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    Tytuł:
    Porównanie sposobów określania składu gatunkowego drzewostanów obrębu leśnego
    Comparison of the methods of determining the tree species composition of stands in a forest district
    Autorzy:
    Bruchwald, A.
    Miścicki, S.
    Dmyterko, E.
    Stereńczak, K.
    Wysocka-Fijorek, E.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/985705.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    sklad gatunkowy
    struktura gatunkowa
    metody badan
    analiza porownawcza
    obreby lesne
    basal area
    cover
    diversity
    sample plot
    survey
    volume
    Opis:
    In Polish forest management planning, the species composition of stands in a forest district is established by adding up the volumes of tree species from individual forest stands. These volumes are calculated according to the estimated share of species cover and the estimated volume of the entire forest stand. The species structure of stands in a forest district, established on the basis of such a method, may be different than that obtained from sample plots. The aim of the study was to compare three ways of determining the tree species structure of stands in a forest district. In Method 1, the species composition was estimated on the basis of the volume of trees measured on sample plots as part of a periodic forest inventory based on stratified sampling. The same data were used in Method 2, but the share of species was calculated on the basis of the basal area. In Method 3, the species structure was estimated according to the volume of trees estimated in each forest stand based on the cover of a given species. The empirical material was collected in 53 forest districts. In method 1 and 2, data from an average of 740 sample plots within the forest district were used. In Method 3, data from the forest stand descriptions contained in the database of the State Forests Information System were used. For each forest district, species composition was calculated, including 6 tree species and 8 groups of tree species. For all forest districts, the average shares of individual species and groups of species differed, depending on the applied method (tab. 1). In case of methods 1 and 2, the biggest difference was found for pine – the most numerous species – but it was also big for less numerous ones: birch and oak (tab. 2). In case of methods 1 and 3, the biggest difference in share was also found for pine (tab. 3). The greater the species diversity of a forest district (determined according to Simpson’s index of diversity), the greater was the average difference in the estimated share of an individual species (figs. 1 and 2). The method of determining the species structure in a forest district used in forest management practice nowadays was considered insufficient. It was proposed to establish it in larger units (subclass, age class, forest district) only according to the volume of trees measured on the sample plots (without rounding and ‘switching’ of species), using the stratified sampling method.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2019, 163, 05; 365-372
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Podstawy planowania składu gatunkowego w lasach górskich na przykładzie Beskidu Niskiego
    Basis of the species composition planning model for mountain forests on the example of Beskid Niski Mts.
    Autorzy:
    Bruchwald, A.
    Dmyterko, E.
    Mionskowski, M.
    Niemczyk, M.
    Łukaszewicz, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/972988.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    hodowla lasu
    planowanie
    czynniki siedliska
    typy siedliskowe lasu
    leśnictwo
    tereny górskie
    lasy górskie
    skład gatunkowy
    wysokość nad poziomem morza
    rzeźba terenu
    species composition
    habitats
    landforms
    mountain forests
    Opis:
    The study presents a method of planning species composition of forest stands in mountain areas on the example of Beskid Niski Mts. (south−eastern Poland). The focus was on the species composition of forest stands growing in different conditions, taking into account the type of forest habitat and terrain characteristics: altitude, exposition and slope. The research was based on data stored in the Information System of the State Forests. We used modified growth model for data processing and calculation of site index for the forests older than 60 years. The Beskid Niski Mts. are covered mostly by European beech (33.8%), silver fir (28.3%) and Scots pine (18.9%). Taking into account exclusively the productive capacity of individual forest stands, fir and spruce would be the most desirable species in analysed region. The Beskid Niski Mts. are characterized by a very small diversity of the habitat with domination of mountain fresh deciduous forest (LGśw, 92.1% of the area). We divided analysed region into four altitudinal zones that vary greatly in fraction of afforested area. Beech dominates in all zones and its share increases from the foothills to montane zone (fig. 5). Basing on a digital terrain model, the areal share of 10 landforms was determined for each stand and altitudinal zone (fig. 8). This enabled more detailed planning of species composition. However, it required the adoption of six specific assumptions including the need to maintain a suitable proportion of all tree species growing in the mountains, specifically the main forest tree species: spruce, fir and beech. The 5−stage project (preliminary, historical, current, planning, verification stages) consisting of planning species composition uses, in stage 4, detailed information on landforms. The project assumes that the fragments of forests where trees are expected to grow fast will be earmarked for endangered species. The model sees the need of planting the weaker tree species to be present in the forest ecosystems of the Beskid Niski. The proposed project will enable foresters−practitioners to plan the forest species composition for each of the forest districts in the Beskid Niski quickly. Such a programme might also be an integral part of the growth model of forests useful for forecasting and increasing timber resources.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2016, 160, 03; 219-229
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zmiany zachodzące w drzewostanach Bieszczadów
    Changes in the forests of the Bieszczady Mts.
