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    Tytuł:
    Chronologia wznoszenia krzyżackiego murowanego zamku prokuratorskiego w Nidzicy w świetle źródeł pisanych
    The Chronology of Erecting the Teutonic Brick Pfleger Castle in Nidzica in the Light of Written Sources
    Autorzy:
    Jóźwiak, Sławomir
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2197805.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-09-30
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Teutonic Order
    Prussia
    castle construction
    administration
    late Middle Ages
    Opis:
    The erection of the brick castle of the Teutonic Order in Nidzica (border territory of the state of the Teutonic Order with Mazovia), intended as the seat of the Teutonic pfleger, directly subordinate to the commander of Ostróda, began at the end of the 14th century. The castle has so far been studied almost solely by historians of art, who were not entirely familiar with the numerous medieval written sources that referred to it. The analysis of the records (documents, correspondence, bills, stock lists) carried out in this article provides answers to two key questions. First, the brick castle of the Teutonic pfleger in Nidzica, which has survived to this day, was built in the period of 1399–1409, contrary to the suggestions of previous researchers, who dated it about 20 years earlier. The main (western) wing was completed in 1405. In the following years, intensive construction work was carried out on the other three wings of the main castle and the surrounding defensive curtain wall (and possibly the outer bailey). In March 1409, the first mention of a Teutonic pfleger appeared in the sources, and the newly built castle became his headquarters. Secondly, the earlier wood-earthen fortress (probably erected in the 1350s) was placed in a different location, which is still unrecognized today.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2022, 87, 3; 5-22
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kariera Michała Küchmeistra w zakonie krzyżackim w Prusach do 1410 roku
    The Career of Michael Küchmeister in the Teutonic Order in Prussia until 1410
    Autorzy:
    Jóźwiak, Sławomir
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1913220.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Teutonic Order
    Prussia
    Michael Küchmeister
    territorial authority
    administration
    late Middle Ages
    Opis:
    The analysis of primary sources presented in this article determines that the career of Michael Küchmeister in the administrative structures of the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia until 1410 at certain points significantly differed from what the scholarly literature previously assumed. His first office to appear in primary sources was the castle commander of the Commandry of Rhein, newly established in 1394. After that territorial administration unit was dissolved in 1397, Küchmeister held other offices in the Commandry of Balga, such as the companion of a local commander and the Pfleger of Rastenburg. However, in 1400 he certainly was not the Schäffer of Elbing. Immediately before the end of June 1402, Küchmeister was appointed the Großschäffer of Königsberg. Most likely he held this office until the end of September 1404. From this moment, he was probably the Pfleger of Gerdauen for a year and then in September 1405, he was granted the office of a Vogt in Samogitia which had been re-conquered by the Teutonic Order. He stayed there until August 1409. In September 1409, by command of Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen, he set out on a diplomatic mission to Hungary. Unfortunately, there is no record of his actions in the period of six months between August 1409 and April 1410. At the end of April 1410, he was appointed the Vogt in the Teutonic Neumark. The further steps in the career of Küchmeister, who eventually reached the office of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order in January 1414, are well known.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2021, 86, 4; 55-69
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Dienerzy w służbie zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach w drugiej połowie XIV – pierwszej połowie XV wieku. Liczebność, utrzymanie, zakwaterowanie
    Dieners in the Monastic State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia in the Second Half of the 14th Century – the First Half of the 15th Century: the Group Size, Maintenance, Accommodation
    Autorzy:
    Jóźwiak, Sławomir
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1075898.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-03-31
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    the Middle Ages
    topography
    Teutonic castles
    Prussia
    servants
    the Teutonic Order
    Opis:
    In the late medieval Monastic State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia dieners were people who came from knightly families (not infrequently from beyond the territory of Prussia) and were maintained by Teutonic dignitaries and officials (they were provided with accommodation, food, clothes and pay) in exchange for the diplomatic, military-knightly and courtly service (the participation in military actions, the manning of castles, transporting information, the defence of envoys and guests, the examination of the territory occupied by the enemy, the participation in corteges, etc.). In the first half of the 15th century (the available data refers only to this period of time), every high Teutonic official, commander and Vogt had even a few dozens of dieners at their disposal, except extraordinary situations such as the manning of frontier castles in Klaipėda and Dybów. In the whole territory of the Teutonic State in Prussia there might have been about 450–500 dieners at that time. The source analysis conducted here which concerned