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Tytuł:
Wpływ zgnilizny na jakość drewna w zróżnicowanych wiekowo drzewostanach świerkowych
The effect of decay on the quality of wood in spruce stands of different age
Autorzy:
Dardziński, A.
Giefing, D.F.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1009391.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
uzytkowanie lasu
drzewostany swierkowe
drzewostany przeszlorebne
drzewa lesne
swierk
Picea
drewno swierkowe
degradacja drewna
wady drewna
zgnilizna drewna
mature and overmature spruce stand
rotation age
bark stripping
fungal decay
Opis:
The objective of the research was to analyse the level of fungal infection of spruce wood in the mature and overmature stands and determine the age of their technical maturity. Trees from seven stands aged 49−137 were examined. Age was found to have a statistically significant effect on the level of infection of trees caused by wood−rotting fungi. A high infection level was also detected in the bark−stripped spruces of the lower storeys of multi−storeyed stands. The obtained results enabled determination of the age at which spruces are considered mature (technical maturity) for felling at 80−90 years.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2010, 154, 08; 569-576
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wieloletnia dynamika drzewostanów na dawnym zrębie kulisowym w warunkach ochrony ścisłej (Łysica, Góry Świętokrzyskie)
Long-term dynamics of forest stands on a former narrow strip clear cut under conditions of strict protection (Lysica, the Swietokrzyskie Mountains)
Autorzy:
Brzeziecki, B.
Janicki, S.
Wiech, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1008894.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
parki narodowe
Swietokrzyski Park Narodowy
obszary ochrony scislej
rezerwat Lysica
stale powierzchnie obserwacyjne
zrab kulisowy
drzewostany
dynamika drzewostanu
zmiany skladu gatunkowego
buk zwyczajny
Fagus sylvatica
jodla pospolita
Abies alba
swierk pospolity
Picea abies
klon jawor
Acer pseudoplatanus
zageszczenie drzew
rozwoj drzewostanu
stand dynamics
long−term study
narrow strip clear cut
european beech
norway spruce
silver fir
sycamore
strict protection
Opis:
Major results of the 45−year−long study on the dynamics of strictly protected forest stands, using 3 permanent study plots, 25×100 m each, located on a former narrow strip clear cut established in the beginning of the 20th century on the northern slopes of the Mt. Łysica (the Świętokrzyskie Mountains, Central Poland) are presented. The general development of forest stands is analysed, including change of overall density, tree mortality rate (general and by species), dynamics of basal area and average tree diameter, competitive ability as well as changing role of particular species (mainly European beech, silver fir, sycamore and Norway spruce) in formation of the general stand structure. The results of the study are compared with other investigations of similar type.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2011, 155, 08; 518-529
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Water-management role of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst. and European beech Fagus sylvatica L. in mountain locations
Autorzy:
Kantor, P
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/41099.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Dendrologii PAN
Tematy:
water budget
water management role
Norway spruce
Picea abies
European beech
Fagus sylvatica
mountain location
summary evaporation
snow cover
precipitation
stand type
Opis:
All basic components of the water budget of a mature spruce and beech stand in the Orlické Mts are quantified and the results are given in summary tables. Rest periods (November–April) and vegetation seasons (May–October) are evaluated separately. Special attention is paid to the measurement of snow cover and the processes of snow melting in both types of stands.
Źródło:
Dendrobiology; 2004, 51 Supplement
1641-1307
Pojawia się w:
Dendrobiology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The radial growth-competition relationship in Picea abies stands affected by windfall
Autorzy:
Badea, O.
Dumitru, I.
Cojocia, C.
Popa, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/41406.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Dendrologii PAN
Tematy:
Norway spruce
stand
Picea abies
windfall
risk factor
Opis:
Actual status of mountain forests especialy, of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst. (L)) stands is a result of combined action between forest management measures and biotic and abiotic risk factors. In this context, tree growth dynamics is a result of multifactor interaction (competition, disturbance, management practice, climate etc.). Wind damage affect the stand structure and normal ecosystem functions including the relationship between individual tree growth and competition processes. Though, it is recorded a diminishing of productive capacity for affected stands as well as a significant diameter increment for remaining standing trees. The correlation between tree growth (cumulate basal area increment in the last 10 years) and competition (Hegyi and Schutz competition indices) was analysed in stands with different windfall intensity. No relationship between tree growth and competition was observed in highly affected stands. Schutz competition index explains better individual tree growth comparing with Hegyi index in low or no-affected stand by windthrow. The variability of the basal area increment (lnΔɡ10), explained by competition indices, is rather low (<2%) in the stand that had been highly affected by windfall, regardless of the selected competition index. Thus, significant reduction of the stand density related to number of trees (low density), as a consequence of high intensity windfalls, crown competition has a very small influence on the basal area increment comparing with situations met in low (high density) and moderate (medium density) affected stands.
