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Tytuł:
A probabilistic concept of assessment of amount of noxious substances contained in exhaust gas emitted from self-ignition engines
Autorzy:
Girtler, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/260405.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
engine start-up
self-ignition engine
noxious substance
Opis:
A probabilistic concept of toxicity assessment of exhaust gas emitted from self-ignition engines was presented. Without such assessment it is not possible to determine pro-ecological merits of various transport means driven by self-ignition engines, including inland waterways passenger ships. In the concept a model of starting-up process of self-ignition engines was taken into consideration. The model was presented in the form of a semi-Markovian process, discrete in states and continuous during service. The states of the process are : the cold engine state (s1 ), warm engine state (s2) and hot engine state (s3 ). It made it possible to determine probabilities of the starting-up of engines from its particular states. For determination of mass of noxious substances contained in exhaust gas it is necessary to know the probabilities. Usefulness of the model in assessing amount of the noxious substances results from that during the starting-up of such engines many noxious substances are produced.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2006, S 2; 33-37
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A method for evaluating theoretical and real operation of diesel engines in energy conversion formulation taking into account their operating indices
Autorzy:
Girtler, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/260600.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
operation
energy
diesel engine
ship’s main engine
Opis:
The article proposes valuating the operation of an arbitrary diesel engine, based on the sample case of a ship’s main engine in which energy conversion processes take place in a given time. The above operation is understood as the energy transfer to the screw propeller in the given time in which the energy conversion into work and/or heat and its further transmission take place. The here proposed method for evaluating the operation of the main engines installed in marine power plants consists in comparing the operation of these engines to a physical quantity the measuring unit of which is the joule-second (joule×second). A new term is introduced which bears the name of the theoretical engine operation and is the standard (ideal) operation which can be compared to the operation of real engines revealing different levels of wear. It was shown that the calculations of the theoretical operation defined in the above way cannot make direct use of commonly known theoretical Diesel and Sabathe cycles. Instead they should use the cycles modified by heat abstraction taking place in accordance with the isobaric, or isothermal process. Other new terms introduced in the article are: the degree of excellence of energy conversion to work, considered as the measure of excellence of engine operation, and the degree of engine operation dissipation, being the measure of its real operation. It is shown that if in time t of engine operation the case takes place that: Li = idem and Le = idem, then the engine operation dissipation is equal to its mechanical efficiency.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2011, 3; 31-36
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A method for evaluatingthe performance of a marine piston internal combustion engine used as the main engine on a ship during its voyage in different sailing conditions
Autorzy:
Girtler, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/259375.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
engine operation
combustion engine performance evaluation
interpretation of energy conversion
Newton-Leibniz formula
model of engine operation
Opis:
A method is presented for evaluating the performance of piston internal combustion engines used as the main engines on sea-going ships and acting in typical operating conditions. These conditions are described taking into account the performance area of engines of this type. The presented method provides opportunities for calculating the numerical effect of the action using the integral calculus. The above effect is presented as a physical quantity expressed by a number with the metric unit called the joule-second. Proposed is the use of types of integrands (which are functional dependences of the energy converted in these engines on time) which make it possible to use the second fundamental theorem of calculus justifying the use of the Newton-Leibniz formula. The object of the analysis is the process of changes of the energy converted in the internal combustion engines during their operation, described with the aid of a deterministic model of the real process taking into account its sample realisation.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2010, 4; 31-38
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Stochastic model of the load spectrum for main engines of sea-going ships
Autorzy:
Girtler, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243406.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
semi-Markov process