the castles in Malbork, Świecie, Elbląg and Brandenburg allow us to state that dieners were provided with the accommodation in the buildings situated in the outer wards of the castles. They were given rooms (chambers) exclusively for their use or individual rooms in infirmaries of dieners/servants. As may be inferred from the relatively numerous sources in the Malbork castle they were accommodated on the ground floor in the southern part of the eastern wing of the first internal ward, in the infirmaries next to the Church of St. Lawrence (the southern wing of the first internal ward). In Konigsberg the solution was quite exceptional. Dieners residing there were allowed to have their residential space within the outer wards of the castle (which cannot be proved), but the infirmary where they resided was situated in the territory of the so called wolnizna [Burgfreihei], in the north of the north-east part of the outer ward.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2018, 83, 1; 7-37
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Murowany zamek prokuratorów krzyżackich w Bytowie w średniowieczu. Chronologia wznoszenia, rozplanowanie i układ przestrzenny
    The Medieval Brick Castle of the Teutonic Pflegers in Bytów: Construction Chronology, Layout and Spatial Arrangement
    Autorzy:
    Jóźwiak, Sławomir
    Wasik, Bogusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32388140.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Teutonic Order
    Teutonic castles
    Teutonic Pflegers
    Bytów
    medieval fortifications
    late medieval warfare
    Opis:
    Teutonic castles in Prussia have long captivated the interest of scholars, with greater emphasis placed on the fortresses of Teutonic commanders and, notably, Malbork Castle. Lesser attention, however, has been given to the castles of lower-ranking Teutonic officials. One such castle is the Teutonic Pflegers’ fortress in Bytów, which stands to this day. Research on this site has been ongoing since the early 20th century, primarily conducted by art historians who have predominantly relied on architectural elements to delve into the castle’s construction chronology and spatial arrangement. Remarkably, numerous written accounts, both medieval and modern (16th–17th centuries), have been preserved concerning this castle. By incorporating these historical documents alongside archaeological findings made over the past three decades, the authors have reassessed prior conclusions about the castle’s early history and reconstituted its medieval spatial layout. Regrettably, little information is available regarding the initial residence of the Teutonic Pflegers in Bytów during the latter half of the 14th century. The brick castle was erected around the turn of the 15th century, displaying a rectangular design with four corner towers. The primary building was located on the northwestern side. Within the courtyard, a distinctive feature was a transverse wall that divided the castle into two sections, viewing from the side of the kitchen. This architectural choice was distinct from other fortifications of Teutonic officials constructed in the first half of the 15th century in Prussia. The design of the castle in Bytów was innovative, while its architecture and spatial layout were to align with the evolving demands of warfare, such as the development of firearms.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2023, 88, 4; 5-37
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Topografia i układ przestrzenny krzyżackiego zamku komturskiego w Toruniu w świetle średniowiecznych źródeł pisanych
    Topography and spatial layout of the castle of the Teutonic commander in Toruń in the light of the medieval written sources
    Autorzy:
    Jóźwiak, Sławomir
    Trupinda, Janusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193981.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    the Middle Ages
    medieval architecture in Prussia
    the Teutonic Order
    Prussia
    Teutonic castles
    castle
    Opis:
    The information included in the medieval written sources enrich our knowledge about the Toruń castle destroyed in 1454. The construction of the part of the defensive walls (made from stone?) lasted at least from 1255. In 1262 the stronghold in its original form had been already erected. In the subsequent years (1263) works took place to construct its interiors (at least a chapel located on the first floor in the eastern part of the southern wing). The main octagonal tower situated in the northern part of the courtyard of the High Castle was frequently mentioned in the medieval written sources (starting from 1381). However, it must have been erected earlier. The information about buildings located beyond the space of the High Castle is particularly interesting. The buildings included the „gemach” of the commander (with a chapel, refectory and a kitchen) in the northern part of the western outer bailey, the „gemach” of the castle’s commander – probably in the vicinity (it was created later – after 1409) and the „summer house” („somerhaws”) with the „summer hall” („aula estivalis”) existing since at least the 1380s and situated in the southern part of the western Low Castle. Among other buildings recorded in the medieval written sources there were also the „gemach” of the Teutonic head of the mint („Münzmeister”) located next to the western defensive wall of the Low Castle; the „gemach” of the steward of Königsberg (Kaliningrad, Russia) mentioned from the end of the 14th century and situated probably in the western part of the Low Castle; the building of the infirmary which might have been located in the north-east part of the Low Castle. In the topography of the castle there were also outbuildings. For example, at least two mills were situated within the defensive walls probably in the eastern part of the Low Castle. To sum up, the medieval written sources present a picture of a complex construction of the Toruń castle.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2016, 81, 3; 7-35