Źródło:
Dendrobiology; 2015, 73
1641-1307
Pojawia się w:
Dendrobiology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The growth and biodiversity of spruce stands in variable climate conditions - Radziejowa case study
Autorzy:
Grodzki, W.
Ambrozy, S.
Gil, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38388.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
Tematy:
plant growth
biodiversity
spruce stand
climate condition
climate change
forest
radial increment
altitudinal variation
Radziejowa mountain
Opis:
In the experiment eight populations of Picea abies were chosen at 100 m intervals between 500 m and 1200 m altitude a.s.l.. In each population wood core samples were collected from 14–19 trees (126 cores total), and measured using a Corim Maxi device. At four of the eight sites (every 200 m in elevation between 500 m and 1100 m a.s.l.), the diversity of ground vegetation was evaluated, and temperature was recorded at every 100 m of altitude. The highest average radial increment of spruce occurred between the altitudes 800–1000 m a.s.l., which is probably the optimum for spruce. The larger increment indices observed at higher altitudes may signify a high growth potential of spruce. It may also suggest a recent upward shift of the optimum growth zone for this tree species. In 15 phytosociological records, the presence of 148 plant species forming plant associations: Dentario glandulosae- Fagetum typicum (sub-mountainous and mountainous form) and Abieti-Piceetum, and community Abies alba-Rubus hirtus, was documented. No relationship was found between ground vegetation species diversity (expressed by Shannon-Wiener index) and levels of stand diversity. The vegetation species diversity varied with the elevation above sea level: the highest plant diversity was found at 500 m a.s.l., and decreased with increasing altitude. The potential increase in air temperatures may result in changes to the altitudinal range of many plant species including trees, and consequently in an upward shift of the boundaries of plant zones; in this case the sub-mountainous and lower mountainous forest zone. In this region, the optimal zone for Norway spruce may be restricted to the highest elevations.
Źródło:
Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry; 2013, 55, 3
0071-6677
Pojawia się w:
Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The dynamics and structure of dead wood in natural spruce-beech forest stand - a 40 year case study in the Krkonose National Park
Autorzy:
Vacek, S.
Vacek, Z.
Bilek, L.
Hejcmanova, P.
Sticha, V.
Remes, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/41560.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Dendrologii PAN
Tematy:
forest
natural forest
mixed stand
dynamics
structure
dead wood
spruce-beech forest
European beech
Fagus sylvatica
Norway spruce
Picea abies
Czech Republic
Karkonosze National Park
Opis:
The study deals with long-term dynamics of snags and fallen dead wood from 1970 to 2010 in an unmanaged forest ecosystem dominated by European beech in the Bažinky area, Krkonoše National Park (Czech Republic). The volume of dead wood was estimated from 1970 separately for fallen dead wood (logs) and standing dead wood (snags and stumps). Total dead wood volume on permanent research plot (PRP) 6 increased from 41.9 to 241.6 m3 ha–1 and on PRP 7 from 27.7 to 170.0 m3 ha–1. During 40 year case study the mean total volume of fallen dead wood was 193.3 m3 ha–1 (± 29.8 S.E.) and 96.2 m3 ha–1 (± 19.4 S.E.) and the mean total volume of standing dead wood was 17.4 m3 ha–1 (± 3.4 S.E.) and 12.6 m3 ha–1(± 1.4 S.E.) on PRP 6 and PRP 7, respectively. Comparing tree species, the mean volume of fallen dead wood was significantly higher for Norway spruce than for beech in the decomposition class 1 (F(1, 14) = 5.7, P = 0.03) and significantly higher for beech in the decomposition classes 4 (F(1, 14) = 20.4, P < 0.001) and 5 (F(1, 14) = 25.5, P < 0.001). Dead wood was distributed from randomly to aggregated spatial pattern. Despite the rapid decay of beech wood, the amounts of deadwood are likely to increase further during the next decades with continuing disintegration of the forest stand.
