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Tytuł:
POLISH FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS SMALL EAST-CENTRAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (1989-2009) (Polityka zagraniczna Polski wobec małych krajów Europy Srodkowo-Wschodniej (1989-2009))
Autorzy:
Fiszer, Jozef M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/416285.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Uczelnia Łazarskiego. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
POLISH FOREIGN POLICY
RESEARCH METHODS
Opis:
The present article is a thorough politological analysis of the contemporary international relations. It is aimed at presenting and attempting to assess Polish foreign policy in the years 1989-2009, giving special consideration to the policy towards small East-Central European countries, i.e. closer and further neighbors of Poland. Showing successes and failures of Polish foreign policy in the years 1989-2009, the author tries to answer the question about the new Polish foreign policy strategy after 2004, i.e. after its accession to the European Union. He proposes many interesting theses, including one that Poland, as a medium size country with its demographic, economic and military potential, could successfully play a role of a leader in East-Central Europe, or even function as a regional superpower gathering around it such countries as Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and even Hungary, Slovenia, Romania and Bulgaria, as well as Scandinavian countries. Taking into account the changing power order at the international arena at the beginning of the 21st century and the development of a new, multi-polarized international order, the author suggests that apart from the co-operation with the small countries of the region, Polish foreign policy should be based on the following assumptions: firstly, the European Union must be a foundation stone of Polish foreign policy; secondly, NATO must be the foundation for Polish security policy; thirdly, Poland should develop co-operation and versatile relations with the United States but it should not support those aspects of American foreign and security policy which do not serve the interests of the West, nor international stability, and question UN's credibility and are aimed at creating divisions in Europe and the world. The author used such research methods as an analysis of documents and international processes and a diagnostic comparative method.
Źródło:
Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna; 2010, 1(28); 129-160
2081-5913
2545-0964
Pojawia się w:
Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Parisian Cultures Views on Eastern Europe as a Factor in Contemporary Polish Foreign Policy
Autorzy:
Hofman, Iwona
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2026816.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Parisian Culture
Eastern Europe
Polish Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy
Opis:
When analyzing events which unfolded in the Ukraine during the final months of 2004 and the involvement of Polish politicians and public opinion in the struggle for the preservation of the democratic character of presidential elections, a question arises regarding the connection of their actions with the political projects of Jerzy Giedroyć, the founder and sole editor of an influential magazine and a centre of political thought, which was Culture, published in Maisons-Laffitte, near Paris, in the years 1947–2000. Historians and political scientists rightly emphasize the fact that the „Eastern doctrine”, also known as the ULB doctrine (from the abbreviation of „Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus”), has been a constant element of Polish foreign policy since 1989. Generally speaking, Giedroyć was convinced that nationalist impulses would eventually destroy the Russian empire from within, and a sovereign Poland would gain three new neighbours in the East: Ukraine, Lithuania and Belarus. This process was expected to take place in the near future, as foreseen by Culture contributors who called on the émigrés from Eastern Europe to work together in laying solid foundations for the future partnership.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2005, 34; 77-86
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Securitization of Past: Analysis of the Katyń Issue in the Context of EU Integration
Autorzy:
Sebina, Olga
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594564.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
securitization
the Katyń issue
Polish foreign policy
Opis:
This paper provides a theoretical explanation of what causes historical issues to impact bilateral relations between two states. The case which was chosen for analysis – popularly known as the Katyń issue – involves changes in Polish foreign policy towards the Russian Federation due to the remembrance of the Katyń Massacre. The main assumptions are based on the concept of securitization and its analytical framework, particularly the societal portion, which is proposed by the Copenhagen School of security study. The process of European integration can be seen as the main causal factor leading to a complex of vertical and horizontal competition between Poland, the EU, and Russia over the construction of their historical identities with a referent object of securitization in Poland. The main conclusion of this paper suggests that significant differences in the understanding of various nations’ roles in WW2 between the EU and Russia have led to the securitization of the Polish historical image of WW2. The Polish audience considered it important to accept the historical truth. The Katyń issue in Polish–Russian relations has become a case that reflects the process which leads to securitization of disputes between historical victims and victimizers on a state–to–state level.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2016, 45; 45-59
