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Tytuł:
Contemporary dilemmas of taxation equality
Autorzy:
Radzikowski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899544.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-04-14
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
taxation equality
progression of taxation
regression of taxation
Polish Deal
Opis:
The article confronts the most important political and economic thoughts dealing with the way of distributing the tax burden in society with contemporary socio-economic conditions and with the current tax legislation. The essence of the analyzed problem is the traditional dilemma of a flat tax or a progressive tax. In the economic terms, the Polish tax system, treated as a whole, together with social security (ZUS) and health care contributions (NFZ), is not progressive, but regressive, because in percentage terms, the effective burden generally decreases with increasing wealth (the nominal tax rates are flat with the exception of progression in case of PIT). The Polish Deal did not change the fundamental conclusion on the regression of the Polish tax system, although some social groups recorded an increase in the tax burden on personal income (PIT together with ZUS and NFZ contributions).
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2023, 101; 358-379
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modified Area-based System in Czech Republic
Autorzy:
Papavasilevská, Sandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2151008.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-03-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Gdański. Centrum Prawa Samorządowego i Prawa Finansów Lokalnych
Tematy:
recurrent taxes on immovable property
value-based taxation
area-based taxation
user charges
property taxation
Opis:
Tax system in the Czech Republic and offers some specific suggestions for reform. In the long term, their taxation could be maintained. Many politicians not only in the Czech Republic believe that a higher property tax on real estate investments can solve the housing crisis. There are several examples showing that such a solution does not lead to the desired result. In many states, such a tax increase solved a certain "housing crisis". Such a solution is at all sensible and will ultimately not only disadvantage economically the socially weaker, who do not have the resources to get their own place. On the other hand, the overall taxation of investment housing could contribute to increasing revenues of municipal budgets without changing the budgetary allocation of taxes. The inclusion of elements of elementary equality and work with so-called local coefficients, possibly combined with the categorisation of immovable property as established in the Land Registry, appears to be a meaningful key to the solution. On the basis of these two groups or categories, differential taxation can be achieved for a wide range of properties without creating room for discussion about what is and is not an investment apartment [OECD 2010]. But there are two weaknesses in dealing with this, namely policy changes, where the increase in the coefficient is unpopular within local authorities, and that it will be quite different in this area. The area-based property tax has been gaining influence in developing and transitional countries around the world. This report first examines how the area-based tax is administered in thirty-eight countries according to statutes. Area-based assessment is more commonly used in rural areas than urban areas, for land than buildings, and with few adjustments. Over half the countries allow some local control [Fischel 2001: 17]. The paper presents an overview of the theoretical and practical experience of both the immovable property taxation forms (area-based and value-based) concerning the different aspects of micro and macroefficiency, equity and the “ability to pay” aspects as well as the fiscal and technical aspects, with the special emphasis on (post)transition economies – new EU members. The EU recommendations in this area, especially concerning the shift of tax burden from (labour) income to property, are pointed out. The comparative analysis of relevant taxation in the EU member countries is presented, pointing out that some of them, which have fulfilled the formal requirement of the recurrent taxes on immovable property introduction, still implement a simpler form – the area-based one. In particular, the article focuses on the definition of the tax system in the Czech Republic, and intentionally on the processing of property taxes. Inheritance, gift and acquisition taxes on immovable property, including their definition and the way in which they are transformed, are mentioned in particular in these property taxes. However, the main objective of the work was to approximate the property tax, in relation to value-based taxation or a modified area-based system. Attention is also focused on defining the pluses and minuses of these taxes, what advantages they are, what advantages they are not, and which of the countries uses which system of taxation. The work seeks to highlight why a system is used within the Czech Republic, including its benefits within the tax system.
