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    Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4
    Tytuł:
    Operational problems of ethylene transport by LPG gas carriers
    Autorzy:
    Wieczorek, Agnieszka
    Giernalczyk, Mariusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247390.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    gassing-up
    gas mixing
    LPG carriers
    Ethylene
    Nitrogen
    Opis:
    Ethylene is one of the basic raw materials of the petrochemical industry used for the production of plastics, mainly plastic packaging. The USA is the largest producer of this compound. The enormous increase in demand for Ethylene has been observed in recent years in China as well as in the Middle and Far East. This caused an unprecedented increase in the demand for transport of this cargo by sea. Ethylene carriers for its transport are special construction LPG vessels, having a cascade cycle with Propylene medium (less often the refrigerant R 404 A). They have been designed in such a way as to withstand a working pressure of up to 5.4 bar, and the minimum temperature of the transported load is minus 104⁰C for fully cooled Ethylene. This cargo is explosive in the mixture with air (within concentrations of 2.75-2.6%) and during heating under elevation pressure. Therefore, it is required to transport Ethylene in with an inert gas, most often Nitrogen. During the operation of LPG carriers carrying Ethylene, processes of aeration, inerting, gassing-up, cooling tanks and a cargo are repeatedly carried out. The most problematic to carry is gassing-up operation, because it is associated with significant amounts of Ethylene loss, this causes large financial losses. In the article, the authors attempted to diagnose the most serious problems during carrying out the most important for cargo loss the cargo handling operations.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2019, 26, 1; 191-197
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    An experimental ethylene carrier gassing-up operation
    Autorzy:
    Wieczorek, Agnieszka
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/135210.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
    Tematy:
    gas carrier
    gassing-up
    ethylene
    nitrogen
    gas mixing
    gas composition
    Opis:
    Gas carriers are one of the most advanced types of ships and are equipped with the latest technological achievements. Due to the development of this industry, the demand for ethylene transport by sea has increased significantly in recent years. Nonetheless, it is one of the most problematic loads in terms of loading operations. Due to the small density differences between ethylene and nitrogen, ethylene is one of the most problematic hydrocarbons with respect to the efficient gasification of cargo tanks. Additionally, ethylene is one of the most expensive cargoes carried on gas carriers. The above aspects make it necessary to carry out a detailed analysis of the flushing of nitrogen-loaded cargo tanks with ethylene vapors to determine the range of technical parameters to enable more efficient tank gassing-up. This paper provides a detailed analysis of an experimental cargo tank gassing-up operation on an ethylene carrier. The process was carried out in accordance with previously-determined assumptions to optimize the discussed operations, assess how the cargo tank pressure influences this process, reduce cargo loss during gassing-up, and eliminate cargo loss during its cooling. The conclusions from this experiment provide guidelines for subsequent tests.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2020, 62 (134); 43-48
    1733-8670
    2392-0378
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    An experimental gassing-up operation on an ethylene carrier using two cascades with two tanks each
    Autorzy:
    Wieczorek, Agnieszka
    Nanowski, Dariusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/135498.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
    Tematy:
    LPG carrier
    ethylene
    Nitrogen
    gassing-up
    gas mixing
    gas composition
    Opis:
    Ethylene is one of the basic raw materials of the petrochemical industry that is used to produce plastics. One of the largest producers of this compound is the USA, and a substantial increase in the demand for ethylene has also been recently observed in the Middle East, the Far East, and China. This requires the transport of this cargo by sea. Ethylene carriers are a type of LPG ships and are equipped with a cascade cycle that uses propylene or refrigerant R404A as a coolant medium. These vessels have been designed to withstand the minimum temperature of ethylene of –104°C for fully-cooled cargo. A mixture of ethylene and air (from concentrations of 2.75–2.6%) becomes explosive during heating under elevated pressures. Hence, it is necessary to form an inert atmosphere in the tanks using mostly nitrogen before the ethylene cargo is loaded. The process of aerating, inerting, gassing-up, and cooling cargo tanks and cargo is constantly repeated during the operation of LPG carriers. Due to the large amounts of ethylene lost during gassing-up, which results in significant financial losses and disruptions in cargo compressors during the cooling of the tanks and cargo, this operation is the most problematic of all. In this article, a solution is proposed for performing the gassing-up procedure which prevents excessive ethylene loss.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2020, 61 (133); 136-140
    1733-8670
    2392-0378
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Analysis of chosen aspects of a tank gassing-up process on board liquefied petroleum gas carrier. Part II
    Autorzy:
    Wieczorek, Agnieszka
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1845489.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    filling
    tank
    gassing-up
    ideal gas
    gas mixing
    ethylene
    nitrogen
    inert gas
    cargo
    vapour
    Opis:
    The paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of the removal of an inert gas from the tank using the vapor of liquefied petroleum gas cargo (called cargo tank gassing-up operation). For this purpose a thermodynamic model was created which considers two extreme cases of this process. The first is ‘piston pushing’ of inert gas using liquefied petroleum gas vapour. The second case is the complete mixing of both gases and removal the mixture from the tank to the atmosphere until desired concentration or amount of liquefied petroleum gas cargo in the tank is reached. On the example of nitrogen as inert gas and ethylene as a cargo, by thermodynamic analysis an attempt was made to determine the technical parameters of the process, i.e., pressure in the tank, temperature, time at which the operation would be carried out in an optimal way, minimizing the loss of cargo used for gassingup. Calculations made it possible to determine the amount of ethylene used to complete the operation and its loss incurred as a result of total mixing of both gases.
    Źródło:
    Archives of Thermodynamics; 2021, 42, 2; 59-69
    1231-0956
    2083-6023
    Pojawia się w:
    Archives of Thermodynamics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4

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