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Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6
Tytuł:
Uchopení lenní problematiky v české a evropské literatuře z hlediska historiografi ckého diskursu
Understanding feudal issues in the Czech and non-Czech literature from the perspective of historiographical discourse
Autorzy:
Novotná, Markéta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2164682.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
historiography
feudalism
Middle Ages
feudalizm
wieki średnie
historiografia
Opis:
Similar to other historical phenomena, understanding feudal issues has always been closely related to the changes of historiographical discourse. In the nineteenth century, the institution of fi ef was treated as a component of feudalism and as such fairly negatively valued, whilst when in later literature, popular became a notion of feudal law, a kind of a legal system, its importance was highly overrated. Examined within the framework of legal history, the issue of fi efdom gained independence with the advent of processuality of the historical process in historical sciences, e.g., in the form of infl uence of sociology in the monograph from the late 1920s La société féodale by Marc Bloch, who saw elements similar to feudalism and feudal institutions in areas outside Europe. Positive assessment of the feudal system emerged in the context of the formation of territorial structures of the state, mainly due to the German scholar of history of law – Heinrich Mitteis. Further impulses, largely referring to older ideas, occurred together with the problematisation of some institutions formerly deemed immutable, such as feudalism, as well as the recognition of the feudal system as an independent social structure, not subject to the infl uence of historical factors and processes, e.g., in the 1953 monograph of Georges Duby La société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région mâconnaise. Some shortcomings of the structural perspective were overcome by a more fl exible interpretation of the phenomena in the spirit of the postmodern discourse, e.g., through studies on vassals. The postmodern critique inspired the work of Susan Reynolds (Fiefs and Vasalls), who in addition to the use of traditional concepts, undermined the continuity of the historical process, or our understanding of the continuity of the historical process in accordance with Neo-Kantian philosophy. The Czech historiography, naturally, went through analogous processes, the change best attested to in the 1952 paper Lennie právo v Čechách by František Graus, who, within the Marxist discourse on the periodisation of history, applied the structural approach to the problems of feudal system, yet, as regards the title of the said article, still remained within the former discourse.
Źródło:
Historia Slavorum Occidentis; 2014, 2(7); 199-211
2084-1213
Pojawia się w:
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pozemková držba českých cisterciáckých klášterů 1142–1420
Landed property of the Cistercian houses of Bohemia 1142–1420
Autorzy:
Charvátová, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/293809.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
Cystersi
klasztor
Czechy
średniowiecze
Cistercian
monastery
Bohemia
Middle Ages
Opis:
Praca dotyczy posiadłości ziemskich czeskich klasztorów cysterskich w średniowieczu, od ich początku do czasów wojen husyckich, które zupełnie zmieniły sytuację własności czeskich zakonów. Między 1142 a 1357 w królestwie Czech ufundowano dziesięć opactw białych mnichów. W tym kontekście nader ważne okazują się ramy czasowe powstawania indywidualnych domów klasztornych w relacji do głównych średniowiecznych przeobrażeń krajobrazowych (karczowanie) i działalności kultywacyjnej. W Czechach, proces ten, który znacznie zmienił krajobraz księstwa i późniejszego królestwa, nastąpił pomiędzy ostatnimi dziesięcioleciami XII a pierwszymi XIV w. Założenie najwcześniejszych opactw wyprzedziło Pozemková držba českých cisterciáckých klášterů 1142–1420 /Landed property of the Cistercian houses of Bohemia 1142–1420 15 ten wzrost aktywności, ale większość cysterskich klasztorów stanowiła, w taki czy inny sposób, jej integralny komponent. Tylko najpóźniej powstałe cenobium białych mnichów wyłoniło się po zakończeniu tego intensywnego procesu osiedlania się. Dwunastowieczne darowizny dla opactw cysterskich bez wątpienia nie pokrywały ekonomicznych potrzeb klasztorów. Wszystkie fundacje opierały się nie na gospodarstwach uprawianych pracą ręczną beneficjentów zakonu, ale na pobieraniu dochodów poszczególnych wsi. To dotyczyło nawet najwcześniejszych fundacji, które powstawały za życia Bernarda z Clairvaux. Przykład darowizn dla opactw jasno wskazuje, do jakiego stopnia zwyczaje i przyzwyczajenia kraju goszczącego formacje zakonu wpływały na materialne środki nowych fundacji. Zakonnicy cysterscy otrzymywali taką samą materialną pomoc jak inne kościelne instytucje w Czechach, a nie takie, jakimi cieszyły się zakony w Europie Zachodniej. W XIII w. nastąpił znaczny wzrost własności ziemskiej wszystkich klasztorów, większy niż ten z wcześniejszych i późniejszych epok. Choć rozwój poszczególnych klasztornych posiadłości ziemskich trwał aż do wojen husyckich, wszystkie regularne domy musiały poradzić sobie z kryzysem gospodarczym, który rozpoczął się na początku lat 40. XIV w., a szczyt osiągnął na początku kolejnego stulecia. W latach 20. XV w. większość klasztorów cysterskich Czech została podbita przez husytów i stanęła w płomieniach. Po sekularyzacji pozbawiono cystersów większości z ich własności ziemskich i dzierżaw.