Źródło:
Financial Law Review; 2022, 25, 1; 197-206
2299-6834
Pojawia się w:
Financial Law Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Labor taxation versus employment models in Poland
Autorzy:
Wojciuk, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2128096.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
Tematy:
labor taxation
tax wedge
labor costs
Opis:
The purpose of the paper is to present the tax wedge observed in Poland and its structure for variousmodels of employment, as well as to find out which of these models is burdened with the highest non-wage expenses. The study uses the descriptive method, statistical data analysis, and the author’s own calculations. OECD statistical data and legal regulations concerning labor taxation in Poland are used as source material. The research made it possible to draw the conclusion that an employment contract is the least beneficial form of employment in terms of the non-wage expenses that the tax wedge in Poland comprises. The diversity of labor taxation depending on the form of employment may have a negative effect on the labor market. It prompts many people to choose self-employment or work on the basis of civil-law contracts. The research conducted for the needs of this paper contributes to the body of knowledge on tax and para-tax burdens on labor in Poland, and the conclusions can provide a basis for a debate on necessary changes in Polish legislation regarding taxation of labor so that it becomes more conducive to jobs creation and legal employment
Źródło:
Optimum. Economic Studies; 2018, 2(92); 138-153
1506-7637
Pojawia się w:
Optimum. Economic Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Taxation Rules for Alternative Investment Companies
Autorzy:
Prus, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2091855.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-10-28
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Gdański. Centrum Prawa Samorządowego i Prawa Finansów Lokalnych
Tematy:
alternative investment company
exemption from taxation
hybrid structures
Opis:
This article deals with tax rules for alternative investment companies. The main aim of the contribution is approximation of the specifics of income taxation and also the answer to the question whether companies of this type can be used more widely outside Poland for the purposes of international tax planning.
Źródło:
Financial Law Review; 2021, 24, 4; 122-135
2299-6834
Pojawia się w:
Financial Law Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dilemmas and Confines with Personal Income Taxation Harmonization Process
Autorzy:
Wołowiec, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/558228.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
Income
Personal Income Taxation
Harmonization
Competitiveness
Opis:
During the development of the Treaty of Rome it was decided that, to assure a common market, it was enough to harmonise indirect taxes and remove trade barriers as they were the prime inhibitors to the flow of goods and services. The harmonisation of direct (income) taxes was not considered as they were seen as not signifi cantly affecting the single internal market. Problems tied to direct taxation became visible as integration proceeded, the EU grew, its citizens began to migrate, multinational enterprises increased in size and scope and their financial flows (capital and profi t transfers between headquarters and subsidiaries in different EU countries) became seriously affected.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2016, 4; 94-116
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
E-commerce Taxation as an Example of Legal Deadlock
Autorzy:
Lipka, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2154768.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-06-15
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
e-commerce
international taxation
lock-in effect
Opis:
Many of the principles of taxation that were developed in the first half of the 20th century, such as the arm’s length principle and the definition of the term “permanent establishment” (PE) in determining the tax position of international business operations, when applied to the business models of the 21st century, often result in the under-taxation of businesses that are otherwise fully compliant with the laws as presently written and implemented. Compounding the problem is the fact that these rules and principles of taxation are broadly recognized and are enshrined in a wide network of tax treaties. This makes the task of modifying or updating these rules and principals extremely difficult. Using legal-dogmatic and legal-theoretical methods, the author will show that present attempts to tax e-commerce transactions unilaterally are not effective and that, under present conditions, even organizations such as the EU are unable to address the problem at hand. The OECD project, commissioned by the G-20, which seeks to create a set of international e-commerce taxation rules, faces some very serious difficulties – largely because a well-established “set in stone” complement of internationally accepted laws, rules, and regulations is serving to block the development of new, more appropriate rules. This phenomenon has become known as the lock-in effect or legal impossibilism. In order to effectively address this phenomenon, lawmakers on a global basis must understand the mechanisms that are blocking the effective evolution of business taxation.
Źródło:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem; 2022, 13, 2; 60-79
2080-1084
2450-7938
Pojawia się w:
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia nad Prawem
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Taxation, Inequality, and Poverty: Evidence from Ukraine
Autorzy:
Markina, Oksana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1965130.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-01-27
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Ekonomicznych
Tematy:
fiscal policy
inequality
poverty
taxation
well-being
Gini coefficient
Ukraine
Opis:
The aim of the article is to assess the impact of taxes on poverty and inequality in Ukraine and provide recommendations on how taxation should be used to address problems of inequality and poverty. The research methodology is based on a combination of linear regression and commitment to equity (CEQ) methodology, which was designed by Lustig to analyse the impact of taxation and social spending on inequality and poverty in individual countries. The dataset consists of data from the World Inequality Data Base and data from State Statistic Service of Ukraine. The analysis shows that income tax reform in Ukraine should not take place in the context of changing tax rates and tax periods but in the context of shifting the tax burden from the poor to the rich and preventing aggressive tax planning. Also, the results of the analysis show that the Ukrainian government’s policy of reducing free education and health services may contribute to poverty if the government does not change its redistributive policies. The article contributes to the academic literature on the impact of taxation on poverty and inequality in developing countries. The practical results obtained in the paper are useful for developing countries’ governments to design poverty- and inequality-sensitive tax policies.
