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Wyszukujesz frazę "insulation" wg kryterium: Temat


Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9
Tytuł:
Calculation of Clothing Insulation by Serial and Parallel Methods: Effects on Clothing Choice by IREQ and Thermal Responses in the Cold
Autorzy:
Kuklane, K.
Gao, C.
Holmer, I.
Giedraityte, L.
Brode, P.
Candas, V.
Hartog den, E.
Meinander, H.
Richards, M.
Havenith, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90632.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
cold protective clothing
insulation
IREQ
serial
parallel
calculation method
Opis:
Cold protective clothing was studied in 2 European Union projects. The objectives were (a) to examine different insulation calculation methods as measured on a manikin (serial or parallel), for the prediction of cold stress (IREQ); (b) to consider the effects of cold protective clothing on metabolic rate; (c) to evaluate the movement and wind correction of clothing insulation values. Tests were carried out on 8 subjects. The results showed the possibility of incorporating the effect of increases in metabolic rate values due to thick cold protective clothing into the IREQ model. Using the higher thermal insulation value from the serial method in the IREQ prediction, would lead to unacceptable cooling of the users. Thus, only the parallel insulation calculation method in EN 342:2004 should be used. The wind and motion correction equation (No. 2) gave realistic values for total resultant insulation; dynamic testing according to EN 342:2004 may be omitted.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2007, 13, 2; 103-116
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Testing Sleeping Bags According to EN 13537:2002: Details That Make the Difference
Autorzy:
Kuklane, K.
Dejke, V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/89984.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
sleeping bag
mattress
thermal manikin
insulation
European standard
calculation method
Opis:
The European Standard on sleeping bag requirements (EN 13537:2002) describes a procedure to determine environmental temperature limits for safe usage of sleeping bags regarding their thermal insulation. However, there are several possible sources of error related to this procedure. The main aim of this work was to determine the influence of the various measuring parameters on the acuity of the respective parameters in order to judge the requirements. The results indicated that air velocity, mattress insulation and time between unpacking the bag and measurement had a significant impact on the result, with a difference of up to 5–15% in thermal insulation between minimum and maximum allowable parameter levels. On the other hand, manikin weight, thickness of the artificial ground and presence of a face mask were found to have a negligible influence. The article also discusses more general aspects of the standard including the calculation methods used.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2010, 16, 2; 199-216
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Comparison of Two Methods of Determining Thermal Properties of Footwear
Autorzy:
Kuklane, K.
Holmer, I.
Afanasieva, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90826.pdf
Data publikacji:
1999
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
standard
thermal insulation
footwear
thermal foot model
stopy
obuwie
izolacja cieplna
Opis:
The present European Standard for footwear testing (Standard No. EN 344:1992; European Committee for Standardization [CEN], 1992) classifies footwear thermally by a temperature drop inside the footwear during 30 min at defined conditions. Today, other methods for footwear thermal testing are also available. The aim of this study was to compare EN 344:1992 with a thermal foot method. Six boots were tested according to both methods. Additional tests with modified standard tests were also carried out. The methods ranked the footwear in a similar way. However, the test according to standard EN 344:1992 is a pass-or-fail test, whereas data that is gained from the thermal foot method gives more information and allows further use in research and product development. A change of the present standard method is suggested.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 1999, 5, 4; 477-484
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Parallel and Serial Methods of Calculating Thermal Insulation in European Manikin Standards
Autorzy:
Kuklane, K.
Gao, C.
Wang, F.
Holmer, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90483.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
thermal manikin
European standard
clothing insulation
serial calculation method
parallel calculation method
human subject studies
Opis:
Standard No. EN 15831:2004 provides 2 methods of calculating insulation: parallel and serial. The parallel method is similar to the global one defined in Standard No. ISO 9920:2007. Standards No. EN 342:2004, EN 14058:2004 and EN 13537:2002 refer to the methods defined in Standard No. EN ISO 15831:2004 for testing cold protective clothing or equipment. However, it is necessary to consider several issues, e.g., referring to measuring human subjects, when using the serial method. With one zone, there is no serial–parallel issue as the results are the same, while more zones increase the difference in insulation value between the methods. If insulation is evenly distributed, differences between the serial and parallel method are relatively small and proportional. However, with more insulation layers overlapping in heavy cold protective ensembles, the serial method produces higher insulation values than the parallel one and human studies. Therefore, the parallel method is recommended for standard testing.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2012, 18, 2; 171-179
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Footwear Insulation on Thermal Responses in the Cold
Autorzy:
Kuklane, K.
