczeństwo i Polityka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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