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Tytuł:
Universal basic income. Theory and practice
Autorzy:
Misztal, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/108303.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
universal income
income inequality
economic policy
Opis:
A universal basic income is financial income agreed to all members of society without the need to provide work. The right to this income and its level are universal and independent of the size and structure of the household. In addition, a universal income is paid regardless of the income of the citizens from other sources. The purpose of the article is to provide a theoretical and empirical analysis of a universal basic income, with a particular emphasis on the origin and results of introducing this instrument. In the text, research methods are used based on literature studies in macroeconomics and economic policies as well as statistical and descriptive methods based on the data published by international economic institutions (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and the World Bank).
Źródło:
Managerial Economics; 2018, 19, 1; 103-116
1898-1143
Pojawia się w:
Managerial Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Life Cycle Income and Consumption Patterns in Poland
Autorzy:
Kolasa, Aleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2076438.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
income and consumption
life cycle profiles
income inequality
relative income mobility
transition economy
Opis:
This paper investigates the life cycle profiles of income and consumption and relative income mobility in Poland - a transition economy facing rapid structural economic and social changes. According to my results, and in line with the empirical evidence for advanced economies, the age-profiles of average income and consumption in Poland exhibit a hump. The inequality of income over the life cycle is found to flatten relatively quickly in Poland, which contrasts with the approximately linear shape observed in the US. When individual income process is fitted to match the Polish inequality profile, it exhibits less persistence than in the US. Past earnings turn out to affect current income more strongly for the group of more educated individuals. Moreover, and in contrast to the permanent income hypothesis as well as findings for other economies, no evidence of an increase in consumption inequality for households older than 30 years is found. Finally, the obtained estimates of relative income mobility in Poland are higher than those for developed countries.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics; 2017, 2; 137-172
2080-0886
2080-119X
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Income Preferences and Household Savings
Autorzy:
Liberda, Zofia B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/953215.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007-09-30
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. Kolegium Analiz Ekonomicznych
Tematy:
income preferences
disposable income
household savings
saving profiles
Opis:
In this paper, the author deals with the saving profiles of households in relation to the perception of their subjectively preferred incomes. The author shows that household savings are influenced by a behavioral attitude concerning the evaluation of one’s household income. The variable used in the analysis of household behavior is an income preference ratio constructed by the author. This variable is computed as a ratio of the subjectively preferred income as declared by the household head to the current disposable income of the household. An analysis of the income preference ratio has been conducted with respect to the age and gender of the household head. It shows that women as heads of households generally have lower expectations regarding preferred income and that income preferences vary according to the age of the household head, being the highest at a young age. Household savings are correlated with the level of current disposable income and income preferences. Positive household savings can even be observed among households with very low incomes. Savings rise significantly in households with income higher than “sufficient” and are very high in households with “good” and “very good” income. The results of the analysis show that the income preferences of Polish households tend toward higher income levels than the actual level of disposable income. The propensity to save suggests that the financial condition of Polish households may be better than subjectively perceived and declared by the household head. The subjectively preferred incomes of households positively influence household saving profiles, with the exception of households with “insufficient” incomes. The research is based on 2004 data for 32,000 households from Household Budget Surveys for Poland.
Źródło:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics; 2007, 218, 9; 19-30
2300-5238
Pojawia się w:
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Income inequality in Israel between 2003 and 2014
Autorzy:
Tzarfati, Beny
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/692539.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
Tematy:
income inequality
distribution of income
Gini index
Israel
Opis:
Inequality in the distribution of income in the population is an important economic indicator. Today, economic inequality receives considerable attention due to the book of Thomas Piketty Capital in the 21st Century. The tremendous media coverage of the topic also attracted the attention of the world leaders. In many countries, the topic of inequality in income distribution was defined as a national challenge and was found at the top of the priorities of many important organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). These organizations treat income distribution as the top priority because they see the problem to be a threat to the continuation of the existence of the global economic system [Piketty and Qian 2009]. This paper aims to describe the distribution of income in Israel and provide solutions for a more equal distribution of income.