Geng, Q
Holmer, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/89772.pdf
Data publikacji:
1998
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
cold
insulation of footwear
foot skin temperature
thermal sensation
zimno
obuwie zimowe
ochrona przed zimnem
izolacja termiczna
Opis:
The influence of footwear insulation on foot skin temperature in the cold at low activity was investigated. Simultaneously, the thermal and pain sensations, and the influence of steel toe cap were studied. Eight participants were exposed for 85 min to 3 environmental temperatures ( + 3, — 12, and —25°C) wearing 5 different boots. Insulation of footwear was determined with a thermal foot model. The study showed the importance of insulation forkeeping feet warm. Other factors, such as wetness and vasomotor response, however, modified the thermal response. The most affected parts were toes and heels. Cold and pain sensations were connected with considerably lower temperatures in these local points. No significant differences were observed between boots with and without steel toe cap.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 1998, 4, 2; 137-152
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Determination of Heat Loss from the Feet and Insulation of the Footwear
Autorzy:
Kuklane, K.
Afanasieva, R.
Burmistrova, O.
Bessonova, N.
Holmer, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90620.pdf
Data publikacji:
1999
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
foot
thermal insulation
footwear
thermal foot model
skin temperature
heat loss
stopy
obuwie
izolacja cieplna
temperatura skóry
Opis:
This study compared the methods of determining footwear insulation on human participants and a thermal foot model. Another purpose was to find the minimal number of measurement points on the human foot that is needed for insulation calculation. A bare foot was tested at 3 ambient temperatures on 6 participants. Three types of footwear were tested on 2 participants. The mean insulation for a bare foot obtained on the participant and model were similar. The insulation of warm footwear measured by the 2 methods was also similar. For thin footwear the insulation values from the participants were higher than those from the thermal model. The differences could be related to undefined physiological factors. Two points on the foot can be enough to measure the insulation of footwear on human participants (r = .98). However, due to the big individual differences of humans, and good repeatability and simplicity of the thermal foot method, the latter should be preferred for testing.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 1999, 5, 4; 465-476
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Thermal Manikin Measurements - Exact or Not?
Autorzy:
Anttonen, H.
Niskanen, J.
Meinander, H.
Bartels, V.
Kuklane, K.
Reinertsen, R. E.
Varieras, S.
Sołtyński, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90301.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
protective clothing
thermal insulation
cold protection
calculation method
izolacja cieplna
odzież ochronna
środowisko cieplne
ochrona przed zimnem
manekin termiczny
Opis:
According to the European prestandard ENV 342:1998 [1], the thermal insulation of cold-protective clothing is measured with a thermal manikin. Systematic studies on the reproducibility of the values, measured with different types of clothing on the commonly used standing and walking manikins, have not been reported in the literature. Over 300 measurements were done in 8 different European laboratories. The reproducibility of the thermal insulation test results was good. The coefficient of variation was lower than 8%. The measured clothing should fit the manikin precisely, because poorly fitting clothing gave an error in the results. The correlation between parallel and serial insulation values was excellent and parallel values were about 20% lower than serial ones. The influence of ambient conditions was critical only in the case of air velocity. The reproducibility of thermal insulation test results in a single laboratory was good, and the variation was lower than 3%.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2004, 10, 3; 291-300
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of Sweating on Insulation of Footwear
Autorzy:
Kuklane, K.
Holmer, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90320.pdf
Data publikacji:
1998
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
sweating
thermal foot model
insulation of footwear
cold protection
safety shoes
steel toe cap
obuwie ochronne
ochrona przed zimnem
testowanie obuwia
Opis:
The study aimed to find out the influence of sweating on footwear insulation with a thermal foot model. Simultaneously, the influence of applied weight (35 kg), sock, and steel toe cap were studied. Water to 3 sweat glands wassupplied with a pump at the rate of 10 g/hr in total. Four models of boots with steel toe caps were tested. The same models were manufactured also without steel toe. Sweating reduced footwear insulation 19-25% (30-37% in toes). During static conditions, only a minimal amount of sweat evaporated from boots. Weight affected sole insulation: Reduction depended on compressibility of sole material. The influence of steel toe varied with insulation. The method of thermal foot model appears to be a practical tool for footwear evaluation.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 1998, 4, 2; 123-136
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Use of Footwear Insulation Values Measured on a Thermal Foot Model
Autorzy:
Kuklane, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90535.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
thermal foot model
cold protective footwear
thermal insulation
cold exposure limit
thermal sensation
pain sensation
obuwie ochronne
ochrony nóg
izolacja cieplna
ochrona przed zimnem
zimno
Opis:
The use of physiological data from human tests in modelling should consider background data, such as activity, environmental factors and clothing insulation on the whole body. The present paper focuses on local thermal comfort of feet with special attention on the effects of physical changes of footwear thermal properties. An alternative test method is available for footwear thermal testing besides the standard method. The possibility to use insulation values acquired on a thermal foot model in practice is shown here. The paper describes the correlation between cold and pain sensations, and foot skin temperatures of the subjects and relates these to insulation measured on a thermal foot model. Recommendations are made for footwear choice according to environmental temperature.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2004, 10, 1; 79-86
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
    Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9

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