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Działalność krzyżackiego szpiega o pseudonimie „N.S. Arman” w Królestwie Polskim w połowie XV wieku i jego tożsamość
    Activities of a Teutonic Spy Nicknamed “N.S. Arman” in the Kingdom of Poland in the Mid-Fifteenth Century and its Identity
    Die Tätigkeit des Spions des Deutschen Ordens mit dem Spitznamen „N.S. Arman“ im Königreich Polen in der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts und seine Identität
    Autorzy:
    Duda, Michalina
    Jóźwiak, Sławomir
    Szybkowski, Sobiesław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27268747.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
    Tematy:
    Königreich Polen
    Deutscher Orden in Preußen
    Großfürstentum Litauen
    Intelligenz
    ständisches Leben
    Parlamentarismus
    politische Kultur
    Królestwo Polskie
    zakon krzyżacki w Prusach
    Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie
    wywiad
    życie stanowe
    parlamentaryzm
    kultura polityczna
    Kingdom of Poland
    Teutonic Order in Prussia
    Grand Duchy of Lithuania
    intelligence
    state life
    parliamentarism
    political culture
    Opis:
    W artykule omówiono postać krzyżackiego informatora o pseudonimie „N.S. Arman”, opierając się na raportach kierowanych przez niego do wielkiego mistrza zakonu krzyżackiego Ludwika von Erlichschausen w latach 1451 i 1453. Podjęto również próbę ustalenia orientacyjnej datacji tych spośród raportów, które nie posiadały dat rocznych. Po przeprowadzeniu analizy zakresu wiadomości zamieszczonych w tych źródłach dokonano identyfikacji szpiega z wywodzącym się z Torunia mieszczaninem rypińskim Niclosem Schararem, klientem i totumfackim wojewody brzeskiego Jana Kretkowskiego, a następnie jego syna Andrzeja. W listach Scharara znajdujemy szeroką panoramę życia stanowego w Polsce, opis relacji pomiędzy Polską a Litwą, szczególnie w aspekcie sporów terytorialnych o Wołyń i Podole, poczynań króla Kazimierza Jagiellończyka, najazdów tatarskich, a także wojen na pograniczu polsko-śląskim. Dane z tych raportów nie zawierały jednak niemal wcale odniesień do trwających już wówczas intensywnych kontaktów opozycji pruskiej z różnymi ośrodkami politycznymi w Polsce. Pozwala to zatem uznać, że ich wartość dla krzyżackich mocodawców Niclosa była niewielka. Raporty Scharara mają wszakże wielkie znaczenie dla współczesnych badaczy w kontekście płynących z nich informacji dotyczących wewnętrznego życia politycznego Królestwa Polskiego na początku lat 50. XV wieku.
    Im Artikel wird die Person des Informanten des Deutschen Ordens mit dem Spitznamen „N.S. Arman“ dargestellt. Die Ausführungen stützen sich auf Berichte, die von ihm in den Jahren 1451 und 1453 an den Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens — Ludwig von Erlichshausen, gerichtet wurden. Dabei wird ein Versuch unternommen, die Datierung der Berichte, die mit keinem Jahresdatum versehen sind, ungefähr zu bestimmen. Die Analyse der darin enthaltenen Informationen ergab, dass es sich bei dem Spion um den aus Thorn stammenden Bürger der Stadt Rippin — Niclos Scharar, handelt, der Klient und Faktotum des Woiwoden von Brieg — Jan Kretkowski, und später auch dessen Sohnes — Andrzej, war. In Scharars Briefen findet man ein breites Panorama des ständischen Lebens in Polen sowie Schilderungen der polnischlitauischen Beziehungen, insbesondere im Hinblick auf Territorialstreitigkeiten um Wolhynien und Podolien, der Leistungen des Königs Kasimir des Jagiellonen, Einfälle von Tataren bzw. Kriege im polnisch-schlesischen Grenzgebiet. Die Berichte enthalten hingegen kaum einen Hinweis auf den damals bereits intensiven Kontaktaustausch zwischen der preußischen Opposition und verschiedenen politischen Zentren in Polen. Dies lässt den Schluss zu, dass der Verkehr für die Auftraggeber von Niclos aus dem Deutschen Orden eine geringe Rolle spielte. Scharars Berichte sind in besonderem Maße für die zeitgenössische Forschung von Bedeutung, da sie Informationen über das innenpolitische Leben des Königreichs Polen zu Beginn der 1550er Jahre liefern.
    This authors of this article discuss the figure of the Teutonic informant with the pseudonym “N.S. Arman”, based on reports addressed by him to the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Ludwig von Erlichschausen in 1451 and 1453. They have attempted to establish an indicative date for those of the reports that did not have annual dates. After analyze the scope of the messages included in these sources, the spy was identified with Niclos Scharar, a Rypin burgher from Toruń, a client and handyman of the Brest voivode Jan Kretkowski, and then his son Andrzej. In Scharar’s letters we find a wide panorama of state life in Poland, a description of relations between Poland and Lithuania, related in particular to territorial disputes over Volhynia and Podolia, the actions of King Kazimierz Jagiellończyk, Tatar invasions, as well as wars on the Polish-Silesian borderland. However, the data from these reports contain almost no references to the intensive contacts of the Prussian opposition with various political centers in Poland, which were already ongoing at that time. This allows the scholars to conclude that their value for the Teutonic principals of Niclos was small. Scharar’s reports, however, are of great importance for contemporary researchers in the context of the information they contain regarding the internal political life of the Kingdom of Poland in the early 1450s.
    Źródło:
    Średniowiecze Polskie i Powszechne; 2022, 14; 237-274
    2080-492X
    2353-9720
    Pojawia się w:
    Średniowiecze Polskie i Powszechne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6

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