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Inicjatywa Trójmorza w polskiej polityce zagranicznej
The Three Seas Initiative in Poland’s Foreign Policy
Autorzy:
Ukielski, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/558332.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
Three Seas Initiative
Polish foreign policy
Central Europe
Opis:
The purpose of this article is to analyse activities of the new regional grouping in the Central Europe – the Three Seas Initiative. The research covered the declared and factual goals, with particular emphasis on the question to what extent the project is infrastructural and economic, and how much the political and geostrategic. It covers also description of both summits held before 2018 in Dubrovnik and Warsaw, which is followed by analysis of criticism of the idea. Main fields of cooperation are presented with its perspectives, possibilities and constraints. The final part of the article presents factors that in the future will determine the dynamic development of the Initiative or its rapid stagnation and disappearance.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2018, 2; 45-58
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Jerzy Potocki w kręgu polityki
Autorzy:
Jankowiak, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/631097.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
JERZY POTOCKI
POLISH ARISTOCRACY
POLISH INTERNAL POLICY
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
POLISH FOREIGN POLICY
Opis:
The paper covers the first half of the 20th century, a period of decline in the history of aristocracy, Polish aristocracy in particular. The article is concerned chiefly with count Jerzy Potocki, from the Łańcut branch of the family. It aims to determine the state of knowledge about his relationships with broadly understood politics, including his own political activities in different domains. The basis for the analyses is provided chiefly by various publications, at times including data from unpublished archival sources. The analyses demonstrate the diversification of knowledge and advisability of further research, particularly with archival sources. 
Źródło:
Studia Europaea Gnesnensia; 2013, 8; 239-272
2082-5951
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europaea Gnesnensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Religion in the Polish Geopolitical Codes in the Period 1990-2017 on the Example of the Information of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs on the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Poland
Autorzy:
Macała, Jarosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/943524.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Religioznawcze
Tematy:
religion
geopolitics
critical geopolitics
polish geopolitical codes
polish foreign policy
Opis:
We współczesnej geopolityce, głównie w zachodnich publikacjach, religia nie stanowi istotnego czynnika. Szczególnie, że prawie nigdy religia nie jest jedynym czynnikiem wpływającym na procesy geopolityczne, lecz koreluje z wieloma innymi zmiennymi, których wpływy trudno zbadać i zmierzyć. Stąd dużo więcej badań naukowych nad związkami między geopolityką a kulturą. Jednym ze wskaźników pozycji państwa w środowisku międzynarodowym oraz w kierunkach polityce zagranicznej są kody geopolityczne. Kody geopolityczne można zdefiniować jako kody operacyjne określające możliwości państwa  polityki zagranicznej oraz ewaluacji jego miejsca w świecie. Religia odgrywała w polskich kodach geopolitycznych niewielką rolę, analizowana głównie w kontekście przynależności Polski do zachodniego kręgu cywilizacyjnego. Podkreślał  to katolicyzm Polaków. Religia, głównie islam, traktowana była jako zagrożenie w przyjętym od USA hegemonicznym kodzie geopolitycznym wojny z terrorem.
In present geopolitics, mainly in western publications, religion is not an important factor. Particularly, that religion is hardly ever the only influencing on geopolitical processes factor, but it correlates with many different variables which are hard influences to examine and to measure. From here, there is a lot more scientific research over relationships between geopolitics and the culture. One of the key indicators of a country's position in global affairs and its foreign policy trends is the geopolitical code. Geopolitical code is defined as the operating code of a government's foreign policy that evaluates places beyond its boundaries. The religion played a minor role in Polish geopolitical codes, analyzed mainly in context of membership of Poland in the western civilization circle. Poles' Catholicism emphasized it. Religion, mainly Islam was treated as a threat in adapted from USA hegemonic geopolitical code of war on terror.