This is a paper on landed property of Bohemian monasteries of the Cistercian order in the Middle Ages, from their beginnings up to the epoch of the Hussite wars which completely changed the property situation of the Bohemian houses. Between 1142 and 1357, the kingdom of Bohemia saw the foundation of ten abbeys of the white monks. In view of the emergence and development of monastic landholdings, a major role apparently fell to the chronological range of establishment of individual houses in relation to the main phase of medieval landscape-assarting and -cultivation activities. In Bohemia, this process, which substantially changed the landscapes of the duchy and later kingdom, was situated between the last decades of the 12th and the fi rst decades of the 14th century. Foundations of the earliest houses of the Order preceded this upsurge of activities, but most of the Cistercian abbeys constituted, in one way or another, its integral component. Only the very latest house of the white monks emerged after the termination of this intensive settlement process, which, in the course of the “long 13th century”, covered the entire Bohemia. 12th-century donations to Cistercian abbeys show beyond all doubt that in terms of the property transferred to them, they fell short of complying with economic demands of the Order. All the foundations were based not on landholdings cultivated by manual labour of the monastery incumbents, but on the perception of revenues from singular villages. This related even to the earliest foundations of the Order which sprang up in the lifetime of Bernard of Clairvaux. The example of donations to the abbeys shows clearly to what extent the customs and habits of the land hosting the Order establishments infl uenced the material sustenance of the new foundations. Cistercian monks received the same kind of material support as other ecclesiastical institutions of Bohemia, not that enjoyed by the Order houses in western Europe. The 13th century saw a considerable growth of the extent of landed property of all monasteries, surpassing in its scale that of the earlier and later epochs. Though the expansion of particular monastic landholdings continued until the Hussite wars, all regular houses had to cope with an economic crisis beginning in the forties of 14th century, and climaxing at the beginning of 15th century. During the twenties of the 15th century, most of the Cistercian monasteries of Bohemia were conquered by the Hussites and went up in fl ames. The following secularization, acknowledged by king Sigismund mostly in 1420 and 1421, and confi rmed in writing in 1436–1437, deprived the Cistercians of most of their possessions, leasing them but tiny vestiges of their former landholdings.
Źródło:
Architectus; 2013, 3(35); 3-16
1429-7507
2084-5227
Pojawia się w:
Architectus
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zeměpanské konfirmační listiny pro česká a slezská města do 1419 roku
Confirmatory documents issued by the rulers for the Bohemian and Silesian cities until 1419
Autorzy:
Velička, Tomáš
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2164683.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Bohemia
Silesia
diplomacy
Middle Ages
Czechy
Śląsk
dyplomacja
wieki średnie
Opis:
The author has attempted to provide a holistic view of the practice of confirming the documents for the royal and princely towns in the area of Bohemia and Silesia (the area of Moravia has already been explored in this respect) by the ruler. Confirmatory documents formed an integral part of the production of the writing offices of the rulers of both examined territories, i.e., the Czech kings and the princes of Silesia. Whilst in the case of Bohemia the issuer is unambiguous (the King of Bohemia), the issuers from the region of Silesia could have included the Silesian princes (including the Bishop of Wrocław), the Czech king and the royal starosts (governors) in the principalities directly subject to the Czech ruler as issuers. Generally, confirmatory documents are deemed to have been diplomatic acts which confirmed the existence of a legal reality. These included not only documents (alternatively confirmatory documents issued in the form of a mandate), whereby the rulers confirmed the prevailing legal acts of their predecessors, but also those which confirmed acts of their subjects. A selection of merely one group of recipients was deliberate, notwithstanding the resultant, apparently incomplete image. Such an approach has its advantages, inasmuch as it allows the examination of the resources in a more compact form, and what is more, throughout two territories to some extent shaped by various traditions. The author focuses largely on several issues related to confirmatory documents, notably on the differentiation between confirmatory and dispositive documents. Both types are to some extent convergent, and sometimes the dispositive formula is present in some confirmatory documents. Furthermore, dispositive documents are sometimes deemed to be one of the degrees of confirmation. Nevertheless, in most cases notable is a variance in the usage of both types of documents. First, the author presents a quantitative review of the number of documents issued for particular towns. Was there a direct principle saying that the more important and richer the town, the more confirmative documents are found? How can we measure the ‘validity’ and ’wealth’ of each of the analysed towns? Which towns can boast of confirmations issued by the majority of successive rulers and which have to be satisfied with merely a few acts? This question needs to be explored also from a different point of view: we need to determine the role of confirmatory documents in the policy of the rulers towards the towns as well as how it was reflected in the different phases of the duke’s (king’s) reign. The motives behind issuing individual acts of confirmation and the question what forced the towns to make efforts to have their privileges confirmed are essential elements of the author’s inquiry. The reasons might have been both external, namely the position of the town’s ruler, and internal – problems inherent in the functioning of a given centre.
