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Tytuł:
Fermented ethanol as a component of the rape-seed oil based diesel fuel
Bioetanol jako składnik paliwa (estru) produkowanego na bazie oleju rzepakowego
Autorzy:
Polak, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/796068.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Opis:
The paper presents the practical results of the performance with the biodiesel and their mixtures with different quantity of fermented ethanol. The ZETOR trademark Czech agricultural tractor and the AVIA trademark Czech truck engines were used in the experiments. Based on the results, it can be said that the most suitable fuel blend is: biodiesel + 2% addition of fermented bioethanol according to following points. This addition significantly reduces the NOₓ emissions. In the AVIA engine the reduction is about 54% in comparison with non additived fuel (0% fuel blend). In the Zetor engine, it decreased by 88% of its primary value. Even in the case of smokiness, the situation is similarly favourable. The power output parameters are almost constant. No significant increase of fuel consumption was observed. However higher share of unburned hydrocarbons depending on increased alcohol content was observed. In with comparison to the commercially available petrol diesel, the total amount of emissions at the fuel blends (especially with small content of alcohol) was lower in all cases, which facilitates the realization of emission limits also in the older types of engines.
W artykule przedstawiono praktyczne wyniki stosowania do silników wysokoprężnych biopaliwa (bioetanol), przy różnej zawartości bioetanolu. W badaniach stosowano silniki wysokoprężne produkcji czeskiej ciężarówki AVIA i ciągnika ZETOR. Wyniki wskazują, że najbardziej odpowiednią mieszanką paliw było biopaliwo z 2% dodatkiem etanolu. Dodatek ten znacznie zmniejszał emisję NOₓ: w silniku AVIA o około 54%, w porównaniu z paliwem bez dodatków, natomiast w silniku ZETOR spadek wyniósł 88% w stosunku do wartości początkowej. Także w odniesieniu do dymienia zjawisko było podobnie korzystne. Parametry mocy silników były prawie stałe. Nie zaobserwowano znaczącego wzrostu zużycia paliwa, jednak zwiększał się udział nie spalonych węglowodorów w miarę wzrostu zawartości alkoholu. W porównaniu z dostępnym na rynku olejem napędowym, przy zastosowaniu mieszanek paliwowych (szczególnie przy niskiej zawartości alkoholu), całkowita emisja była niższa we wszystkich przypadkach, co ułatwia spełnienie wymagań dotyczących emisji w silnikach starszych typów.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych; 2002, 486, 2
0084-5477
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ekonomiczna analiza produkcji energii z biomasy
Analysis of energy production from biomass
Autorzy:
Polak, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/79210.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane ZUT w Szczecinie
Tematy:
biomasa
biogaz
produkcja energii
energia elektryczna
energia cieplna
analiza ekonomiczna
Opis:
The analysis of amount of the thermal and electric energy produced by utilizing one type of biomass and organic additions as well as the realization of economical analysis of conversion of primary energy of the batch to the end electric and thermal energy were the aim of this work. Investigations were conducted at the biogas production station Kapużany equipped with the cogeneration unit of 120 kW in power. As basic fermentative raw material maize was used besides liquid manure and dung that were used as additions. It was stated that with help of the applied cogeneration unit the acreage needed to maize cultivation was ca 70 ha. It is possible to produce 16 800−19 600 kWh of electricity and ca from 14 000 to 16 000 kWh of heat from 1 ha. The profit achieved from annual exploitation of the biogas station was 869 400 Sk.
Źródło:
Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis. Oeconomica; 2009, 57
2081-0644
Pojawia się w:
Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis. Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Markery izoenzymowe w badaniach nad zroznicowaniem genetycznym populacji drzew lesnych. Czesc I. Technika i zakres zastosowan
Autorzy:
Polak, M.
Sabor, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/817779.pdf
Data publikacji:
1997
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
zroznicowanie genetyczne
zastosowanie
populacje roslin
lesnictwo
markery izoenzymatyczne
drzewa lesne
Źródło:
Sylwan; 1997, 141, 11; 49-57
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Awifauna doliny Belnianki pod Daleszycami [woj.Swietokrzyskie] w okresie zimowania i przelotow w latach 1995-1996
Autorzy:
Wilniewczyc, P.
Polak, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32795.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Mazowiecko-Świętokrzyskie Towarzystwo Ornitologiczne
Tematy:
awifauna
ptaki
Daleszyce
zimowanie zwierzat
przeloty ptakow
dolina Belnianki
Źródło:
Kulon; 2002, 07, 1-2; 41-72
1427-3098
Pojawia się w:
Kulon
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Algorithms for generation of Ramanujan graphs, other Expanders and related LDPC codes
Autorzy:
Polak, M.