Źródło:
Central European Economic Journal; 2022, 9, 56; 1-18
2543-6821
Pojawia się w:
Central European Economic Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Economic effects of taxation by income taxes (outline of the problem)
Autorzy:
Wołowiec, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375580.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Międzynarodowy Instytut Innowacji Nauka – Edukacja – Rozwój w Warszawie
Tematy:
income taxation
fiscal policy
economic growth
Opis:
Public discussions concerning tax system reforms are dominated by the view that lowering taxes is the only panacea for stimulating economic growth. But is this really so? To be able to answer this question we need to examine how the level of fiscal burden and structure of budget tax revenues are correlated with GDP growth rate (27 EU countries, data 2000-2018). A relationship that is particularly examined is the correlation between the level of fiscal burden in personal income tax and economic growth rate. Considerably less attention is paid in various analyses to the influence of the structure of budget tax revenues on economic growth. income taxation, fiscal policy, economic growth
Przeprowadzona analiza zależności między trzema rodzajami podatków a wzrostem gospodarczym w Polsce i krajach UE w latach 2000-2018 wskazuje na następujące. Po pierwsze istnieje statystycznie istotny związek między opodatkowaniem a wzrostem gospodarczym w badanym okresie, po drugie istnieje statystycznie istotny, ujemny związek między udziałem składek na ubezpieczenie społeczne do PKB a wzrostem gospodarczym, po trzecie istnieje statystycznie istotny, ujemny związek między udziałem podatków bezpośrednich do PKB a wzrostem gospodarczym, ale słabszy niż w przypadku składek na ubezpieczenie społeczne i po czwarte istnieje statystycznie istotny, dodatni związek pomiędzy wpływami z podatków pośrednich a wzrostem gospodarczym. Przeprowadzona w pracy analiza statystyczna wykazała statystycznie istotny, ujemny wpływ opodatkowania podatkami bezpośrednimi i składkami na ubezpieczenie społeczne na wzrost gospodarczy w prezentowanych krajach. podatki dochodowe, polityka fiskalna, wzrost gospodarczy
Źródło:
International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences; 2019, 9(1); 29-49
2450-2146
2451-1064
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The principles of tax law equality in the context of direct taxation
Autorzy:
Jarczok-Guzy, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/522376.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Income tax
Principles of taxation
Tax fairness
Opis:
Aim/purpose – The purpose of this article is a presentation of the principles of tax law equality with the aim of establishing the significance of these rules for the system of direct taxation in Poland. Only forms of taxation have been selected to conduct this analysis because they offer the most transparent and variegated picture of the real tax burden. Design/methodology/approach – The article follows the method of economic comparative analysis and offers a review of available literature on the subject. Findings – This analysis proves that the choice of different types of income taxation for natural persons conducting business activity has influence on tax burden. Research implications/limitations – The system of direct taxation in Poland has problems with equality rules because of different tax rates and tax returns which are available in Polish law. Originality/value/contribution – This article presents the problem of tax law equality in the context of economic theories developed by selected economists.
Źródło:
Journal of Economics and Management; 2017, 30; 70-84
1732-1948
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Economics and Management
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF PROPERTY TAXATION (SELECTED ISSUES)
ASPEKTY PRAWNE I EKONOMICZNE OPODATKOWANIA NIERUCHOMOŚCI (WYBRANE ZAGADNIENIA)
Autorzy:
Wołowiec, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/567872.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-06
Wydawca:
Międzynarodowy Instytut Innowacji Nauka – Edukacja – Rozwój w Warszawie
Tematy:
Property taxation
subject
object of taxation
ad valorem system
Opodatkowanie nieruchomości
przedmiot i podmiot opodatkowania
system ad valorem
Opis:
The notion of property constitutes one of the most ambiguous categories, differently defined and interpreted depending on a given field of science. Analyzing legal provisions of the EU countries which regulate the issues of tax accounting and tax law, we may determine the general properties of elements of property.