load
diesel engine
main engine
sea ship
Opis:
The paper presents possibility of applying the theory of semi-Markov processes for probabilistic description of load spectrum for diesel engines employed for ship propulsion, so for main engines. The considerations include output power characteristics for this kind of engines. The characteristics have enabled formulating a four-member set of states of the process of load on the engines. The theory of semi-Markov processes has been applied for describing the real process of loads on the mentioned engines. This theory has made possible building a model of the engine loads in form of a continuous-time semi-Markov process with a four-state set of values. Properties of a Darboux continuous function, which allow considering the engine loads as the discrete-states and continuous-time processes, have been used to build the model. In consequence a limiting distribution of the occurring process of successive states of engine loads could be determined. The distribution is the probabilities of staying a sea-going ship main engine in successive states of load. The distribution is characterized by the spectrum of loads on this kind of engines. The presented model can be developed by taking into account many states of the process of main engines loading as the need is to make such a probabilistic description of the process that provides possibility of rational control of the operating process.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2007, 14, 3; 187-193
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reliability and types of diagnosis in the process of diesel engine operation
Autorzy:
Girtler, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2073667.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
diagnosis
marine engine
diesel engine
diagnosing system
diagnosed system
diagnosis reliability
Opis:
The article presents complexity of the problem concerning development of diagnosis with defined reliability by a diagnosing system (SDG) on technical condition of marine combustion engines, especially main engines. It was shown that development of the final diagnosis, the so-called initial operation diagnosis, on the operational usability (fDG on PEx) of a main engine in particular, is not possible without prior development of reliable diagnoses such as: diagnosis on correctness of diagnostic signals, diagnosis on correctness of values of the measured diagnostic parameters of an engine (DG on pWM), diagnosis on technical condition of an engine (DG on ST) and initial diagnosis on operational usability of an engine (wDG on PEx), the so-called initial operation diagnosis. Difficulties in development of the diagnoses were emphasized herein due to the fact that the process of acquisition of information needed to develop diagnoses with certain reliability or accuracy is a two-dimensional stochastic process with components: B(t) – being considered during operation (use) of SDG (at so-called long time - quasistatic) and C(ʋ) – being considered while measuring diagnostic parameters and diagnostic inference (at so-called short time - dynamic). The need to determine reliability or accuracy rate of each diagnosis in the form of conditional probability P(S/K) was also indicated, where S – technical state of the engine and K – vector of values of diagnostic parameters reflecting state S. Diagnostic status of marine engine as a diagnosed system (SDN) was characterized in general, on the example of an engine operation process with regards to input (X), output (Y), constant (C) and interference (Z) values. Also there was explained how to understand the terms: diagnostic test, signal inference, measurement inference, structure inference and operation inference, and how inductive inference can be used to verify, for example, the hypothesis H on engine state S when vector K of values of engine diagnostic parameters is observed.
Źródło:
Journal of Polish CIMEEAC; 2018, 13, 1; 20--29
1231-3998
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Polish CIMEEAC
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A model of fuel combustion process in the marine reciprocating engine work space taking into account load and wear of crankshaft-piston assembly and the theory of semi-Markov processes
Autorzy:
Girtler, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/259557.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
engine load
marine internal combustion engine
probability
semi-Markov process
crankshaft-piston assembly
Opis:
The article analyses the operation of reciprocal internal combustion engines, with marine engines used as an example. The analysis takes into account types of energy conversion in the work spaces (cylinders) of these engines, loads of their crankshaft-piston assemblies, and types of fuel combustion which can take place in these spaces during engine operation. It is highlighted that the analysed time-dependent loads of marine internal combustion engine crankshaftpiston assemblies are random processes. It is also indicated that the wear of elements of those assemblies resulting from their load should also be considered a random process. A hypothesis is formulated which explains random nature of load and the absence of the theoretically expected detonation combustion in engines supplied with such fuels as Diesel Oil, Marine Diesel Oil, and Heavy Fuel Oil. A model is proposed for fuel combustion in an arbitrary work space of a marine Diesel engine, which has the form of a stochastic four-state process, discrete in states and continuous in time. The model is based on the theory of semi-Markov processes.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2016, 3; 50-57