Źródło:
Historia Slavorum Occidentis; 2014, 2(7); 212-233
2084-1213
Pojawia się w:
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Příklady uplatnění nedestruktivních geofyzikálních měření při průzkumech raně středověkých hradišť na území Přemyslovské domény i širších Čech
Autorzy:
Křivánek, Roman
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/15811233.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-10-28
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
non-destructive archaeology
geophysical prospection
hillfort
fortification
early Middle Ages
Opis:
For several decades, the Institute of Archaeology in Prague has used non-destructive geophysical methods to research fortifications. New cooperation between archaeologists and geophysicist as part of a Czech-Polish project resulted in a more systematic and targeted survey of early medieval fortifications. The results of this cooperation were presented at a workshop Use of non-destructive and destructive methods in archaeological research of early medieval hillforts, held in Prague in 2019. The mainpart of this article contains different examples of geophysical prospecting used in connection with archaeological research into the early medieval fortifications in Bohemia. Selected examples illustrate various conditions, combinations and possibilities of application of non-destructive geophysical methods. In several cases, the results of geophysical measurements can also be supplemented by the results of archaeological research or surveys.
Źródło:
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim; 2022, 63; 179-198
0080-9993
Pojawia się w:
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Archeologie mlýnů zaniklých ve druhé polovině 20. století
Archaeology of Mills which Ceased Operations in the Second Half of the 20th Century
Autorzy:
Galusová, Lucie
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/682003.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
watermill
archaeology
Late Middle Ages
modern history
19th and 20th centuries
Opis:
Case studies of watermills that ceased to exist during the 20th century, examined via archaeological methods in the regions of West and Northwest Bohemia, have brought significant findings in the form of particular building stages from the oldest times to the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The Watermill of Hutmühle (Litoměřice district, Northwest Bohemia, near the village of Zubrice) was the most thoroughly investigated site. In the scope of this archaeological excavation, various methodological differences, possibilities and limits of research of such sites appeared. Based on the scientific activities performed, it is evident that these watermills are highly valuable technical sights, which shall be paid more attention to in terms of both archaeological and historical monument care.
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Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica; 2017, 32; 283-307
0208-6034
2449-8300
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Založení nejstarších benediktinských klášterů v Čechách ve světle písemných pramenů (od šedesátých let 10. do šedesátých let 11. století)
The founding of the oldest Benedictine monasteries in Bohemia in the light of written sources (from the 960s to the 1060s)
Autorzy:
Bláhová, Marie
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28409477.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024-03-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Middle Ages
monasteries
Benedictines
scripture
Přemyslid state
średniowiecze
klasztory
benedyktyni
fundacje
piśmiennictwo
państwo Przemyślidów
Opis:
The article is devoted to the establishment of the oldest monastic institutions in the Czech lands in the 10th and 11th century and the scriptural sources dealing with the circumstances of their establishment. It deals with the founding of the female monastery of St. George at Prague Castle and the male monasteries of Břevnov, Ostrov, and Sázava.
Źródło:
Historia Slavorum Occidentis; 2024, 1(40); 71-80
2084-1213
Pojawia się w:
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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