Źródło:
Research Papers in Economics and Finance; 2017, 2, 1; 19-25
2543-6430
Pojawia się w:
Research Papers in Economics and Finance
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Receipts and income of households in Poland
Autorzy:
Kozak, Joanna Maria
Mrówczyńska-Kamińska, Aldona
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1886653.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-04-02
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Tematy:
household
net receipts
available income
savings on the revenue side
income range
income diversification
Opis:
This article aims to assess the income situation of households in Poland, considering the level of receipts and income as well as their dynamics and structure. An analysis was also carried out with respect to differences between particular socio-economic groups and between households depending on the number of persons in a household. The Gini coefficient was used for analytical purposes. Moreover, an attempt was made to identify the causes of income diversification. The analysis was carried out based on data derived from household budget surveys conducted by Statistics Poland. The research covered the period from 2000 to 2019 (individual years). The study showed a real increase in the average monthly net receipts and available income in all households. The most favour[1]able financial situation was observed in white-collar workers, self-employed persons and one-person households. The least favourable income situation was found in households of blue[1]collar workers and pensioners and households of six or more persons. However, attention should also be paid to changes taking place in the structure of sources of income generated by household members. There is an increase in income from hired work and social assistance benefits. The highest variations in receipts and available income were observed in households of farmers and those of six or more persons. In contrast, the smallest variations were recorded with respect to households of old-age pensioners and one-person households.
Źródło:
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development; 2021, 59, 1; 101-115
1899-5241
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dilemmas and Confines with Personal Income Taxation Harmonization Process
Autorzy:
Wołowiec, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/558228.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
Income
Personal Income Taxation
Harmonization
Competitiveness
Opis:
During the development of the Treaty of Rome it was decided that, to assure a common market, it was enough to harmonise indirect taxes and remove trade barriers as they were the prime inhibitors to the flow of goods and services. The harmonisation of direct (income) taxes was not considered as they were seen as not signifi cantly affecting the single internal market. Problems tied to direct taxation became visible as integration proceeded, the EU grew, its citizens began to migrate, multinational enterprises increased in size and scope and their financial flows (capital and profi t transfers between headquarters and subsidiaries in different EU countries) became seriously affected.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2016, 4; 94-116
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Farm income stabilization effectiveness and income stabilization tool
Zakres ubezpieczenia a skuteczność stabilizacji dochodów
Autorzy:
Klimkowski, C.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/44334.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Tematy:
agriculture
risk
farm income
stabilization
effectiveness
income stabilization tool
FADN system
Opis:
There is a high and growing risk in agriculture, which makes choosing the right tool to support risk management in agriculture more urgent. Traditional agricultural production insurance is very expensive and often – as is the case in Poland – does not provide adequate coverage. Income insurance, which ensures more complex coverage, may be an alternative to it and, as there is no perfect correlation between the value of individual production types, may be off ered at a comparatively lower price. Based on 2004–2013 data from 4,590 Community Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) farms, it was proved that aggregate production insurance allows for a much lower insurance premium rate in relation to insurance of specific production types.
Wysokie i rosnące ryzyko gospodarowania w rolnictwie sprawia, że coraz bardziej naglącą kwestią staje się wybór odpowiedniego narzędzia wspierającego zarządzanie ryzykiem. Tradycyjne ubezpieczenia produkcji rolnej są niezwykle kosztowne i często – tak jak w przypadku Polski – nie zapewniają odpowiedniej ochrony. Alternatywą może być ubezpieczenie dochodów, które zapewnia pełniejszą ochronę, a z uwagi na brak doskonałej korelacji między wartością poszczególnych kierunków produkcji może być oferowane po stosunkowo niższej cenie. Na podstawie danych z 4590 gospodarstw prowadzących rachunkowość FADN w latach 2004–2013 dowiedziono, że ubezpieczenia zagregowanej produkcji pozwalają na znaczące obniżenie stawki składki ubezpieczeniowej w stosunku do ubezpieczeń poszczególnych kierunków produkcji.
Źródło:
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development; 2016, 41, 3
1899-5241
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reforms to the Israeli income tax
Autorzy:
Tzarfati, Beny
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2207117.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-02-17
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
Tematy:
income tax
reforms
tax base
tax rate
Israel
Income Tax Ordinance
Opis:
Income tax is a major component of state revenues, earmarked to finance the services provided by the government. Income taxes have a significant impact, among other things, on economic growth and income distribution. According to economic theory, personal income tax—perceived as progressive tax—is the main policy tool of the governments of developed countries and is aimed at reducing inequality in income distribution. The Israeli in- come tax has been through major reforms in the last decade and a half. These reforms include a reduction in income tax exemp- tions, steadily decreasing tax rates, simplification of tax calculation rules, reallocation of resources from the public and revenue sharing by reducing the income tax burden on the middle classes, a transfer from territorially based taxation of income earned or accrued in Israel to personally based taxation of income of Israeli residents, regardless of the place of earning the income. The result of changing the tax system and the transition to taxation on a personal basis means, in practice, an expansion of the tax base in Israel. This paper aims to describe the income tax prior to the reforms and the major reforms that had taken place up to 2017.