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A concept of determining the relation between load and wear of tribological systems of ship main selfignition engines by using probabilistic approach
Autorzy:
Girtler, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/258580.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
combustion engine load
probability
stochastic process
self-ignition engine
random variable
statistical relation
stochastic relation
Opis:
This paper presents a proposal of simultaneous consideration of load and wear associated with it , of tribological systems of ship main engines (intended for ship propulsion) . Based on results of investigations it was assumed that both the load Q (i.e. a cause of wear ) and the wear Z (i.e. an effect of load occurrence) considered in a given time t (0 ≤ t ≤ tn) are random variables Qt and Zt ,respectively. There was characterized operational principle of ship main engines in definite external conditions (WZ) as well as consequences of excessive load of engines. Three hypotheses highlighting relations existing between load and wear of the above mentioned systems, have been proposed. The first of them deals with explanation of stochastic relation between load and wear, the second highlights why it is possible to assume that the load Qt and the wear Zt are positively correlated , and the third – why it is possible to assume that coefficient of correlation between Qt and Zt may be taken close to one.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2018, 4; 130-138
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Issue of changes in technical states of a Diesel engiene as the result of wear of its tribological systems
Autorzy:
Girtler, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/359783.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
load
technical state
diesel engine
wear
Opis:
The paper shows a necessity to consider the processes of load on and wear of tribological systems in Diesel engines (and therefore the changes in their states) in real conditions as random processes. This means that mathematical models for these processes can be random functions with an argument which is time (t) and with values which are random variables such as loads and wear of particular tribological systems. The load properties for the tribological systems have been presented as the main causes of their failures. It has been signaled that a stochastic dependence should be expected between mechanical load and thermal load, whose the intensity (force) can be defined by Czuprow’s convergence coefficient. A proposal has been submitted to accept that the tribological system load in Diesel engines is a stationary process with asymptotically independent increments. The reasons for this proposal have been presented in the form of relevant hypotheses and an exemplary graph of changes in pressure and temperature in an engine cylinder under operation. Also it has been signaled that the models of wear processes in tribological systems may be stochastic processes with special properties called semi-Markov processes. The wear properties for these systems have been explained in the form of relevant hypotheses.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2012, 31 (103); 77-82
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A probabilistic concept of load assessmentof self-ignition engines
Autorzy:
Girtler, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/258922.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
hypothesis
load
self-ignition engine
stochastic process
Opis:
A proposal of probabilistic interpretation of loading process of self-ignition combustion engines, was presented. Probabilistic description of loading the engines was proposed with taking into account known parameters (indices) of their operation. It was demonstrated that instantaneous load of such engines can be considered a random variable. Attention was paid to the fact that the load can be taken as a multi-dimensional random variable. Engine load changes during its operation were considered as the loading process and presented in the form of a multi-dimensional stochastic process whose states are loads considered to be random variables. It was demonstrated that the loading process can be taken as the stochastic one of asymptotically independent incements, stationary and ergodic. Justification of the above mentioned features of the loading process is contained in the presented hypotheses. It was also demonstrated that in testing the load process of self-ignition engines stochastic relation between thermal and mechanical loading should be taken into account.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2008, 2; 65-70
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Operational problems of large power diesel engines combusting biofuels, considered together with assessment of their operation
Autorzy:
Girtler, J.
Korczewski, Z.