Źródło:
Przegląd Religioznawczy; 2018, 4/270
1230-4379
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Religioznawczy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Inicjatywa Trójmorza z perspektywy niemieckiej
The Three Seas Concept from the German Perspective
Autorzy:
Dahl, Martin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/969503.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
Intermarium
Polish Foreign Policy
Germany in International Relations
Geopolitics
Opis:
The acquisition in 2015 of power in Poland by national-conservative party Law and Justice led to a change in priorities of Polish foreign policy. The Intermarium initiative understood as a closer cooperation of the eastern European Union states between the Baltic Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea became a new instrument of Polish foreign policy. For historical reasons, the initiative of the Intermarium is associated with a similar concept, pushed through Poland in the 1920s, which was focused to create an alliance of Central European countries aimed at more effective protection against Russian expansion and German hegemony. In this context, the article aims to find the answer, how the Polish Intermarium initiative is a subject of public debate in Germany and how it affects foreign policy pursued by Germany.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2018, 2; 59-72
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Poland’s Positions and Interests Concerning the Eastern Partnership
Польська позиція щодо східного партнерства
Autorzy:
Tyshchenko, Dmytro
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/489426.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe w Żytomierzu
Tematy:
Eastern Europe,
European Neighbourhood Policy,
Eastern Partnership,
Polish foreign policy,
Ukraine
Opis:
Poland’s Eastern policy is the result of the lack of a coherent concept, a return to the tradition of martyrdom and heroism, an ideologization in the form of missionarism and Prometheanism, and a confrontational attitudes towards Russia. The lack of a critical reflection over the chances for the normalization of relations with the largest country in the East is largely a result of ignoring our own national interest. The Polish political elites uncritically acquiesce to U.S. visions related to the encirclement and fragmentation of Russia. In this way, Poland becomes, at its own request, a hostage to foreign geostrategic concepts. Obstacles on the way to the normalization of Polish-Russian relations are subjective and objective. They find expression in each other’s attitudes, emotions and psychology, as well as the asymmetry of power and interests advanced by each party. Opportunities for the normalization of Polish-Russian relations should be sought in taking advantage of the mechanisms and experiences of Europeanization, i.e. Poland’s participation in the team play within the European Union. The condition for success is cooperative thinking, based on an accommodative strategy, and not a confrontational one, allowing for a re-evaluation of the negative ideological past to reach positive and pragmatic cooperation.
Źródło:
Studia Politologica Ucraino-Polona; 2014, 4; 71-77
2312-8933
Pojawia się w:
Studia Politologica Ucraino-Polona
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
LAST DECADE IN POLISH FOREIGN POLICY TOWARD AFRICA
Autorzy:
Tomaszewska, Natalia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/484014.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu i Przedsiębiorczości w Ostrowcu Świętokrzyskim
Tematy:
polish-African relation
Polish foreign policy toward Africa
economic relation with Africa
Opis:
Polish relations with Africa are important but rather overlooked topic. Article deals with political and economic relations with this continent. The Author delves into the topic, analyzing, among other, statements of politicians, exposes of foreign ministers or official visits. In the economic aspect, Author put emphasis on the activity of private Polish companies on the local markets. Author compares Poland's exports on national scale to African countries from 2008 to 2016, also considering what specific products are exported.