Źródło:
Research Papers in Economics and Finance; 2022, 6, 2; 7-22
2543-6430
Pojawia się w:
Research Papers in Economics and Finance
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Basic income: economy and psychology
Autorzy:
Hevlych, Larysa
Hevlych, Ivan
Dutova, Natalia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1013717.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
Tematy:
economics
psychology
basic income
unconditional income
economic and psychological factors
Opis:
Basic income is a social idea appealing to humanist philosophers and politicians. Numerous experiments on the introduction of the concept of basic income occurred in countries with varying degrees of economic development. Surveys are being conducted around the world on the need to introduce basic income. Dynamics of economic processes and social sentiment in individual countries require generalisation of modern factors influencing the possibility of practical implementation of the concept of basic income. This paper studies the economic and psychological factors for supporting the idea of basic income in terms of its practical implementation, analyses the interpretation of the UBI idea by various researchers and provides a characteristic of the modern vision of basic income. The arguments for and against the practical implementation of this idea with their structuring in the following directions are formed and considered: influence on the economy, change of social relations and possibility of practical realisation. The authors presentgeneralised results of the experiments on the introduction of basic income from the 1960s to the present day in South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, as well as the results of the poll and referendum on the introduction of basic income in Switzerland in 2016.
Źródło:
Research Papers in Economics and Finance; 2020, 4, 3; 27-35
2543-6430
Pojawia się w:
Research Papers in Economics and Finance
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Income inequalities: axioms of income inequality measures and peoples perceptions
Autorzy:
Jancewicz, Barbara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1198719.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Akademia Leona Koźmińskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
Income Inequality
Inequality Axioms
Questionnaire Experiments
Transfer Principle
Population Symmetry
Opis:
Studies show that people perceive income inequality differently than most popular income inequality measures and axioms (postulated properties of inequality) indicate. This article synthesizes and reviews different results on income inequality perception. It presents basic income inequality axioms and analyses the level of support found in multiple studies. The paper shows that while answers to particular questions seldom perfectly agree with income inequality measures, the general pattern of respondents' answers is strongly correlated with these measures. It also argues that the observed differences can be partially explained by following Amartya Sen’s suggestion that income inequality is a multidimensional concept (1973, p. 48).
Źródło:
Decyzje; 2016, 25; 21-42
1733-0092
2391-761X
Pojawia się w:
Decyzje
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Changes of distributions of personal incomes in US from 1998 to 2011
Autorzy:
Łukasiewicz, Piotr
Karpio, Krzysztof
Orłowski, Arkadiusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/453321.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Katedra Ekonometrii i Statystyki
Tematy:
income distribution
personal income
income inequalities
Opis:
In this paper the results of studies of personal incomes changes are presented for years 1998 to 2011. The studies were based on the micro-data regarding families and households. Among others it was showed that concentration of individual incomes dropped during the period of 1998 to 2011. The opposite trends of changes of income inequalities for households and individuals were observed.
Źródło:
Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych; 2012, 13, 2; 96-106
2082-792X
Pojawia się w:
Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
THE USE OF CSISZÁRS DIVERGENCE TO ASSESS DISSIMILARITIES OF INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS OF EU COUNTRIES
Autorzy:
Oczki, Jarosław
Wędrowska, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/453453.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Katedra Ekonometrii i Statystyki
Tematy:
income inequalities
income distribution
Csiszár's divergence
Opis:
Income distributions can be described by measures of central tendency, dispersion, skewness, kurtosis or by indexes of polarization. In numerous studies, Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve have been used to investigate inequality of incomes. Income distributions can also be analysed in comparison to one another. In the article two measures belonging to Csiszár's divergence class have been used to identify the degree of differentiation of income distributions among the EU countries in 2005 and 2012. Similar and dissimilar countries with respect to distribution of income have been identified and the change of divergence of EU countries income distributions between 2005 and 2012 has been assessed. European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) dataset has been used.