    Autorzy:
    Dmyterko, E.
    Bruchwald, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/985915.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    lasy gorskie
    Bieszczady
    drzewostany
    sklad gatunkowy
    zmiany w drzewostanach
    zmiany skladu gatunkowego
    model wzrostu drzewostanu
    modele ryzyka uszkodzenia
    species composition
    stand growth model
    model allowable cut
    wind damage risk model
    forest threat
    measure
    Opis:
    The aim of the study was to analyse (on the basis of the data from the State Forests Information System) the changes occurring in the Bieszczady forests in the period of 2007−2016. One of the processes taking place in the study area is the withdrawal of grey alder stands and the appear− ance of natural regeneration of mainly beech and fir, and in a smaller proportion spruce (fig. 1). Another natural process is the encroachment of fir and beech under the canopy of pine stands, which is favoured by fertile habitats that meet the ecological requirements of these two tree species. As a result of economic activity supporting these processes, alder and pine stands are being rebuilt relatively quickly, turning into fir or beech stands, and sometimes into mixed stands with the participation of other tree species, including spruce (fig. 1). The decline of spruce stands occurs on the dominant area in Poland: in Beskid Śląski and Beskid Żywiecki, the Kaszuby Forest or the Białowieża Forest. The main causes of this process are abiotic and biotic factors, including frequent droughts causing the lowering of the groundwater level and insect outbreaks, especially of bark beetles. The proportion of spruce in the Bieszczady Mountains is relatively small (about 10%), and the high fertility of the habitats compensates, to some extent, the relatively high moisture requirements of this tree species and probably these factors determined the lack of decline of spruce stands in the analysed area. In the last 10 years, the average age of forests in the Bieszczady Mountains increased from 77 to 83 years (tab. 2), mainly as a result of too low volume of harvested timber (fig. 3). Comparing the total harvested volume with the volume of allowable cut determined by the stand growth model, the harvest of the wood raw material was understated by about 25%. The aging of forests is also confirmed by changes in stands in age classes (fig. 2). The aging of the Bieszczady forests is correlated with the process of increasing the threat to these forests by wind (figs. 4−5). The wind damage risk factor increased over the next 10 years in the two highest threat level, and thus the area of threatened stands increased. The forest threat measure in the Bieszczady forests increased in general as well as in individual forest districts (fig. 6). The forests in two of these districts are currently among the most threatened in Poland.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2018, 162, 05; 355-364
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Dynamika i główne kierunki zmian w drzewostanach zagospodarowanej części Puszczy Białowieskiej
    Dynamics and main direction of change in forest stands constituting the managed part of Bialowieza Forest
    Autorzy:
    Bruchwald, A.
    Dmyterko, E.
