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Tytuł:
Edukacja przyrodniczo-lesna w Nadlesnictwie Rudnik
Nature and forest education in the Rudnik Forest District
Autorzy:
Mlynarski, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/45807.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
Tematy:
lesnictwo
edukacja przyrodniczo-lesna
Nadlesnictwo Rudnik
Źródło:
Leśne Prace Badawcze; 2009, 70, 3; 293-296
1732-9442
2082-8926
Pojawia się w:
Leśne Prace Badawcze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Efektywność gospodarowania w leśnictwie - przegląd literatury
Efficiency evaluation in forest management - a literature review
Autorzy:
Mlynarski, W.
Kaliszewski, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/46351.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
Tematy:
lesnictwo
gospodarka lesna
efektywnosc gospodarowania
analiza efektywnosci
metody analizy
Źródło:
Leśne Prace Badawcze; 2018, 79, 3
1732-9442
2082-8926
Pojawia się w:
Leśne Prace Badawcze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Metoda DEA w badaniu efektywności nadleśnictw
Data Envelopment Analysis in evaluation of the forest districts efficiency
Autorzy:
Młynarski, W.
Prędki, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989059.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
Panstwowe Gospodarstwo Lesne Lasy Panstwowe
nadlesnictwa
gospodarka lesna
efektywnosc gospodarki
efektywnosc finansowa
metody analizy
metoda DEA
forestry
efficiency
dea method
Opis:
The aim of this paper was to evaluate the financial and economic resources efficiency of forest districts in the years 2008−2012 using a nonparametric approach of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). DEA is a linear programming based method for evaluating the performance of comparable production units such as firms. The relative efficiency of compared forest districts is calculated with the Variable Returns to Scale (VRS) model. Although the method is already extensively applied in many areas of economics, its use in forestry remains limited. We studied 110 forest districts from Wrocław, Katowice, Kraków and Krosno regional directorates of the State Forests. The research was conducted in groups of forest districts according to the similar forest site type, which ensured the homogeneity of the units and the comparability of research results. Two categories of the forest districts were identified: ‘lowland' and ‘upland−mountain' ones. The study covered selection of input (efforts) and output (results) variables as well as selection of appropriate DEA model, which were used to evaluate technical efficiency of the forest districts. Within the so−called model of economic resources they were quantified in technical units, whereas in a financial model – in value terms. The research shows differences in the use of economic and financial resources by the analyzed forest districts. The ‘lowland' were more effective than ‘upland−mountain' ones both in terms of the use of the financial and economic resources. Average relative efficiency in a financial model for the ‘lowland' forest districts amounts to 0.896, while for the ‘upland−mountain' ones – to 0.839. In economic resources model this parameter equals 0.853 and 0.823, respectively. The DEA method may be an alternative or complementary to other methods of evaluation of the forest district efficiency. Any attempt of such analysis may be very valuable support in the forest management.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2017, 161, 12; 1018-1025
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zastosowanie metody granicznej analizy danych do oceny efektywności gospodarowania w leśnictwie i przemyśle drzewnym
Application of Data Envelopment Analysis to efficiency evaluation in forestry and wood-based industry
Autorzy:
Młynarski, W.
Kaliszewski, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/985973.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
przemysl drzewny
efektywnosc gospodarowania
metody oceny
metoda DEA
efficiency analysis
dea method
non−parametric approach
Opis:
The paper presents the literature review concerning the general assumptions of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and its applications in forest management and wood industry evaluation. So far, efficiency evaluation in forestry sector was carried out using mostly the ratio analysis only. The DEA approach, which was developed in the 1970s, is based on the mathematical programming algorithm and gives more opportunities to analyze efficiency in forestry sector. We describe the main steps of DEA and possible options for the analysis. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the method applications. We also present the most significant papers concerning DEA application in forest management and wood−based industry. As far as forest management is regarded, DEA was used for evaluating forest offices, administration and institutions and optimizing forestry operations performed by both private and state−owned companies. In case of wood−based industry, the method was used mostly for evaluating efficiency of sawmills and pulp mills. Most of the research in this field was carried out in the United States and Canada. DEA was applied to measure efficiency in forest management in Poland only recently, which should be considered as a good step towards improvement of research quality in this field in Poland and should provide comprehensive results of forest management efficiency evaluation. The method should be used more widely to evaluate efficiency of various aspects of forestry and wood−based industry in Poland.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2018, 162, 10; 808-818
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Stan i problemy zagospodarowania lasów w miastach województwa mazowieckiego
The current state of forest management in cities and associated problems in the Mazowieckie Province
Autorzy:
Młynarski, W.