Źródło:
Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych; 2014, 15, 2; 167-176
2082-792X
Pojawia się w:
Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Identifying the changes and disparities in income between rural municipalities of the Wielkopolskie Voivodship
Identyfikacja zmian i nierówności dochodowych gmin wiejskich województwa wielkopolskiego
Autorzy:
Standar, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1790463.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists
Tematy:
total income
own income
external income
convergence/divergence income
rural communes
dochód ogółem
dochody własne
dochody obce
konwergencja/dywergencja
dochodowa
gminy wiejskie
Opis:
The purpose of the paper is to identify the changes and disparities in the income of rural municipalities of the Wielkopolskie Voivodship. As the main source materials, this paper relied on the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office and on Municipal Budget Reports (RB-27s) of the Ministry of Finance. The analysis period was 2010-2017. The variable of focus in this study is total income and its components. The relationships between income categories were assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Also, this paper used basic measures of descriptive statistics and the decile ratio. The analysis of variance (the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA on ranks) was carried out to verify the statistical significance of results, taking into account the functional type of municipalities (determined using the cluster analysis). The functional type was found to have an effect on income disparities in the group of municipalities surveyed. Also, the income gap between municipalities tended to narrow. The income potential of rural municipalities of the Wielkopolskie Voivodship rose by 54% in 2010-2017. This is the consequence of a consistent increase in own income and considerable growth in external income related to the introduction of the Family+ programme. Municipalities are improving their wealth because they derive more and more funds from their share in personal income tax while accessing smaller amounts from sources typical of rural local governments, such as agricultural and forestry taxes. This is related to progressing suburbanization processes which are currently taking place in Poland.
Celem artykułu jest ocena zróżnicowania i zmian poziomów dochodów gmin wiejskich. Zakres terytorialny objął województwo wielkopolskie. Podstawowym materiałem źródłowym były bazy BDL GUS oraz sprawozdania budżetowe gmin (Sprawozdanie RB-27s) Ministerstwa Finansów. Analizę przeprowadzono dla lat 2010-2017. Badaną zmienną był dochód ogółem oraz jego składowe. Pomiędzy kategoriami dochodów zbadano zależność za pomocą wskaźnika korelacji Persona. Wykorzystano także podstawowe miary statystyki opisowej oraz wskaźnik zróżnicowania decylowego. W celu zbadania statystycznej istotności uzyskanych wyników zastosowano analizę wariancji (test ANOVA rang Kruskala-Wallisa). W analizie uwzględniono typ funkcjonalny gmin, do którego wyznaczenia posłużyła analiza skupień. Stwierdzono, że typ funkcjonalny wpływa na zróżnicowanie dochodów badanej grupy gmin. Zaobserwowano zjawisko wyrównywania się nierówności dochodowych pomiędzy gminami. W latach 2010-2017 potencjał dochodowy gmin wiejskich województwa wielkopolskiego wzrósł o 54%. Jest to efekt systematycznie wzrastających dochodów własnych oraz znacznego wzrostu dochodów obcych, który związany był z wprowadzeniem programu Rodzina+. Zwiększanie bogactwa własnego gmin związane jest z uzyskiwaniem coraz większych środków z tytułu udziałów w PIT oraz mniejszych ze źródeł typowo związanych z samorządami wiejskim, takimi jak podatek rolny i leśny. Wiążę się to z postępującym w Polsce zjawiskiem suburbanizacji.
Źródło:
Annals of The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists; 2019, 21, 4; 463-474
2657-781X
2657-7828
Pojawia się w:
Annals of The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Income stratification in Poland
Stratyfikacja dochodowa w Polsce
Autorzy:
Sączewska-Piotrowska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/590336.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Bogactwo
Nierówność dochodowa
Stratyfikacja dochodowa
Ubóstwo
Zamożność
Affluence
Income inequality
Income stratification
Poverty
Richness
Opis:
Income stratification is one of direct ways of social structure analysis. This stratification is one-dimensional graduation scheme on the “low income – high income” scale. This method allows to assess the share of affluent and poor groups in the whole society and to assess the changes in the structure of society through the prism of income. In this study, the division of households into seven income groups, according to relative approach was used. To divide the studied period 2000-2015 into sub-periods with similar income structures the taxonomic algorithm was used. According to this algorithm, the studied period was divided into four sub-periods.