Źródło:
Dendrobiology; 2015, 73
1641-1307
Pojawia się w:
Dendrobiology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Tempo wzrostu jarzębiny (Sorbus aucuparia L.) a rozpad górnoreglowego drzewostanu świerkowego
The growth rate of rowan [Sorbus aucuparia L.] versus subalpine spruce stand break down
Autorzy:
Żywiec, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1012925.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
wzrost roslin
odnowienia lasu
Babia Gora
tempo wzrostu
drzewostany swierkowe
lasy gorskie
Sorbus aucuparia
zamieranie lasow
regiel gorny
lesnictwo
jarzab pospolity
luki drzewostanowe
babia góra national park
sorbus aucuparia l.
subalpine spruce forest
growth rate
stand breakdown
Opis:
The paper presents temporal relationships between the breakdown of tree stand in the subalpine spruce forest and the regeneration of rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L) as well as the rate of height growth of rowan stems. Rowans growing in a large gap recruited mostly from the seedling and sapling bank established under the living spruce stand before its breakdown. The rate of stem height growth was five times higher after the gap formation than under spruce stand. In spite of considerable age differences of rowans the variability in their final height after over 20 years of rapid growth was small.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2008, 152, 04; 38-45
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sustainability of Picea abies of Istebna provenance in Dupniański Stream catchment as dependent on stand age class
Autorzy:
Malek, S
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/41396.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Dendrologii PAN
Tematy:
international conference
Europe
forest ecosystem
plant breeding
tree
Norway spruce
Picea abies
sustainability
provenance
Dupnianski Stream catchment
stand age class
Silesian Beskids Mountains
Polska
Opis:
Ecochemical indexes such as soil buffer reaction (pH), acid neutralising capacity (ANCaq), alkalinity (ALK), soil acidity (Ma%), basic cation saturation (BS), and molar ratios Ca:Al and BC:Al were used to study the sustainability of Norway spruce of Istebna provenance in stands differing in age class. The data were obtained from the research conducted in the Dupniański Stream catchment in the Silesian Beskid Mts. (Poland). The acid neutralising capacity, alkalinity, and soil acidity were found to depend on the age of spruce stands. The increased acidification of deposits was due to the presence of sulphate and nitrate ions which were washed out from the surface of plants. Passing through the canopy caused a decrease in the acid neutralising capacity, alkalinity, and base cation saturation, and an increase in the soil acidity, with the values being dependent on stand age. The soil acid reaction shifted to the range of the aluminium and iron bufferness, but the Ca:Al and BC:Al ratios were still above the level when aluminium stress is probable. The washout of the basic cations beyond the spruce root system, and the low levels of exchangeable Mg2+ and Ca2+, basic cation saturation of soil water, and effective base saturation of soil may affect the vitality and health of spruce stands in the future. To maintain the sustainability of Norway spruce stands of Istebna provenance in the Dupniański Stream catchment it is necessary to increase the retention of basic elements, especially Mg2+ and Ca2+, by means of stand conversion or fertilisation.
Źródło:
Dendrobiology; 2009, 61 Supplement
1641-1307
Pojawia się w:
Dendrobiology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Struktura rozkładów pierśnic w naturalnych górnoreglowych borach świerkowych Tatr i Beskidów Zachodnich w zależności od stadiów i faz rozwojowych lasu o charakterze pierwotnym
Autorzy:
Karczmarski, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1022174.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
Tatry
Beskidy Zachodnie
rozklad piersnic
swierk
Picea
regiel gorny
lesnictwo
struktura drzewostanu
bor swierkowy
dbh distribution
stand structure
virgin type forests
spruce
Opis:
The paper focuses on dbh distributions in the natural spruce stands at different stages and in different phases of virgin type forest development in the upper montane belt (according to developmental cycle by Korpel). The dbh distributions: normal, logarithmic−normal, Weibull and gamma that were found on 12 permanent study plots measured in 1991−1994 depended on the developmental stages and phases of the stands analysed.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2005, 149, 03; 12-23
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Stawonogi uszkadzające drewno w badaniach poligonowych
Variability of chemical features of upper horizons in forest soils on the example of Dupnianski stream catchment in the Beskid Slaski Mts.