Mańczak, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/259277.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
biofuel
operation
engine about automatic ignition
expendable
Opis:
In this paper the problem is discussed of supplying high power diesel engines with biofuels in the aspect of consequences which occurr during their operation. Attention was paid to advantages and difficulties associated with application of biofuels to self-ignition engines. A relevant research problem was characterized and research targets were proposed to make it possible to most favourably shape energy merits of the engines. Special attention was given to wear process of such engines and their failures resulting from application of biofuels. The following problems were also considered: calcium carbonate sedimentation, closing graphite platelets in structure of cylider bearing surface and surface defects of piston rings made of aluminium bronze. It was demonstrated that to assess operation of the engines is possible under the assumption that in a valuating approach their operation can be compared to a physical quantity represented numerically and measured with the use of the joule*sec unit. Conclusions resulting from the domestic and foreign investigations on power and reliability of such engines were also presented.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2010, 2; 36-43
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Conception of valuation of combustion engine operation
Autorzy:
Girtler, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244104.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
heat
operation
energy
work
semi-Markov process
combustion engine
Opis:
The work provides a proposal of interpretation showing operation in terms of values being compared to a physical quantity with the unit of measure called joule-second, just like operations of Hamilton and Maupertius demonstrated in classical mechanics. Operation in this interpretation is also considered in quantum mechanics, referring to body electromagnetic radiation source of which operation is characterized by Planck constant. An original method of analysis and evaluation of machine operation is herein presented in the energetic aspect, as the result of applying the theory of semi-Markov processes. In order to give grounds for usability of such interpreted operation it has been employed the model describing changes in energy of combustion engines, in the form of state-discrete and time-continuous semi-Markov process. The process is thus a semi-Markov model of getting worse combustion engine operation run with the lapse of time and regaining the initial energetic state of the engine after its refurbishment. The limiting distribution of the process has been determined with probabilities of occurring the distinguished energetic states of mentioned engines. The paper shows that the proposed interpretation for the operation enables making a graph of operation, which demonstrates engine operation in the form of field. The attention is paid that the engine operation in the presented version has got the advantage that can be expressed as a quantity with the joule-second as a unit of measure and as a graph in the form of operation field. The coordinate system for presenting the operation as a field, proposed in this paper, refers to the known in thermodynamics possibility of expressing the energy conversion sorts like work and heat (according to the conception of Clapeyron and Belpaire) in the form of fields.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2008, 15, 2; 89-96
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The semi-Markov model of energy state changes of the main marine internal combustion engine and method for evaluating its operation during ship voyage
Autorzy:
Girtler, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/260072.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
operation
energy
semi-Markov process
piston internal combustion engine
Opis:
The article presents a method for evaluating the operation of internal combustion engines used as the main engines in the propulsion systems of sea-going ships in various operating conditions. This method enables calculating the engine operation value based on the theory of semi-Markov processes and mathematical statistics. What is noteworthy, the operation of the examined internal combustion engines is compared to a physical quantity which is expressed in the form of a number with the measure unit called joule-second. a model having the form of a semi-Markov process is proposed to describe the energy state changes taking place in the main engines during their operation. Also proposed is the use of the point and interval estimation at a given confidence level â for determining the value of the energy converted in the engine during its operation for the known and unknown standard energy deviation treated as the random variable. The semi-Markov model of changes of the energy converted in the engine during its operation is presented in a general form. The above model was used for determining the ship’s main engine operation, which is in the examined case a function of the energy converted in particular energy states, the expected value of the time of duration of these states and the probability of their existence. These probabilities compose the limiting distribution of the semi-Markov process, the values of which are the specified main engine energy states.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2011, 4; 36-42
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Probabilistyczna metoda określenia masy substancji szkodliwych emitowanych przez silnik o zapłonie samoczynnym podczas jego rozruchu
Probabilistic Method of the Determination of Harmfu Substance Mass Emitted by a Diesel Engine During Its Starting
Autorzy:
Girtler, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/359487.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
model
EXPLO-SHIP 2006
rozruch silnika
silnik o zapłonie samoczynnym
substancja szkodliwa
start up of an engine
diesel engine
harmful substance
Opis:
Zaproponowano model procesu rozruchu silników o zapłonie samoczynnym, w formie procesu semimarkowskiego, dyskretnego w stanach i ciągłego w czasie eksploatacji. Stanami tego procesu są: stan zimny silnika (s1), stan ciepły silnika (s2) i stan gorący silnika (s3). Przedstawiono koncepcję zastosowania opracowanego modelu do określenia ilości substancji szkodliwych, jakie emitowane są w spalinach podczas rozruchu silnika.