Kaliszewski, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1317901.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
Tematy:
lesnictwo
lasy miejskie
lasy komunalne
ochrona lasu
zagospodarowanie lasu
zagospodarowanie rekreacyjne
miasta
woj.mazowieckie
urban forests
urbanised areas
communal forests
private forests
Opis:
The article presents research on the management and supervision of forests located within cities in the Mazowieckie Province. The information was obtained from questionnaires sent to all 85 city authorities in the province. The questions were related to organization and supervision of forests, forest management and protection, recreational management and financing of forests, as well as main problems associated with the management of urban forests. The research indicated that forests, which altogether cover more than 10% of city area, have a very important function, despite the forest area per resident being very small. The difficulties in forest management may arise due to their highly fragmented distribution as well as the mixture of many different types of forest owners. Moreover, communal forests in the province's smaller towns lack proper management and protection structures and lack recreational facilities as local infrastructure is poorly developed. These sort of activities are conducted only in larger municipalities. Most of the non-state owned forests within cities have simplified forest management plans, which counts as a big plus for the Mazowieckie Province when considered in the context of the whole country. Certain measures should be taken to improve the condition of urban forests in the Mazowieckie Province, and serve to preserve and protection these forests. It is fundamental that city governments should cooperate with as wide as possible a circle of interested parties, to undertake common activities in forests of various ownership types located within each given urban area. Additionally, all feasible sources of financing should be considered.
Źródło:
Leśne Prace Badawcze; 2013, 74, 4; 315-321
1732-9442
2082-8926
Pojawia się w:
Leśne Prace Badawcze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bezpośrednie koszty i źródła finansowania ochrony przyrody i różnorodności biologicznej w nadleśnictwach w województwie mazowieckim
Direct costs and sources of financing of nature conservation and biodiversity protection in forest districts in the Mazowieckie Province
Autorzy:
Kaliszewski, A.
Młynarski, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989967.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
nadlesnictwa
ochrona przyrody
ochrona bioroznorodnosci
koszty bezposrednie
zrodla finansowania
woj.mazowieckie
public funds
subsidies
forest policy
Opis:
The paper analyses direct costs of nature conservation and biodiversity protection incurred by forest districts of the State Forests in the Mazowieckie Province in the period 2008−2011. It also examines sources of their financing. The study shows that the largest amount of money – 65% of all costs – was spent on a wide range of activities related to biodiversity protection. The most significant fund donors were forest districts themselves. They provided 68.3% of all resources for nature conservation and biodiversity protection. The research also shows that funds received for these purposes from the state budget are rather of secondary importance.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2014, 158, 07; 491-498
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Alternatywne koszty ustanowienia rezerwatów przyrody w lasach na przykładzie wybranych nadleśnictw województwa mazowieckiego
Opportunity costs of establishing nature reserves in selected forest districts of the Mazowieckie Province
Autorzy:
Kaliszewski, A.
Młynarski, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1315962.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
Tematy:
lesnictwo
woj.mazowieckie
ochrona przyrody
nadlesnictwa
Nadlesnictwo Celestynow
Nadlesnictwo Plonsk
Nadlesnictwo Zwolen
Nadlesnictwo Grojec
rezerwaty przyrody
ustanowienie rezerwatu
koszty straconych korzysci
utrata miejsc pracy
zmniejszenie przychodow
biodiversity conservation
public forests
local labour market
tax concessions
Opis:
The article presents the results of research on the opportunity costs related to establishing nature reserves in four randomly-selected forest districts located in the Mazowieckie Province: Celestynów, Grójec, P³oñsk and Zwoleń. Our analysis included calculation of profits forgone by forest districts due to the cessation of timber harvesting in nature reserves and an estimation of work places lost as a result of introduction of new limitations, as well as the expenses incurred by municipalities related to their establishment of forest tax concessions in nature reserves. The establishment of nature reserves incurred losses related to timber harvest of about 246 thousand m3 during the period of 10 years, which is equivalent to between 4.1% and 19.8% of the planned timber harvest stated in the forest management plans of the studied forest districts. Total opportunity costs were equal to 25.5-27.2 million PLN during these 10 years or 1502-1605 PLN/ha of nature reserve annually. Annual opportunity costs calculated per unit of forest area were equal to 56-60 PLN/ha. The estimated loss in work places was 98.8 working days annually per 1000 ha of forest area in forest districts. Total expenses incurred by municipalities related to establishment of forest tax concessions in nature reserves reached about 18.1 thousand PLN in 2011. The research results show that the economic and social costs of nature protection activities are concentrated in their places of their origin. Those costs are felt the most by the owners of the affected forests and local communities. We recommend that possibilities are explored for the introduction of instruments to allow the mitigation of negative effects resulting from restrictions in forest use. Restructuring of forest and nature protection policy, to take into account the interests of all stakeholders would provide an improved model for the use of these forests.