Ustimenko, V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/106138.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
Ramanujan graphs
LDPC codes
Opis:
Expander graphs are highly connected sparse finite graphs. The property of being an expander seems significant in many of these mathematical, computational and physical contexts. For practical applications it is very important to construct expander and Ramanujan graphs with given regularity and order. In general, constructions of the best expander graphs with a given regularity and order is no easy task. In this paper we present algorithms for generation of Ramanujan graphs and other expanders. We describe properties of obtained graphs in comparison to previously known results. We present a method to obtain a new examples of irregular LDPC codes based on described graphs and we briefly describe properties of this codes.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio AI, Informatica; 2015, 15, 2; 14-21
1732-1360
2083-3628
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio AI, Informatica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
LDPC codes based on algebraic graphs
Autorzy:
Polak, M.
Ustimenko, V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/106289.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
algebraic graph
LDPC codes
MAP decoder
Opis:
In this paper we investigate correcting properties of LDPC codes obtained from families of algebraic graphs. The graphs considered in this article come from the infinite incidence structure. We describe how to construct these codes, choose the parameters and present several simulations, done by using the MAP decoder. We describe how error correcting properties are dependent on the graph structure. We compare our results with the currently used codes, obtained by Guinand and Lodge [1] from the family of graphs D(k; q), which were constructed by Ustimenko and Lazebnik [2].
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio AI, Informatica; 2012, 12, 3; 107-119
1732-1360
2083-3628
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio AI, Informatica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The optimisation of biomass combustion in small boilers
Autorzy:
Polak, M.
Neuberger, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/59899.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Stowarzyszenie Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich PAN
Tematy:
optimization
biomass combustion
small boiler
boiler
power generation
heat generation
biofuel
Opis:
Biomass contains chemical energy which is a transformed Sun radiation. This energy can be used in many different ways. One of these is a direct combustion which is the most popular. The direct combustion of biomass is a technology which is well proven in large-scale heat and power generation. However, the situation in the small-scale heat generation is not so good. This paper describes results from the experimental combustion with various kinds of biomass in three different combustion devices. Saw dust is used in the experiment described below. The aim is to choose the best biofuel modification and the best way for its combustion from the point of view of power and emission parameters. As for the so far reached results of the experiment, the best in case of saw dust is the combustion with gasification of saw dust briquettes on stable grate without primary air or pellets in bottom supplied burner.
Źródło:
Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich; 2008, 06
1732-5587
Pojawia się w:
Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Manganese oxides from Zalas, Kraków area, southern Poland
Autorzy:
Polak, M.
Gołębiowska, B.
Rzepa, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/184692.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
intrusion
volcanic rock
limestone
Opis:
The Zalas quarry is located in the southern, marginal part of the Silesian-Cracovian Monocline. Permian rhyodacite laccolith has been exploited here for over 70 years. The intrusion was formed about 260–280 Ma during the Early Permian transtensional, sinistral tectonic regime predominating in central Europe at that time (Nawrocki et al. 2005). Permian volcanic rocks are overlain by a Middle–Upper Jurassic sedimentary sequence, built from sands and sandstones, substituted with the passing of time by limestones and sandy limestones rich in fossils (Matyszkiewicz et al. 2006). Quarrying operations carried out approximately 10 years ago uncovered a fault zone cutting the Middle Jurassic sandy limestones. Exposed breccias was locally encrusted by a hydrothermal mineralization forming thin veinlets cutting the limestone, or surrounding the breccia clasts. Primary mineralization contained small relics of pyrite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, galena, native bismuth and barite and was significantly replaced by supergene minerals e.g. Fe and Mn oxides, malachite, cuprite, Cu sulphates, iodargyrite, Bi oxychlorides and Na, K chlorides (Gołębiowska et al. 2006, 2010, 2015). The mineralization is most likely connected with rejuvenation of Early-Paleozoic fault zones during the Sava phase of the Alpine orogeny, and subsequent intensive weathering under semi-arid and arid climate in a period between the Oligocene and Middle Miocene (Gołębiowska et al. 2010). In the sandy limestone encrusted by the oxidized mineralization, very interesting Mn-oxides, enriched in numerous heavy metals were encountered. They filled small fractures and voids within the fault breccia. Among them, Tl-rich varieties have been recently reported. Extremely high thallium content, reaching 20.82 wt% Tl 2 O, makes the oxides unique on a world scale (Gołębiowska et al. 2015). In this paper we focused on the variable admixtures in Mn oxides from oxidation zone in Zalas; for this purpose, SEM-EDS and WDS analyses were carried out. Mn oxides in Zalas are accompanied by malachite, Fe oxides (goethite and hematite) and relics of primary mineralization (Matyszkiewicz et al. 2015). Mn and Fe oxides commonly form the yellowish to red-brownish or black tiny grains or cryptocrystalline aggregates with sizes up to a few millimetres across. Manganese oxides contain variable admixtures of Cu, Ca, Pb, Ba, Fe, Ni, Co and Tl. On the basis of chemical analyses, three major Mn oxide types have been distinguished: those enriched in (i) Ni and Co, (ii) Pb and (iii) Ba and Ca. Co-Ni-bearing Mn oxides, probably asbolane-type, contain 17.01–21.58 wt% CoO and 3.05–8.33 wt% NiO. These phases contain also admixtures of Cu (up to 10 wt% CuO) and Al (up to 7 wt% of Al 2 O 3 ), as well as traces of Fe, Ba, Zn, Mg and Tl (up to 0.5 wt%). Interestingly, in Mn oxides of this type, the admixtures of lead are absent. Pb-bearing Mn oxide, probably coronadite, contain up to 21.48 wt% PbO. In its composition various other elements were also noticed: up to 2 wt% CoO, 0.4 wt% NiO and very high concentrations of CuO up to 8 wt%, as well as up to 1 wt% BaO, FeO, CaO Tl 2 O, Al 2 O 3 and traces of Zn and Mg. Chemical mapping indicates that the Ba- or Ca-bearing Mn oxides occur only in marginal parts of zoned MnO 2 aggregates with almost pure MnO 2 in their cores. They contain 78–84 wt% MnO 2, 3–10 wt% BaO and 2.5–4.5 wt% CaO. High contents of Co, Ni, Pb, Cu and Tl in Mn oxides from Zalas indicate a direct link with the primary ore assemblage. High concentration of cobalt and nickel might suggest some connection with Co and Ni mineralization known from nearby Karniowice Travertine (Czerny 1992). Mineral association, as well as crystal morphologies and sizes could indicate hydrothermal origin of at least part of the Mn oxides. However, identification of the particular minerals as well as concluding on the details of their origin is quite difficult on this stage of research.
Źródło:
Geology, Geophysics and Environment; 2016, 42, 1; 120-121
2299-8004
2353-0790
Pojawia się w:
Geology, Geophysics and Environment
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ warunków pogodowych w okresie zimowym na skład pokarmu uszatki Asio otus w Lesie Dąbrowa pod Lublinem
The influence of the winter weather conditions on the food of Long-eared Owl Asio otus in Dabrowa Forest near Lublin
Autorzy:
Wiacek, J.
Krawczyk, R.
Polak, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/880555.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Leśny Zakład Doświadczalny. Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej w Rogowie
Tematy:
ptaki
uszatka
Asio otus
sklad pokarmu
zima
warunki atmosferyczne
okolice Lublina
Źródło:
Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej; 2011, 13, 2[27]
1509-1414
Pojawia się w:
Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Heat recuperation from exhaust air in a sports hall with swimming pool
Autorzy:
Nuberger, P.
Sleger, V.