The paper proposes a model of diesel engine starting process as a semi-Markov process which is discrete in states and continuous during operation. The states of this process are: cold state of the engine (s1), warm state (s2) and hot state of the engine (s3). The concept of using such a model for the determination of the quantity of harmful substances emitted in exhaust gases during the start up of the engine has been presented.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2006, 10 (82); 193-204
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Operation evaluation method for marine turbine combustion engines in terms of energetics
Autorzy:
Dzida, M.
Girtler, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/259307.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
work
Hamilton work
Maupertius work
energy
turbine combustion engine
Opis:
An evaluation proposal (quantitative determination) of any combustion turbine engine operation has been presented , wherein the impact energy occurs at a given time due to Energy conversion. The fact has been taken into account that in this type of internal combustion engines the energy conversion occurs first in the combustion chambers and in the spaces between the blade of the turbine engine. It was assumed that in the combustion chambers occurs a conversion of chemical energy contained in the fuel-air mixture to the internal energy of the produced exhaust gases. This form of energy conversion has been called heat. It was also assumed that in the spaces between the blades of the rotor turbine, a replacement occurs of part of the internal energy of the exhaust gas, which is their thermal energy into kinetic energy conversion of its rotation. This form of energy conversion has been called the work. Operation of the combustion engine has been thus interpreted as a transmission of power receivers in a predetermined time when there the processing and transfer in the form (means) of work and heat occurs. Valuing the operation of this type of internal combustion engines, proposed by the authors of this article, is to determine their operation using physical size, which has a numerical value and a unit of measurement called joule-second [joule x second]. Operation of the combustion turbine engine resulting in the performance of the turbine rotor work has been presented, taking into account the fact that the impeller shaft is connected to the receiver, which may be a generator (in the case of one-shaft engine) or a propeller of the ship (in the case of two or three shaft engine).
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2016, 4; 67-72
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of catalitic reactors usefulness to reduce pollution generated by piston combustion engines with regard to ship main engines
Autorzy:
Zielińska, E.
Girtler, J.
Lejda, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/260376.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
ship engine
catalytic reactor
catalytic reactor efficiency
harmful compounds
Opis:
The article presents results which indicate that the use of catalytic reactors to reduce emissions of harmful compunds contained in the exhaust gas is important in the operation of vehicle motors operation. Efforts of the shipbuilding industry to reduce the toxicity of exhaust gas emitted by the main engines have been indicated and pointed to the desirability of the use of these catalysts in maritime transport. It has been pointed out that studies of the harmful substances in exhaust gases performer at vehicle inspection stations have an impact on increasing the safety of drivers and other road users and contribute to preserving the natural environment by reducing the danger coming from cars operating on Polish roads. An opinion has been expressed that the most serious threats to the environment are emitted by car transport exhaust fumes, which are characterized by significant emission of toxic compounds excreted into the atmosphere from tailpipe emissions. It has been demonstrated that a fully functioning catalytic reactor, operating in a steady state at appropriate temperatures and the composition of the mixture close to stoichiometric ratio, can reduce emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides by more than 90%. Also, an assessment has been presented reporting the efficiency of catalytic reactors of spark ignition engines operating in a test vehicle inspection station. The results of research in the evaluation of their performance were correlated with their operation waveforms. Such an approach is justified by the fact that during the operation of each vehicle the wear of its assemblies and components is different – including the catalytic reactor. The catalytic layer undergoes aging so that there are changes in the structure and chemical composition of the catalyst bed, while the overlapping of layers of different chemical compounds that block access to the active layer of the reactor. An opinion has also been expressed that it would be advisable to take steps to use research results presented in this article for research of catalytic reactors similar use in diagnostic systems of marine combustion engines, especially the main ones, which exhaust emissions are incomparably greater than in the case of car engines.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2017, 1; 81-87
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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