Źródło:
Leśne Prace Badawcze; 2014, 75, 1; 89-99
1732-9442
2082-8926
Pojawia się w:
Leśne Prace Badawcze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Alternatywne koszty ustanowienia stref ochrony gatunkowej ptaków w lasach na przykładzie wybranych nadleśnictw
Opportunity costs of establishing bird protection zones in selected forest districts
Autorzy:
Kaliszewski, A.
Młynarski, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989768.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
ochrona przyrody
gniazda ptasie
strefa ochronna gniazd
ustanowienie strefy ochronnej
koszty alternatywne
koszty straconych korzysci
lasy gospodarcze
zaprzestanie uzytkowania
utrata miejsc pracy
zmniejszenie przychodow
Nadlesnictwo Grojec
Nadlesnictwo Zwolen
biodiversity conservation
public forests
local labour market
economic loss
Opis:
The article presents the results of research on the opportunity costs related to establishment of perennial bird protection zones in forests located in two randomly selected forest districts of the Mazowieckie Province: Grójec and Zwoleń (Regional Directorate of the State Forests in Radom). The analysis included calculation of profits lost by forest districts due to termination of timber harvest in bird protection zones and also estimation of work places lost as a result of introduction of new limitations (social costs). The analysis was conducted based on the assumption that currently protected tree stands within protection zones would have been managed in a regular manner, i.e. that pre−commercial and commercial thinning, as well as final cuttings would have taken place and that they would have been a source of income to the examined forest districts. Based on the characteristics of tree stands within protection zones derived from the forest management plans for the forest districts at stake, potential thinning and cutting volumes for a 10−year period as well as potential incomes from timber sale were determined. The calculated timber volume was also used for estimating labour intensity of timber harvesting and skidding. Establishment of perennial bird protection zones generated losses in timber harvest in the amount of about 24.6 thousand m³ during the period of 10 years, which equals to about 1.7% (Grójec) and 2.2% (Zwoleń) of planned timber harvest amounts stated in the forest management plans of the studied forest districts. Total opportunity costs were equal to 3478 thousand PLN during 10 years or 1313 PLN/ha of protection zone annually. Annual opportunity costs calculated per unit of forest area of the forest districts were equal to 11.56 PLN/ha. The estimated loss in work places was 0.85 full−time jobs annually per every 100 ha of perennial bird protection zones. Results show that economic and social costs of nature protection activities concentrate in places of their origin. Those costs are felt the most by owners of affected forests and local communities. Exploration and introduction of instruments allowing mitigation of negative effects resulting from restrictions in forest use are therefore recommended.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2015, 159, 07; 558-564
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wybrane cechy gospodarki lesnej w Polsce na tle krajow europejskich
Selected parameters of forest management in Poland against the background of European forests
Autorzy:
Zajac, S.
Lotz, D.
Mlynarski, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/46160.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
Tematy:
lesnictwo
zasoby lesne
gospodarka lesna
lasy
stan zdrowotny lasu
ochrona lasu
szkody w lesie
produkcja drewna
rynek drzewny
Polska
Unia Europejska
Źródło:
Leśne Prace Badawcze; 2009, 70, 4; 411-418
1732-9442
2082-8926
Pojawia się w:
Leśne Prace Badawcze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Czynniki ograniczające zalesianie gruntów porolnych w Polsce w świetle badań ankietowych
Factors limiting afforestation of post-agricultural lands in Poland according to the survey results
Autorzy:
Kaliszewski, A.
Młynarski, W.