    Brzeziecki, B.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/985942.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    Puszcza Bialowieska
    drzewostany gospodarcze
    dynamika drzewostanu
    siedliska lesne
    struktura drzewostanu
    sklad gatunkowy
    struktura wiekowa
    miazszosc drzewostanow
    przyrost miazszosci
    abiotic and biotic threats
    forest age structure
    low−productivity stands
    stand productivity
    stand volume
    stand stability
    species composition
    wind risk model
    Opis:
    The paper describes current (in years 2007−2017) changes of basic parameters of forest stands that constitute the managed part of Białowieża Forest (ca. 53,000 ha), divided into three forest districts: Białowieża (12,600 ha), Hajnówka (19,700 ha) and Browsk (20,400 ha). The investigated tree stands represent different phases of ecological succession, modified by silvicultural treatments and other human activities. The course of the succession processes is varied, depending, first of all, on local site conditions, consisting mainly of fresh sites (ca. 60%) – particularly fresh broadleaved forest, and encompassing exceptionally high fraction of wet and swamp sites (40%) – especially wet broadleaved forest site type. Most stands represent the intermediate, highly productive phase of succession, with spruce and oak as the dominant tree species. In particular, such stands are common in Białowieża and Hajnówka forest districts. Recently, the share of the mentioned stands is declining, most intensely in the Browsk Forest District. In 2017 alone, 430 ha of highly productive forest stands disappeared from the Białowieża Forest. The process of decay involved mixed stands; besides of spruces which were killed by a current bark beetle infestation, also many oaks, pines, birches, alders as well as rare and valuable minor tree species (such as ashes and maples) died. Dying spruce and, more often, oak stands are often replaced by low−productive hornbeam trees, occupying earlier lower stand strata in such stands. The resulting hornbeam stands are often distinguished by low crown closure and low productivity. Tree stands occurring in the Białowieża Forest are among the most endangered by wind damage stands in Poland. It means that in case of strong winds, several trees will be broken and/or uprooted. The intensity of such phenomena will be further increased by the high tree volume of stands as well as by the presence of many gaps in forest canopy, caused by a massive mortality of spruce trees. In general, one may expect that in the nearest future many stands occurring in the Białowieża Forest, built by different tree species, will be subject to a massive decay. The list of factors contributing to this process is long and involves, among other things, recurring droughts during the growing season, unfavorable changes in ground water table and increased frequency of strong winds. All these factors negatively influence the health status of trees, which further favours the development of parasitic fungi and insects. In consequence, there is a high probability that many areas in the Białowieża Forest will, for a long time, retain a treeless character and/or will be occupied by low−productive and single species hornbeam stands.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2018, 162, 11; 897-906
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zmiany zachodzące w lasach Ziemi Kłodzkiej w latach 2001-2017
    Changes in the forests of the Kłodzko Region in years 2001-2017
    Autorzy:
    Dmyterko, E.
    Bruchwald, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/985721.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    Ziemia Klodzka
    lasy
    sklad gatunkowy
    zmiany skladu gatunkowego
    klasy wieku
    struktura drzewostanu
    pozyskiwanie drewna
    zlomy
    wykroty
    posusz
    miazszosc surowca drzewnego
    zmiany w drzewostanach
    dynamika zmian
    zagrozenia drzewostanow
    lata 2001-2017
    species composition
    stand age structure
    timber harvest
    damage caused by wind and drought
    stand
    growth model
    Opis:
    The aim of the study was to assess the changes occurring in the forests of the Kłodzko Region in the recent period (2001−2017), with particular emphasis on the species composition of the stands, their share in age classes and the structure of harvested timber, including live trees, deadwood, wind−broken and wind−fallen trees. The Kłodzko Region located in the Sudety Mountains (SW Poland) covers the forests of four forest districts: Lądek−Zdrój, Międzylesie, Bystrzyca Kłodzka and Zdroje. The declining share of spruce stands (from 83.5% in 2001 to 75.5% in 2017) and the increasing share of beech and larch as well as sycamore stands indicate that these forests are systematically rebuilt. The average age of the stands is very high (81 years). The share of young (<20 years old ) stands is low (only 5%), while those older than 100 years constitute about 35%. The 21st century saw a serious damage to the investigated forests caused by frequent strong winds and long−lasting droughts in the growing seasons. The three hurricanes that took place in the analysed period were the cause of the removal of 1.1 million m3 of timber in the form of wind−broken and wind−fallen trees. The drought in the growing season in 2015 resulted in the salvage harvest of deadwood with a total volume of 1.6 million m3, which corresponds to the volume of four annual allowable cuts determined for the undisturbed growth conditions of trees in the area under research. Using the wind damage risk model, the threat measure Ms reaching a value of above 40 was calculated for the forests of the Kłodzko Region, which are currently among the most threatened in Poland. This threat results mainly from the high share of spruce stands in older age classes with high average height and gaps after previous hurricanes as well as from a large area of stands located at high elevations.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2019, 163, 08; 675-684
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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