Źródło:
Ante Portas – Studia nad Bezpieczeństwem; 2017, 2(9) Security Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa; 173-200
2353-6306
Pojawia się w:
Ante Portas – Studia nad Bezpieczeństwem
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Projekt Azja i strategia brandingu Polski przez kulturę w Azji Wschodniej i Południowej w latach 2010–2015
Project Asia and Poland’s Branding Strategy through Culture in East and South Asia in 2010–2015
Autorzy:
Jurkiewicz-Eckert, Dorota
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/558186.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
Cultural Diplomacy
Contemporary Polish Culture
Polska Brand
Polish Foreign Policy
Nation Branding
Opis:
The paper analyses the nation branding as an umbrella concept applied by the Polish cultural diplomacy for the promotion of a positive image of Poland in the world since 2008. The analysis takes the form of a case study of a Project Asia, a new, long-term project aiming to promote brand Polska through high and non-commercial culture in East and South Asia. Since 2010 the project has been executed by Adam Mickiewicz Institute in cooperation with Polish diplomatic missions, Polish Institutes and other Polish institutions engaged in promotion of the Polish culture abroad. Establishing the presence of Polish contemporary culture in East and South Asia has become a significant challenge because of circumstances and contexts much different from those in which IAM used to develop consistent cultural narratives about contemporary Poland. The paper analyses the main institutional and cultural determinants of the project development, the dynamics of its implementation and its adjustment to the cultural realities of Asian countries.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2016, 3; 147-168
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polityka Polski wobec Ukrainy od czasu powstania pierwszego rządu koalicji PO-PSL do katastrofy smoleńskiej
Polish Policy towards Ukraine Starting from the Formation of the First PO-PSL Coalition Government until Smolensk Crash
Autorzy:
Kowalczyk, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/489359.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe w Żytomierzu
Tematy:
Polish foreign policy
Poland’s Eastern policy
Ukraine, Eastern Partnership
Civic Platform
Lech Kaczynski
Opis:
The article regards the Polish policy towards Ukraine from the time of the first government of the Civic Platform and Polish People’s Party to the Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash. The main aim of the article is to present the most relevant political actions which were made in this time by Polish authorities not only in terms of bilateral relations but also in terms of multilateral ideas and concepts which were important from the Ukrainian point of view i.e. the Eastern Partnership. The conducted research also based on the internal and external determinants of Polish and Ukrainian policy as well as on the party platform of the Civic Platform at that time. Both determinants and party platform were briefly described in the article. According to the research, it is possible to indicate several general conclusions: between 2007 and 2010 Ukraine remained (however with a changed role) one of the most significant Polish partners; the government of the Civic Platform decided to transfer lot of tasks regarding the policy towards Ukraine to the European Union; the Eastern Partnership program which was established in 2008 could not been treated as an equivalent of membership in the EU; the most important goals from the Polish point of view including measurable integration of Ukraine with the EU and NATO were not reached.
Źródło:
Studia Politologica Ucraino-Polona; 2016, 6; 101-111
2312-8933
Pojawia się w:
Studia Politologica Ucraino-Polona
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Udział Polski w operacjach pokojowych Unii Europejskiej. Dylematy i wyzwania
Polish participation in peacekeeping operations of the European Union. Dilemm as and chall enges
Autorzy:
Podgórzańska, Renata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1595754.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Tematy:
Polish foreign policy
European Union
peacekeeping operations
polska polityka zagraniczna
Unia Europejska
operacje pokojowe
Opis:
Jedynym z istotnych fragmentów realizowanej po 1989 roku polityki zagranicznej jest zaangażowanie Polski w działania społeczności międzynarodowej na rzecz umacniania bezpieczeństwa w państwach i regionach konfliktogennych. Polska konsekwentnie wykorzystuje udział w operacjach pokojowych prowadzonych pod auspicjami organizacji międzynarodowych i koalicji ad hoc jako instrument realizacji polityki zagranicznej. Celem artykułu jest analiza motywów i skali zaangażowania Polski w operacje pokojowe UE z perspektywy polityki zagranicznej po 1989 roku. Przyjęta konstrukcja artykułu nie pozwala na wieloaspektową analizę a jedynie na skoncentrowanie się na wybranych kwestiach, a mianowicie motywach i dylematach zaangażowania Polski w operacje pokojowe UE.