Gołos, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989482.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
Krajowy Program Zwiekszania Lesistosci
realizacja programow
badania ankietowe
grunty porolne
zalesianie
ograniczenia
czynniki ograniczajace zalesianie
lata 1995-2013
bioenergy
fuelwood
employment
polish classification of activites
Opis:
The objective of the study was to estimate the number of jobs created by sector of wood biomass used for the energy production. The study presents direct employment (the persons who are employed in the production of wood biomass, its harvesting, industry processing, transport or combustion), indirect employment (the employment in the related sections according to Polish Classification of Activites) and induced employment (the jobs created as a result of purchases of the persons directly employed in the biomass sector). The data used in the analyses were obtained from various official sources and statistics as well as previously published studies. The calculation included the whole area of Poland and focused on the data from the year 2012. The results lead to the conclusion that the direct employment in biomass sector in Poland in the year 2012 amounted 15.6 thousand jobs, of which 5.3 thousand in fuelwood harvesting and using. The indirect employment varied between 19 (by forestry sector) to 25 people (by public utilities sector) per 10 million PLN purchases by biomass sector. In turn, the induced employment amounted to 1.8 thousand employees, of which the largest share was observed for the education services section (29%), the manufactured products (19%), and human health services (17%).
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2016, 160, 10; 846-854
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Physical activity of Katowice urban area inhabitants with regard to selected physical traits and social factors
Autorzy:
Puciato, D.
Mlynarski, W.
Rozpara, M.
Nawrocka, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/875035.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego. Państwowy Zakład Higieny
Opis:
Background. Modern research of health determinants and health-related behavior patterns places a particular emphasis on the assessment of physical activity levels in various social and professional groups. The deficit of physical activity has become a common cause of serious diseases. Following the ecological model of health behavior, physical activity as a biological and cultural phenomenon can be indirectly modified by such interpersonal factors as age, sex, somatic traits and education. Objectives. The aim of the present study was the identification and assessment of habitual physical activity of adult inhabitants from the Katowice Urban Area with regard to selected physical traits and social determinants. Material and methods. The study was carried out in the Katowice Urban Area in May and June, 2012-2014. The research material comprised 2,173 inhabitants, including 1,017 women and 1,156 men, aged 30 to 65 years. The respondents’ habitual physical activity was assessed with the use of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Version (IPAQ-SF). The obtained data on the respondents’ physical activity were compared with the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommendations Results. The results of the study showed that the frequency and duration of high-intensity physical activity and duration of moderate-intensity physical activity were significantly greater in the male inhabitants. The age was also a significant factor affecting the levels of high-intensity physical activity in men. Body build was not a significant determinant of the frequency and duration of physical activity in both men and women from Katowice. The education level only affected the level of physical activity in men. Sex, age, and education of the respondents were statistically significant determinants of their level of fulfilment of the ACSM recommendations. Conclusions. Propagation of physical activity among adults and the elderly, and women in particular, remains a continuing challenge facing health promotion professionals.
Wprowadzenie. W badaniach uwarunkowań zdrowia i zachowań zdrowotnych współczesnych pokoleń, szczególnego znaczenia nabiera ocena aktywności fizycznej różnych grup społeczno-zawodowych. Niedobór wysiłków fizycznych jest bowiem coraz powszechniej przyczyną groźnych schorzeń. Zgodnie z modelem ekologicznym aktywność fizyczna jako zjawisko nie tylko biologiczne, lecz także kulturowe może być w sposób pośredni modyfikowane m.in. przez takie czynniki intrapersonalne, jak: wiek, płeć, cechy somatyczne, czy wykształcenie. Cel. Celem pracy jest diagnoza i ocena parametrów nawykowej aktywności fizycznej osób dorosłych zamieszkujących aglomerację katowicką w świetle wybranych czynników somatycznych i społecznych. Materiał i metody. W badaniach ankietowych przeprowadzonych na terenie aglomeracji katowickiej w latach 2012-2014 roku wzięły udział 2173 osoby, w tym 1017 kobiet i 1156 mężczyzn, w wieku od 30 do 65 lat. Do oceny nawykowej aktywności fizycznej wykorzystano kwestionariusz International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Version (IPAQ-SF). Uzyskane informacje o aktywności fizycznej badanych pozwoliły na ich konfrontację z kryteriami zalecanymi dla uzyskania korzyści zdrowotnych przez ekspertów ACSM. Wyniki. W badaniach wykazano u badanych znamienne zróżnicowanie płciowe w częstości i czasie trwania aktywności fizycznej o wysokiej intensywności oraz czasie trwania wysiłków umiarkowanych, na korzyść mężczyzn. Dostrzeżono również, że wiek znamiennie różnicował częstość podejmowania wysiłków fizycznych o wysokiej intensywności przez badanych mężczyzn. Wśród badanych mieszkańców aglomeracji katowickiej, parametry budowy somatycznej nie determinowały istotnie w obu grupach płci częstości oraz czasu trwania aktywności fizycznej. Wykształcenie okazało się czynnikiem modyfikującym poziom aktywności fizycznej wyłącznie u przedstawicieli płci męskiej. Płeć, wiek oraz poziom wykształcenia ankietowanych katowiczan znamiennie determinowały także stopień wypełnienia przez nich zaleceń ACSM. Wnioski. Popularyzowanie aktywności fizycznej wśród osób dorosłych i starszych, szczególnie kobiet jest stale aktualnym wyzwaniem dla specjalistów promujących zdrowie.
