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    Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4
    Tytuł:
    Hazard of Runaway of Nitration Processes in Nitrocompounds Production
    Autorzy:
    Kozak, G. D.
    Raikova, V. M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/357950.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    runaway
    nitration
    oxidation
    detonation
    failure diameter
    sulfuric acid
    Opis:
    Hazard of runaway of nitration processes in nitrocompounds production was investigated. Temperature rise in DNT nitration mixes under near adiabatic conditions was measured, and derivative dT/dζ was computed. Heat evolution rate caused by nitration (primary reaction) and oxidation (secondary reaction) were examined by means of elaborated mathematical model. Limiting values of T and dT/dζ for safe process were determined. The second part of investigation concerns detonability of solutions of nitrocompound in sulfuric acid. The detonation failure diameter df and detonation velocity D of solutions of trinitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene, and trinitrobenzene in sulfuric acid and oleum have been measured in the wide range of concentrations at T = 90C. It was shown that the detonability of the nitrocompounds depends signifcantly on the sulfuric acid content. The minimum value of df for the mixture TNT/oleum is about 2 mm, i.e., 30 times less, than that for melted TNT, and practically equals to df of nitroglycerine.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2010, 7, 1; 21-32
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Forensic Investigation of Some Peroxides Explosives
    Autorzy:
    Kuzmin, V. V.
    Solov'ev, M. Y.
    Tuzkov, Y. B.
    Kozak, G. D.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358555.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2008
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    peroxide
    methods of analysis
    traces
    volatilize
    detonation
    Opis:
    Some of pe roxide s : t r i a c e tone t r ipe roxide (TATP) , hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine (HMTD) have been used recently as "irregular" explosives for delinquency and international terrorism purposes. The intimate knowledge of properties and methods of analysis of these substances is necessary for experts. Forensic investigations of some peroxides explosives: triacetonetriperoxide (TATP) and hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine (HMTD) were carried out in this work. The detonation process of peroxides initiation by means of pyroxylin layer ignition was investigated, velocity of detonation at apparent density (ρ HMTD = 0.38 g/cm3, ρ TATP = 0.47 g/cm3) was measured by means of a Russian fotoregister GFR-3. These data were compared with literature detonation velocity values that had been measured at larger densities. The values of detonation velocities complement each other rather well, linear dependencies of D vs. ρ found at densities ρ = 0.35-1.2 g/cm3. The high sensitivity of the investigated analytical methods, that were applied (10-5 -10<-8 g) facilitate the determination of possible times for finding traces of TATP after an explosion. Time t = 6 hours after explosion is the critical time for finding peroxides traces of TATP on a metal surface by means of analytical methods used in this work.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2008, 5, 3-4; 77-85
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Explosion Hazard of Aromatic Organic Compounds Containing One or Two Nitrogroups
    Autorzy:
    Kozak, G. D.
    Vasin, A. Y.
    Dyachkova, A. V.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358839.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2008
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    aromatic
    decomposition
    heat explosion
    azo-dye
    Opis:
    Aromatic compounds containing one or two nitrogroups use in chemical industry commercially, in the first place there are mono- and di- nitroderivatives of benzene and toluene. Some industrial incidents at heat selfignition of them, and explosive properties of them were discussed in literature. This investigation deals with explosion hazard of less investigated in this regard class nitrocompounds - azo-dyes. All azo-dyes contain azo or amino groups, two benzene circles with substituents. Some of them contain one or two nitrogroups. Nitro- and azo- groups can give explosion hazard to organic substance. Temperature of fast decomposition beginning at heating and kinetic parameters of slow decomposition were experimentally measured for nine of them. The enthalpies of formation were measured experimentally, and explosion parameters were calculated for three of them. These results gave an opportunity to calculate the temperatures of heat explosion on a base of fundamental theory of heat explosion at convection heat transfer with environment. It was found that calculated temperatures of heat explosion agreed with experimental temperatures of fast decomposition beginning at heating, the divergence was 4.5% on average. Thus it was shown that investigated azo-dyes were the weak explosives, and theory of heat explosion could be quite applied to them.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2008, 5, 2; 49-55
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Cast Porous Charges on a Base of Ammonium Nitrate-Urea Eutectic
    Autorzy:
    Litovka, O. B.
    Kozak, G. D.
    Chugreeva, E. Y.
    Starshinov, A. V.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358034.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2008
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    eutectic
    ammonium nitrate
    urea
    fusion diagram
    detonability
    detonation velocity
    Opis:
    There are great number tasks of explosive technique, requiring the charges with low pressure and detonation velocity. Powerful tool of regulation of these parameters is lowering of charge density. The main goal of this work is elaboration of technology of manufacture and investigation of explosive properties of charges on a base of eutectic ammonium nitrate-urea mixtures (AN/UR) that have melting point T[m] < 100 C. The physicochemical properties of these mixtures were investigated by means of DSC method and fusion diagram of them was plotted. The composition AN/UR 80/20, that has Tm= 80-90 C was chosen for subsequent investigation. The molten composition was mixed with fine aluminum powder, portion of it was placed into paper tube. The level of a liquid was less than length of the tube. Crystallization of melted mixtures was carried out in vacuum chamber, the level of liquid increased at pumping because of expansion of air bubbles introduced with aluminum particles and reached the upper cork of tube. In such a way porous charges were formed. The dependence of charge density vs. population of tubes by melted mixtures was plotted. Calculated heat explosion of mixtures at content of aluminum Al = 10-15% is Qv = 4.5-5.3 MJ/kg, calculated detonation velocity at density ρ = 0.5-1 g/cm3 changes from D = 3.2 to 5.2 km/s. Detonability of charges was investigated experimentally. Failure diameter (df) of detonation was measured, it was df = 22 mm (ρ = 0.6-0.7 g/cm3) for charges without confinement at initiation by means of booster or blasting cap.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2008, 5, 2; 57-66
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4

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