One of the significant elements of the foreign policy pursued after 1989 is Poland’s engagement in the activities of the international community for strengthening the security in conflict-prone states and regions. Poland has consequently utilised the participation in peacekeeping operations, carried out under the auspices of international organisations and coalitions created ad hoc, as an instrument for implementing its foreign policy. The aim of the article is the analysis of the character, scale and motives for Poland’s involvement in the peacekeeping operations of the European Union, from the perspective of the foreign policy after 1989. The adopted construction of the article does not allow to conduct a multi-faceted analysis, but only to concentrate on selected issues, namely the motives and dilemmas of Polish engagement in the European Union’s peacekeeping operations.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego. Acta Politica; 2015, 32, 2; 69-84
0867-0617
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego. Acta Politica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Challenges and Perspectives of Polish Foreign Policy Towards the Post-Yugoslav Region
Autorzy:
Podgórzańska, Renata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2032374.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Polish foreign policy
Post-Yougoslav region
enlargement of European Union
post-Cold War period
Opis:
In the new, post-Cold War reality Polish foreign policy faced challenges stemming from the need to set targets that would reflect the interests of Poland, as well as take into account the changes in the international environment. Gradually, the assumptions and directions of foreign policy were rebuilt, with an aim to ensure the safety of the country in both internal and external dimension, to provide the territorial integrity, strengthen the sovereignty and create optimal conditions for the development of the state and society. After 1989, as a consequence of the concentration of efforts of Polish diplomacy on the implementation of strategic directions of foreign policy, others had a secondary meaning. Polish vital interests were located in the Euro-Atlantic area, in the immediate vicinity, as well as in Central and Eastern Europe, which is why in the first place all strengths and resources were engaged there in order to implement the strategic tasks of foreign policy; the Western Balkans remained on the sidelines, in the territory of former Yugoslavia. Nevertheless, this did not mean the total marginalization of the post- -Yugoslav region, and the perception of the events associated with the disintegration of the Yugoslav federation as not directly, but only indirectly connected with Polish interests.
Źródło:
Reality of Politics; 2013, 4; 178-197
2082-3959
Pojawia się w:
Reality of Politics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Od Krzyżowej do Majdanu. Sąsiedztwo z Niemcami w polityce III RP
From Krzyżowa to Majdan. German neighbours in the Polish Third Republic politics
Autorzy:
Jackowska, Natalia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/489787.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
Tematy:
III RP
stosunki polsko-niemieckie polska polityka zagraniczna
Polish Third Republic Polish-German relations
Polish foreign policy
Opis:
The perspective of 25 years of the Polish Third Republic and achieving the goals assigned at the beginning of the transformation, connected with reorienting the Polish politics allows for looking at the Polish-German relations in a broader context of European dynamics and international relation in the world, although not without the living schematics, stereotypes and habits, able to determine thoughts and decisions. Relations with Germans have stopped being a subject of superpolitical unanimity, and in the perception of further generations the historical traumas will give place to the pragmatic everyday life. The material refers to the concepts of interest community, memory and generational changes which show the scale of the change made in the Polish-German relations, as well as try to set the perspective of implementing the experiences gathered so far.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica; 2015, 14; 139-152
2081-3333
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dyplomacja PRL wobec kryzysu karaibskiego w 1962 roku
Autorzy:
Kieć, Konrad
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1373780.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-04-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Polish foreign policy