Opodatkowanie nieruchomości jest stałym elementem systemów podatkowych w krajach UE. Podatki majątkowe stanowią tę grupę danin publicznych, która jest istotnie zróżnicowana pod względem formy i konstrukcji. Brak międzynarodowych standardów, oznacza, że nie istnieje jeden powszechnie akceptowalny stosowany w praktyce system opodatkowania nieruchomości.
Źródło:
International Journal of Legal Studies (IJOLS); 2017, 1(1); 149-169
2543-7097
2544-9478
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Legal Studies (IJOLS)
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Taxation of Digital Companies: Experience of Russia and Other Countries
Autorzy:
Lyutova, Olga
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1789239.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-06-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Gdański. Centrum Prawa Samorządowego i Prawa Finansów Lokalnych
Tematy:
digital economy taxation model
fiscal liability
tax legal personality
taxation of digital companies
corporate income tax
value added tax
digital tax (tax on digital services)
Opis:
The article concerns the patterns of development of the tax legislation of the Russian Federation and other countries related to the taxation of companies providing digital services. Some scientific and practical issues affecting the problems of tax incentives for entrepreneurship in digital companies are analyzed. The article covers the issues of the staged transformation of Russian tax law, which occurred as a result of the so-called "tax maneuver" of the rules for taxation of IT companies, associated with the need to stimulate the production of national software. The main idea of the research is - the concept of legal regulation of taxation of digital companies should be based on the supranational agreements reached by states, in accordance with which the digital transformation of tax legislation of individual countries will be carried out. The prospects for the introduction of digital taxes in Russia were also estimated, taking into account the experience of other countries as a unilateral response actions to the failure to reach an international consensus on taxation of the digital economy. At the same time, both the possible risks and the positive aspects of establishing a digital tax, which have a beneficial impact on the Russian tax climate, are indicated. The author uses the historical and comparative legal methods of science, as well as the method of systems analysis.
Źródło:
Financial Law Review; 2021, 22, 2; 113-128
2299-6834
Pojawia się w:
Financial Law Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Constitutional Identity and Direct Taxation
Autorzy:
Mihaylova-Goleminov, Savina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/943287.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-09-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Gdański. Centrum Prawa Samorządowego i Prawa Finansów Lokalnych
Opis:
Currently the debate for constitutional identity and the hierarchy of legal norms of national, international and EU law is rife in Bulgaria. The purpose of the present article is to present these issues from the point of view of taxation trends.
Źródło:
Financial Law Review; 2019, 15, 3; 124-128
2299-6834
Pojawia się w:
Financial Law Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Taxation of tourism enterprises in Poland in the years 2010-2015
Autorzy:
Cieślukowski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/95558.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Fundacja Ekonomistów Środowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych
Tematy:
tourist company
income tax
effective taxation
firma turystyczna
podatek dochodowy
opodatkowanie efektywne
Opis:
Taxes affect a tourism company in a different range. Income taxes affect the profitability of an enterprise. The amount of tax depends on the legal form and size of the company. The literature of the subject has not paid much attention to the taxation of tourist companies in the country. The article attempts to estimate the effective tax rate of personal income tax and corporate income tax levied on tourist companies in Poland in the years 2010-2015. Analysis shows that the tax burden was not particularly low in comparison to non-agricultural business sector and generally increased with the size of the company. Effective rates of lump-sum tax and personal income tax were lower than the rates of corporate income tax. The effective tax burden of corporations has turned out to be in many cases, especially for large companies, higher than nominal.
Źródło:
Ekonomia i Środowisko; 2018, 1; 231-249
0867-8898
Pojawia się w:
Ekonomia i Środowisko
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF PROGRESSIVE AND PROPORTIONAL TAXATION OF INCOMES
EKONOMICZNE I SPOŁECZNE ASPEKTY LINIOWEGO I PRGRESYWNEGO OPODATKOWANIA DOCHODÓW OSÓB FIZYCZNYCH
Autorzy:
Wołowiec, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/576767.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12
Wydawca:
Międzynarodowy Instytut Innowacji Nauka – Edukacja – Rozwój w Warszawie
Tematy:
taxation
personal income tax
flat tax
progressive taxation
opodatkowanie
podatek dochodowy od osób fizycznych
podatek dochodowy stały
podatki aktywne
Opis:
The case for a flat tax has been around for over two decades. In the early 1980s, Robert Hall and Alvin Rabushka of the Hoover Institution developed a tax system that is based on a single rate of taxation for all sources of income, as close as possible to the source. All income is classified as either business income or wages and taxed at one rate, except for a personal allowance exempting lower income individuals and families from taxation (this makes the Hall-Rabushka proposal to some extent progressive). There are no other exemptions, no deductions, no loopholes. The other essential aspect of the flat tax system developed by Hall-Rabushka is radical simplification of the tax system, by removing any deductions or reliefs, and by eliminating double taxation. This proposal represents a fun-damental change in the way governments would collect tax revenue. Flat tax is believed to help reduce red tape and associated difficulties and confusion. With tax form down to size of postcard the flat tax system makes tax filling much simpler and more efficient; achieve simplicity, economic efficiency and fairness (same rate for all) – three principle of effective/sound taxation; reduce tax evasion and cheating, by lowering opportunity cost of avoiding taxes. Flat tax systems means elimination of relief, allowances and thus eliminates loopholes in the system and provide incentives to work, save and invest that trigger an economic boom.