Autorzy:
Zwydak, M.
Małek, S.
Jodłowski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1013205.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
wlasciwosci chemiczne
Beskid Slaski
gleby lesne
zlewnia Potoku Dupnianskiego
poziom mineralny
poziom organiczny
drzewostany swierkowe
lesnictwo
poziom prochniczny gleby
zmiennosc
mountain soils
norawy spruce stand
chemical features
variavility
Opis:
The objective of the study was to investigate variability of chemical features of upper horizons in forest soils as well as confirmation of collecting the mixed sample that is supposed to describe the soil conditions more effectively. The lowest variability (ca 10%) was observed for pH in H2O and KCl as well as C/N ratio. The highest coefficient of variance exceeded 100% (Ca content). For almost all analysed chemical parameters, the results obtained for mixed sample (average of 5 samples systematically distributed within the study area) are in ±1 standard deviation range from the average of 25 individual samples.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2008, 152, 08; 66-72
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Species conversion of spruce stands in the Wisła Forest District
Autorzy:
Skrzyszewski, J
Skrzyszewska, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/41743.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Dendrologii PAN
Tematy:
Wisla Forest District
spruce
Picea abies
Istebna spruce
seed stand
spruce stand
forest tree
species conversion
Opis:
The paper provides some guidelines on the choice of the target species compositions for plantations that would replace monocultural spruce stands growing on the sites of the Silesian Beskid Mts. Part of the guidelines relates to the rules governing the sequence in which the monocultures will be converted into mixed stands. It is suggested that those rules should be combined with the principles of the establishment of progenyplantations. The seed stands of the Istebna spruce are experimentally divided into four categories according to their abilityto perform the function of a seed stand. The following features of the stands are analysed: vitality, density, stage of regeneration, protective and cultural functions. The paper contains also an outline of the methods of species conversion and the relevant references.
Źródło:
Dendrobiology; 2004, 51 Supplement
1641-1307
Pojawia się w:
Dendrobiology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Size and localisation of knots in timber from mountain spruce stands in the Dolomites
Autorzy:
Barszcz, A.
Sandak, A.
Sandak, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38333.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
Tematy:
size
localization
knot
timber
mountain spruce
tree stand
Dolomites
knot healthiness
Opis:
The aim of the study was evaluation of knots in wood of 150-year-old Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in stands situated at the altitude of 1450– 1740 m above sea level in the Dolomites in Italian section of the Alps. In selected stands, spruce trees were cut down and their length, stem thickness, height to the crown base and stem diameters at every 1 m along the length of merchantable bole were measured. The diameter of knots was measured and they were classified according to their healthiness and the degree of their tightness with the surrounding wood. The relative knot diameters were calculated and the relative height of their location on stem was determined. In total on sample trees there were analysed 1070 knots, of which sound knots (close to 75%) and tight (more than 60%) prevailed. Sound and tight knots had largest diameters, relative diameters and relative heights of location on merchantable boles. The smallest diameters and relative diameters were indicated by rotten and not tight knots that were located at the lowest merchantable bole parts.
Źródło:
Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry; 2010, 52, 1
0071-6677
Pojawia się w:
Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przyrost miąższości drzewostanów mieszanych i litych: wyniki z wybranych stałych powierzchni badawczych w Europie Środkowej
Volume growth of mixed-species versus pure stands: results from selected long-term experimental plots in Central Europe
Autorzy:
Bilak, K.
Dudzińska, M.