Polak, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/60995.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Stowarzyszenie Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich PAN
Opis:
This paper deals with the determination of several efficiency types of a cross-current recovery exchanger which is a part of the air venting system in the swimming pool hall on the premises of the Czech University of Life Sciences (CULS) in Prague. The product is a cross-current plate exchanger with a heat-exchanging surface of antirust aluminium. According to the manufacturer, the exchanger is fit for temperatures common in air ventilation systems. The air is forced in by fans at a flow quantity of 16,000 m3, maximum speed 2000 rpm, electric motor output 7.5 kW, filters for the air coming from the outside – grade G4, pressure loss from 42 to 200 Pa, filters for the air coming from the inside – grade G3, pressure loss from 46 to 200 Pa. The results presented are derived from in-process measurements taken on 31 January 2007 and 7 February 2007, from 9.15 to 11.30 on both days. Air temperature and air humidity were measured with 9636-51B-type sensors by Ahlborn, connected to the AHLBORN ALMEMO 5990-2 centre. These sensors were placed into each of the four input/output channels, very close to the exchanger itself (Fig. 2). The data measured were saved in the centre memory every minute. Figures 3, 4, 5 and 6 show the temperature and humidity curves at the exchanger inlets and outlets on measurement days as well as outside air temperature (te) and outside air relative humidity (φe) captured by the met station on the CULS premises. Table 2 shows efficiency ranges calculated according to relations (1), (3), (4), (5), and (6) for air parameters ascertained at exchanger inlets and outlets on 31 January and 7 February 2007 and the calculated flow rates (Table 1). The difference between the outside temperature te and outside humidity φe values taken by the met station and the temperature te1 and humidity φe1 values measured at the recuperator inlet can be explained as resulting from the air being drawn in from the premises affected by the building and 8-m air piping situated in the building’s interior. Heat transmission to the surrounding air occurs despite the mineral wool heat insulation applied to the air piping. The slight increase of thermal efficiency observed on 7 February 2007 resulted from throttling down the recuperator feed air inlet flaps. Reducing the heated air discharge volume (see Table 1) resulted in a greater temperature difference te2 – te1. Energetic efficiency η is lower than thermal efficiency ηt because equation 3 takes into account the effect of condensed vapours in the cooled waste air. According to the manufacturers, the efficiency of top-class exchangers exceeds 70 %. This value might suggest that almost all the air energy available in the given space is utilised. Closer examination reveals that what is presented is thermal efficiency, which is always higher than other kinds of efficiency (see Table 2). Low exergetic efficiency is a sign that there still is a potential in terms of transmission of recovered air utilised energy (exergy).
Źródło:
Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich; 2007, 3
1732-5587
Pojawia się w:
Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The practical experience with adiabatic cooling withfogging systems in the houses for pig breeding
Praktyczne doświadczeniab z adiabatycznym chłodzeniem pomieszczeń chlewni za pomocą systemów zamgławiania
Autorzy:
Neuberger, P.
Sleger, V.
Polak, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/804334.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Opis:
Heat stress of domestic animals has the increasing influence on the farming economy in Central Europe. It is not caused only by global warming. Substantial share in this situation has the introduction of new races of animals of higher productivity. On the other hand, breeding of the highly productive animals has a negative influence on moisture and heat increase. These problems can be solved by using direct adiabatic cooling system which is used especially in poultry production nowadays. An effort was made to use this technology for pig breeds too. The paper summarises the results from the observation focused on the comparison of cooled and non-cooled stable for pig breeding. The installation of this cooling system is one of the first example in pig houses in the Czech Republic. The decrease of air temperature by about 2.5-3 K was reached by means of evaporative cooling. However, it should be said, that the system was not adjusted to optimal parameters during the experiment, yet. We can expect the temperature decrease of about 5.5-6 K after the optimal adjustment.
Stres termiczny zwierząt ma rosnące znaczenie dla produkcji zwierzęcej i jej ekonomiki w krajach Europy Centralnej. Wprowadzanie do produkcji nowych ras zwierząt o wyższej produktywności powoduje wzrost wilgotności i temperatury powietrza w budynkach, co jest przyczyną stresu u zwierząt. Ten problem może być rozwiązany przez chłodzenie adiabatyczne, które jest stosowane szczególnie w produkcji drobiarskiej. Istnieje potrzeba zastosowania tej technologii w produkcji trzody chlewnej. Artykuł prezentuje dane porównawcze chlewni chłodzonych i niechłodzonych. Instalacja takiego systemu chłodzenia należy do pierwszych w Czechach. Dzięki chłodzeniu przez odparowanie uzyskano obniżenie temperatury powietrza o 2,5-3 K. Należy stwierdzić, że system nie był optymalnie skonfigurowany. Po jego usprawnieniu można oczekiwać obniżenia temperatury powietrza o 5,5-6 K.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych; 2002, 486, 1
0084-5477
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Energy sorrel - an alternative fuel for rural areas
Autorzy:
Polak, M.
Neuberger, P.