Argumenty przemawiające za utworzeniem stałego podatku dochodowego zostały wydane ponad dwie dekady temu. We wczesnych latach 80-tych Robert Hall i Alvin Rabushka z Instytutu Hoovera opracowali system podatkowy, który był jak najbliżej źródła. Wszystkie dochody zostały uwzględnione w podatku dochodowym. Nie ma innych wyjątków, żad-nych potrąceń i żadnych innych luk prawnych. Kolejnym istotnym aspektem stałego sys-temu podatkowego opracowanego przez Halla i Rabushkę jest uproszczenie systemu po-datkowego poprzez zniesienie wszelkich odliczeń lub korzyści oraz wyeliminowanie po-dwójnego opodatkowania. Ta propozycja stanowi fundamentalną zmianę w sposobie, w jaki rządy będą pobierać wpływy z podatków. Uważa się, że stały podatek pomoże zmniej-szyć biurokrację oraz trudności i zamieszanie z nią związane. Dzięki tej formie opodat-kowania podatki są uproszczone i stają się bardziej wydajne; prostota, wydajność eko-nomiczna i uczciwość (ponieważ ta sama stawka jest ustalana dla wszystkich) - to są trzy zasady efektywnego i niezawodnego opodatkowania; ograniczenie oszustw podatkowych i oszustw podatkowych poprzez ograniczenie alternatywnych kosztów związanych z unikaniem podatków. System stałego opodatkowania dochodów oznacza wyeliminowanie korzyści, a tym samym eliminuje luki w systemie i zachęca do pracy, oszczędności i inwe-stycji, które przyczyniają się do boomu gospodarczego.
Źródło:
International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences; 2018, 8(2); 221-252
2450-2146
2451-1064
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Some Value Aspects in Taxation in Slovakia
Autorzy:
Babčák, Vladimír
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/943282.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-09-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Gdański. Centrum Prawa Samorządowego i Prawa Finansów Lokalnych
Opis:
The author deals with some of the values that are more or less manifest in Slovakia in the field of taxation, and which should also more manifestly absorb the tax law into its normative base. Before focusing on the topic itself, the author formulates, albeit in brief, his idea of the fundamentals of values in society. He emphasizes the idea that every individual understands values differently, with due regard paid to what is ethically correct/incorrect, beautiful/ugly, desirable/undesirable, advantageous/disadvantageous. This means that each person would hold their own view of what the values are. In the following text the author emphasizes the idea or the thesis that the value system of society is necessarily transformed into the value system of law. In relation to the issue of value-related issues examined, he focuses on such important values as taxation fairness, equality in taxation, non-discrimination, interests, taxation morality, legal certainty or transparency of taxation. Except for interests, he considers the other examples of the value to be the values of ideological or "noble" meaning. He points out how these values are transformed into the tax system and tax legislation in Slovakia. In relation to values, he emphasizes the idea that they should be regarded as the basic pillars of relationships in which each society, thus also the Slovak one, should be created and further shaped. In conclusion, and in line with other authors, he argues that values also represent a cultural legacy that is not automatically transferred from generation to generation, but each individual has to acquire them repeatedly, take a personal stance, and decide for themselves. In this way, the values that a majority society recognizes in tax law may not be positive for a particular individual, and vice versa.
Źródło:
Financial Law Review; 2019, 15, 3; 1-19
2299-6834
Pojawia się w:
Financial Law Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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