Pretzsch, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989685.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
drzewostany lite
drzewostany mieszane
drzewostany swierkowo-bukowe
drzewostany debowo-bukowe
stale powierzchnie obserwacyjne
stopien zmieszania drzew
przyrost miazszosci
european beech
norway spruce
sessile and pedunculate oak
mixed stand
pure stand
facilitation
competition
overyielding
underyielding
close−to−nature silviculture
Opis:
This paper addresses the question of whether or not and to which extent two common tree species mixtures (Norway spruce – European beech; sessile and pedunculate oak – European beech) vary in volume growth from their monocultures. To this end, the results from selected long−term experimental plots located in Germany, Poland and Switzerland, with many of them under survey since the 1890's, were employed. We found than on average both type of mixtures exceeded volume growth in pure stands by almost 30%. The analysis at the species level showed than only a Norway spruce response to mixture was neutral on average, while other tree species were benefitted by mixture. An empirical derived model for mixed stand of oak and European beech disclosed that the interaction can range from facilitation and overyielding on poor sites, through the neutral response under mesotrophic conditions, up to underyielding on fertile sites triggered by competition.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2015, 159, 01; 22-35
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Preliminary assessment of the ecochemical condition of soils after fertilization of younger spruce Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. stands in the Beskid Slaski and Zywiecki Mts.
Autorzy:
Malek, S.
Januszek, K.
Barszcz, J.
Blonska, E.
Wanic, T.
Gasienica-Fronek, W.
Kroczek, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38500.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
Tematy:
ecochemical condition
soil
fertilization
young tree
Norway spruce
Picea abies
tree stand
mountain
Beskid Slaski Mountains
Beskid Zywiecki Mountains
Opis:
The experimental plots were located in the middle forest zone (900– 950 m) on two nappes of the flysch Carpathians: Magura (the Ujsoły Forest District) and Silesian (the Wisła Forest District) in the spruce stands of age class 21– 40 years. Serpentinite was introduced in the autumn of 2008 on all plots while other fertilizers (N, P, NP and NPK) in the spring of 2009. Based on the chemical composition of soil solutions collected in lysimeters placed at the depth of 20 cm in the autumn 2008 and the spring and autumn 2009, ecochemical parameters were calculated: acid neutralization capacity (ANCaq), alkalinity (ALK), the degree of soil acidity (Ma%), acidic cations (Ma), saturation of the exchangeable complex of the soil solid phase (Mb) with alkalis, saturation with alkalis (BS), molar relations Ca/Al, Mb/Al, BC/Al. After the winter, soil solutions became acidic, especially in the Wisła Forest District. The saturation of the studied soils demonstrates moderate flexibility of soils in the Wisła Forest District in relation to acid load, and high flexibility of the Ujsoły soils. The opposite trend was observed for the degree of acidity of soils. Acid neutralization capacity and alkalinity of the waters showed significant variations in soil pH even in the case of small variations in the composition of the solution, if they were caused by the inflow of the anions of NO3 - and SO4 2-. After application of the fertilizers, an increase of Mg, Ca and Mb was noted in the soil solution, determined in the overlaying highly acidic organic horizons trough the ion-exchange buffering mechanism of highly protonated functional groups with high buffering capacity. Highly improved content of Mg in a soil, and in some cases – also the content of N, P and K, present potential improvement of forest growth capacity without the hazard of adverse side-effects of liming. Aluminum stress in the spruce is unlikely, while trees in the control plots in the Wisła Forest District may already be sensitive.
Źródło:
Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry; 2011, 53, 2
0071-6677
Pojawia się w:
Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Poziome rozmieszczenie drzew w osiemdziesięcioletnich gospodarczych drzewostanach świerkowych w Nadleśnictwie Sławno
Horizontal distribution of trees in managed, 80-years old Norway spruce stands in Slawno Forest District
Autorzy:
Szmyt, J.
Korzeniewicz, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1015820.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
funkcja Ripleya
biogrupy
drzewostany swierkowe
Picea abies
lesnictwo
struktura drzewostanu
rozmieszczenie przestrzenne
Nadlesnictwo Slawno
swierk pospolity
drzewa lesne
lasy gospodarcze
norway spruce
spatial distribution
ripley's function
biogrups
stand structure
Opis:
The objective of this research was to describe the horizontal distribution of trees in the managed Norway spruce stands located in the Sławno Forest District. The knowledge of that stand feature may be useful for the forest management in natural as well as in artificial stands. This paper presents the analysis of the spatial pattern of trees belonging to the different diameter classes in two separate stands. Majority of the living trees in both stands characterised with random spatial distribution. Trees with small (≤20 cm) dbh were localised in groups the most often.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2007, 151, 09; 3-11
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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