Źródło:
Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny; 2018, 69, 3
0035-7715
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wskaźnik stopnia trudności gospodarowania leśnictw Lasów Państwowych
Management Difficulty Index in the forest ranges of the State Forests
Autorzy:
Kocel, J.
Kwiecień, R.
Młynarski, W.
Mionskowski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/996610.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
Panstwowe Gospodarstwo Lesne Lasy Panstwowe
lesnictwa
gospodarka lesna
stopien trudnosci
wskaznik stopnia trudnosci gospodarowania
management difficulty index
forest range
state forests
Opis:
The paper presents the calculations of the Management Difficulty Index (STG) for forest ranges in the State Forests. The calculations were made on the basis of the characteristics of the management conditions and the scope of tasks for all forest ranges in the country in 2009. The usefulness of the STG index was proven in the management practice of the State Forests.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2012, 156, 06; 403-413
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Podatki i opłaty obciążające państwowe gospodarstwo leśne w Polsce na przykładzie Nadleśnictwa Drewnica
Taxes and fees incurred state forests in Poland on the example of the Drewnica Forest District
Autorzy:
Zając, S.
Młynarski, W.
Sikora, A.T.
Wysocka-Fijorek, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989706.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
Panstwowe Gospodarstwo Lesne Lasy Panstwowe
nadlesnictwa
Nadlesnictwo Drewnica
dzialalnosc gospodarcza
obciazenia finansowe
podatki
state forest
taxes and fees
poland
Opis:
The article examines taxes, fees and other payments that are incurred by the State Forests National Forest Holding (SFNFH) on the example of the Drewnica Forest District (central Poland) in period 2008−2012. Fiscal instruments are shown against the results of the operations carried out by the forest district, while considering natural and economic conditions and various functions (e.g. environmental, social) performed by the entity, as well as any additional costs incurred during the implementation of these functions. The balance sheet reports, financial statements and other financial and accounting documents, including the planning documents of the examined forest district, constitute the data source for this study. Over the five−year period, the Drewnica Forest District paid an average PLN 839,000 in taxes and fees per annum, and this amounted to approximately 6.1% of its revenue (including the contributions made by the forestry fund). The largest share of the tax paid was composed of VAT (PLN 479,000) and forestry tax (PLN 167,000), as well as income tax from individuals (PLN 129,000). Other relatively small charges included PFRON contributions (PLN 45,000), property tax (PLN 16,000), agricultural tax (PLN 1,000), as well as the fees for the perpetual usufruct of land (PLN 3,000). Between 2008 and 2012, the revenue of the Drewnica Forest District was less than its expenses, and the additional payments in the form of taxes and other fees further increased its deficit. The analysis of the level and structure of taxes and other fiscal charges is important in the context of maintaining the statutory requirement of the financial independence of SFNFH. Studies reveal that the structure and level of financial charges imposed on the organisational units of the State Forests should be subject to the specific nature and conditions of the forestry production process. The imposition of excessively restrictive financial charges in the form of various taxes, fees and payments, made mostly to the State Treasury and municipalities, could threaten the economic viability of the State Forests.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2015, 159, 08; 693-704
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 52

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