20th century
Caribbean Crisis
polska polityka zagraniczna
wiek XX
kryzys karaibski
Opis:
Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych oraz ówczesny szef polskiej dyplomacji Adam Rapacki uważali kryzys karaibski za niezwykle groźny dla Polski. Wynikało to z faktu, że Warszawa utrzymywała dobre relacje gospodarcze z Waszyngtonem. Od czasu nawiązania relacji dyplomatycznych z Hawaną stosunki między PRL a Kubą rozwijały się wolno. Od 1960 r. PRL była zmuszona okazywać pomoc Kubie i nie czerpała zysków z wymiany handlowej. Szersze zaangażowanie na rzecz poprawy stosunków z reżimem Castro było wymuszone przez Moskwę. Polska jako członek bloku wschodniego nawiązała relacje z Hawaną najpóźniej ze wszystkich krajów wchodzących w jego skład. Na wspomniane ruchy Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki zareagowały w sposób niezwykle nerwowy. Administracja prezydenta Johna Kennedy’ego groziła cofnięciem cesji gospodarczych udzielonych Polsce. W tym kontekście wizyta Adama Rapackiego w Hawanie w czerwcu 1961 r. wydawała się z punktu widzenia USA prowokacyjna. Inaczej wystąpienie polskiego ministra odebrali brytyjscy dyplomaci, którzy utrzymywali, że podczas przemówienia na Uniwersytecie w Hawanie Rapacki starał się nie obrażać Stanów Zjednoczonych. Dodatkowo Foreign Office uważało, że został on zmuszony do złożenia owej wizyty zagranicznej. W momencie, gdy rozpoczął się kryzys rakietowy na Kubie, polskie MSZ starało się za wszelką cenę uniknąć działań, które mogły zostać odebrane jako prowokacja przez siły US Navy, prowadzące morską blokadę wyspy. O zamiarach dotyczących rozmieszczenia pocisków atomowych na Kubie ZSRR nie poinformowało swoich sojuszników, co świadczyło o braku suwerenności PRL oraz innych państw bloku wschodniego. MSZ nie podejmowało żadnych aktywnych ruchów w tej kwestii, ale starało się pozyskać najbardziej wiarygodne informacje na temat rozgrywających się zdarzeń. Najlepiej poinformowany był ambasador PRL w Waszyngtonie, a jego odpowiednicy w Hawanie i Moskwie mieli niekompletne dane. Dodatkowo, po ustaniu największego zagrożenia związanego z wybuchem wojny termonuklearnej, to PRL przekazywała informacje o krytyce Fidela Castro kierowanej wobec Moskwy, a dotyczącej kryzysu.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the head of Polish diplomacy at that time, Adam Rapacki, considered the Caribbean Crisis to be extremely dangerous for Poland. It was due to the fact that Warsaw maintained good economic relations with Washington. Since establishing diplomatic relations with Havana, relations between the Polish People’s Republic (PPR) and Cuba had developed slowly. From 1960, PPR was forced to help Cuba, while not drawing any benefits from exchange trade. Larger commitment to improve relations with Castro’s regimes was forced by Moscow. Poland was the last member of Eastern Bloc to establish relations with Havana. The United States of America reacted to these events in an extremely nervous manner. The administration of President John Kennedy threatened to cancel economic cessions granted to Poland. In this context, Adam Rapacki’s visit to Havana in June 1961 seemed provocative from the USA point of view. British diplomacy, however, interpreted the Polish minister’s speech at the University of Havana differently and maintained that Rapacki was careful not to offend the United States of America. Moreover, the Foreign Office believed that he was forced to make this foreign visit. When the Cuban Missile Crisis began, the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs tried to avoid any actions that could be seen as provocative by U.S. Navy forces, conducting a naval blockade of the island. The USSR did not inform its allies about the plan of placing the missiles on Cuba, which testified to the lack of sovereignty of the PPR and other Eastern Bloc states. The Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs did not make any active moves regarding the crisis, but still tried to obtain the most reliable information on the events. The most informed person was PPR’s ambassador in Washington, while those in Havana and Moscow had incomplete data. In addition, after the biggest threat of the outbreak of thermonuclear war has passed, it was the PPR that provided information about Fidel Castro’s critique of Moscow’s position towards the crisis.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica; 2020, 106; 157-189
0208-6050
2450-6990
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 81

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