Stratyfikacja dochodowa jest jednym z bezpośrednich sposobów analizowania struktury społeczeństwa. Ten rodzaj stratyfikacji to jednowymiarowy system oceniania na skali „niski dochód – wysoki dochód”. Metoda ta pozwala ocenić udział zamożnych i biednych grup w ogóle społeczeństwa oraz zmiany zachodzące w strukturze społeczeństwa przez pryzmat dochodów. W przeprowadzonym badaniu zastosowano podział gospodarstw domowych na siedem grup dochodowych, stosując podejście relatywne. W celu podzielenia badanego okresu 2000-2015 na podokresy cechujące się podobnymi strukturami dochodów zastosowano algorytm taksonomiczny. Zgodnie z zastosowanym algorytmem badany okres podzielono na cztery podokresy.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2018, 373; 42-53
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of income disparity of farmer households
Analiza dysparytetu dochodowego gospodarstw domowych rolników
Autorzy:
Parlińska, M.
Pomichowski, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1790498.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists
Tematy:
income disparity
inequality
disposable income
households
agriculture income
dysparytet dochodowy
nierówności
dochód rozporządzalny
gospodarstwa domowe
dochody rolnicze
Opis:
The purpose of the analysis is an attempt to assess the income disparity of farmers compared to other socio-professional groups in light of the latest available data and an assessment on how administrative division impacts income disparity size. The analysis was performed using data gathered by the Household Budget Survey from 2017, availing for that purpose the statistics of disposable income per household and converting it to a per capita figure. Among socio-professional groups, the following households were distinguished: farmers, entrepreneurs, employees, pensioners and other earners earning income from other sources. The results of the analysis have given evidence of existing income disparity of farmer households with respect to other households. By comparing households of farmers and entrepreneurs, the greatest disparities can be observed in average disposable income to the detriment of farmers and employee incomes are located between these types of households. The highest income levels of farmers in comparison with entrepreneurs, employees or households in general, for that matter, are recorded in the Podlaskie, Lubelskie and Lubuskie voivodships. This observation suggests the significant development of the agricultural sector or slow overall economic development, which generates low revenue for individuals making their living as employees or entrepreneurs. Higher disposable income level households of entrepreneurs and employees tend to be characteristic of territories with significant urban areas, i.e. the Mazowieckie voivodship or Małopolska region. In these areas, income levels earned from work or entrepreneurship are substantially higher than those acquired from farming.
Celem badań była próba oceny dysparytetu dochodowego gospodarstw rolnych w Polsce na tle pozostałych grup społeczno-zawodowych. Analizę przeprowadzono na podstawie danych z Badania Budżetu Gospodarstw Domowych z 2017 roku, wykorzystując dochód rozporządzalny przypadający na gospodarstwo oraz przeliczając go na jedną osobę w gospodarstwie domowym. Wśród grup społeczno-zawodowych wyróżniono gospodarstwa domowe: rolników, przedsiębiorców, pracowników, emerytów i rencistów oraz pozostałych osiągających dochody z innych źródeł. Wyniki analizy potwierdziły występowanie dysparytetu dochodowego rolników w porównaniu do innych gospodarstw domowych. Porównując gospodarstwa domowe rolników i przedsiębiorców obserwuje się największe różnice w średnim dochodzie rozporządzalnym na niekorzyść rolników a dochody pracowników lokują się miedzy wymienionymi typami gospodarstw domowych. Najwyższe dochody rolników w porównaniu do przedsiębiorców, pracowników i ogółu gospodarstw obserwuje się w województwach podlaskim, lubelskim oraz lubuskim. Obserwacja ta wskazuje na występowanie znacznego rozwoju rolnictwa lub niskiego ogólnego rozwoju gospodarczego, który generuje niskie dochody osób utrzymujących się z pracy czy z prowadzenia firmy. Wyższe dochody rozporządzalne gospodarstw domowych przedsiębiorców oraz pracowników występują na terenach, w których znajdują się duże obszary miejskie tj.: mazowieckie lub małopolska. Na tych obszarach dochody uzyskiwane z pracy czy z przedsiębiorstwa są znacznie wyższe niż te uzyskiwane z rolnictwa.
Źródło:
Annals of The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists; 2019, 21, 3; 332-340
2657-781X
2657-7828
Pojawia się w:
Annals of The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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