Sleger, V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/61420.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Stowarzyszenie Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich PAN
Opis:
The research is focused on energy sorrel as a fuel for local low-power heating systems with output up to 100 kW. Sorrel is perennial plant surviving in its location nearly 18 years which is very good from the point of crop expenses. It is a robust plant with height of about 2 m in second year of plantation. Dry phytomass is energetically rich fuel with total heating value 17.5 – 18.0 MJ.kg-1 at the average yield of 10 tons per hectare. An experimental combustion of pure sorrel and its blends were done with boiler VERNER A25 – a hot water boiler for pellets. 11 different sorrel fuels consisting of 5 primary kinds were tested during the experiment: sorrel (Rumex tianshanicus x Rumex patientia), Phalaroides arundinacea, Canabis sativa, pine-bark, sorrel (Rumex tianshanicus x Rumex patientia), brown coal. Based on collected data it is possible to obtain an overview of these fuels and their emission properties. Satisfactory values of CO concentration are possible to gain partly by choosing appropriate combustion device and its settings and partly by mixing with other types of fuel. In the case of sorrel the combination of both has been shown very useful. It is very hard to combust sorrel only, and its testing proves unsatisfactory results. But if we combust blend of sorrel and canary grass 1:1 in the same device, the results are somewhat better. The best results can be reached if we burn this blend in more suitable device. By this way it is even possible to fulfil the emission limits. However, if we burn only pure sorrel in another burner, the emissions are very dissatisfactory again. Another possibility of how to burn sorrel effectively is to combine it with brow coal. On the basis of received results, fuel containing 10 to 20 % of coal can be recommended. From point of view of ash properties pure sorrel appears a problematic fuel. During our experiment ash accumulation in combustion chamber was observed. Unburnt fuel blocked air intakes which caused burning deterioration and increase of CO emissions. All above mentioned facts indicate that sorrel burning is possible if we fulfil all demands required for this fuel. Combustion of pure sorrel in any device without special settings means in many cases non effective use of fuel and bad emissions.
Źródło:
Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich; 2007, 3
1732-5587
Pojawia się w:
Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Feasibility of using heat-recovery exchangers in livestock buildings at a site at a specific altitude with a specific average outdoor air temperature
Autorzy:
Sleger, V.
Neuberger, P.
Polak, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/62353.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Stowarzyszenie Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich PAN
Tematy:
feasibility
heat-recovery exchanger
livestock building
outdoor air temperature
climate condition
Czech Republic
agriculture
air temperature
weather station
ventilation
air exchange
heat exchanger
Opis:
The installation of an energy-saving facility must be preceded by analysis of its financial effectiveness. Among methods enabling such evaluation is the basic net profit calculation method. For this, the annual consumption of electricity for ventilation or of thermal energy for heating must be determined. The calculation formula uses the sum of energies for temperatures within the range from the calculation temperature for the area in question to the long-term average of the maximum temperature at the site, or to the temperature at which the heating power is zero. It is necessary to know the summary time of occurrence of a given temperature during a year. The site data can only be assessed based on long-term meteorological information. In fact, data used by current national standards to describe climatic conditions in the Czech Republic are from the years 1901 to 1950. The dependence of the average yearly temperature on altitude is shown in Fig. 1 for the 1961 1990 and 1991 2000 periods. It is evident that the average temperatures for the latter period are nearly 0.6 K higher than those for the former period, irrespective of the altitude. In this paper the climatic conditions are assessed based on daily data measured throughout the period from 1 January 1991 to 31 December 2000. Weather stations were selected so as to achieve a uniform coverage and continuity of measurement at each site (as far as possible). All the stations lie in the Czech Republic between 48.8° and 50.8° north latitude at altitudes from 158 m to 1324 m. It was the objective of this examination, based on the meteorological data collected to calculate the average number of days and hours during which the temperature during the year is lower than a specific limiting level, in dependence on the average yearly temperature of the site. Fig. 3 shows the average number of days in a year during which a temperature lower than a selected limiting level occurs, as calculated for the 1991 2000 period. The results are presented for 4 areas with average yearly temperatures of 6 °C 7 °C, 7 °C 8 °C, 8 °C 9 °C, and 9 °C 10 °C, respectively. The graphs enables us to ascertain the number of days during which a heating facility is in operation if the facility is activated by outdoor air temperature decrease to below a specific limiting level. If a typical daily temperature wave is considered, the method makes it possible to estimate the number of hours during which the air temperature is lower than the limiting level chosen. The difference between the data for various limiting levels allows us, for an area with a specific average yearly temperature to ascertain the time of occurrence of outdoor temperature within various ranges. The results of calculations are shown in Fig. 4 and Table 1. The method applied enables underlying data to be prepared for the assessment of energy demands for air heating at a given site and for estimation of the energy savings that could be achieved by installing economical air heating facilities in livestock buildings.
Źródło:
Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich; 2009, 07
1732-5587
Pojawia się w:
Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 31

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