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Wyszukujesz frazę "Propulsion" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Diagnosing of ship propulsion elements by vibration measurement
Autorzy:
Charchalis, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244654.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
diagnosing
vibroacoustics
gas turbine engines
ship propulsion plantDiagnosing
ship propulsion plant
Opis:
In the present time the technical progress, make us use more and more complicated machines in our everyday life. The application of turbine engines as the main propulsion engines of a vessel impels, according to requirements, operation procedures. It alters considerably the usage of gas turbine engines in the navy from the ones in aviation. The relatively low load is characteristic to the operation of the marine engine. In the case of the technology used at sea, the necessity of highly specialized service is especially evident. In the paper, we present the diagnostic systems elaborated to support the exploitation of the vessel power plant with gas turbines. Application of computer simulation for diagnosing a technical state of gas turbines rotor sets should be applied during calculation and project process. During engine assembly, the rotating components are mounted with great care with the main objective of minimizing shaft unbalance. However, even with the best of care, such factors as machining imperfection, differential thermal expansion etc cause a small residual unbalance of gas turbine rotor. The dynamic problems of Marine Gas Turbine Engines are connected with such basic elements: rotors, bearings, struts of bearings, engine body and type of substructure. The proposed diagnostics method makes it possible to determine the limiting value of vibration symptoms .
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2011, 18, 1; 93-98
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Diagnosing elements of ship propulsion of vibration measurement
Autorzy:
Charchalis, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243179.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
diagnosing
vibroacoustics
gas turbine engines
ship propulsion plant Diagnosing
ship propulsion plant
Opis:
In the present time the technical progress make us use more and more complicated machines in our everyday life. In the case of the technology used at sea the necessity of highly specialised service is especially evident. The diagnostic systems elaborated to support the exploitation of the vessel power plant with gas turbines are presented in the paper. Application of computer simulation for diagnosing a technical state of gas turbines rotor sets should be applied during calculation and project process. During engine assembly, the rotating components are mounted with great care with the main objective of minimising shaft unbalance. However, even with the best of care, such factors as machining imperfection, differential thermal expansion etc cause a small residual unbalance of gas turbine rotor. The dynamic problems of Marine Gas Turbine Engines are connected with such basic elements as rotors, bearings, struts of bearings, engine body and type of substructure.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2007, 14, 2; 81-89
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Statistical evaluation of propriety of measurements of ship’s movement parameters
Autorzy:
Charchalis, A.
Polanowski, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244984.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
diagnostics
vessel’s propulsion systems
ship propulsion characteristics for ships with fixed propeller modelling
determination of power characteristics
Opis:
The paper presents some problems of carrying out measurements of energetic characteristics and vessel’s performance in the conditions of sea examinations. As the object of propulsion characteristic determination was selected the ship with fixed pitch propeller. In order to formulate models of power characteristics, in first, known physical aspect were taken and subsequently statistic theory was implemented. Models of propulsion performance were built basing on two theoretical methods of determination of required shaft power and torque at a hub, as the function of propeller’s revolutionary speed and sailing condition represented by dimensionless coefficients. Model number one, based on Silukov method presents function with variable power index, of shaft power in domain of revolutionary speed. The second one presents model of torque variations, based on Silovic – Fancev method. For verification of models were taken presented in available bibliography, results of researches of ship’s propulsion systems [6]. We also discuss the manner of reducing the results of measurements to the standard conditions. We present the way of preparing propulsion characteristics and the analysis of examination uncertainty for the measurement of torque. Statistical analysis of deviation of results, using three models, proposed in the paper. As a result of analysis, one point from primary data set was rejected due to its unreliability, what was resulting with higher adequacy of characteristics.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2016, 23, 1; 83-89
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Determination of main dimensions and estimation of propulsion power of a ship
Autorzy:
Charchalis, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244443.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
ship propulsion
Marine Power Plant
database
ship’ dimensions
Opis:
TEU number, which is the container ships’ crucial designing factor, directly influences the main hull dimensions such as displacement V , length L, breadth B, draught T, their combinations and block coefficient CB. The main dimensions have a great impact on developing the ships resistant performance. Thus, it is really fundamental to establish the correct dimensions of the hull during the design and ship building process. Estimating the shape of the ship’s hull, that comprises its main dimensions, is one of the basic tasks as part of the preliminary design stage. The most significant decisions determining ships performance, its duration and building costs are made at the beginning of the preliminary stage, when the costs are relatively low. It is important to limit the total ship resistance, for instance, by lowering the wave ship resistance as much as possible, especially when the operational speed and TEU number carried by one vessel is increasing. That resistance depends on the operational speed expressed by Froude number. The resistance criteria and the existing hull dimensions limits, resulting from ships route, must be taken into consideration bearing in mind safety conditions such as ships stability and seaworthiness, when the main ships dimensions are being determined. In the paper are presented general rules for calculations of ship’s hull principle dimensions and total power of engines of container ship 1300TEU and 18 kn at preliminary stage of design process.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2014, 21, 2; 39-44
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The problem of not driven propellers in Multi - screw ships propulsion arrangements
Autorzy:
Charchalis, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247889.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
fast ships
ships screw propeller
multi-screw propulsion arrangements
Opis:
Power requirement for ship's movement depends on their size (water displacement) and sailing speed. The problem is especially important for fast ships, because the speed of movement is generating significant high power requirement, while limited displacement, diminishing a drag quantity from one hand, is a reason of limited draft and consequently limited capacity of a hull from the other. Above facts have strong influence at a number, type, power and size of main engines and propellers. Fast ships are designed for reaching maximum speed, but majority of exploitation time, are cruising at lower speed, called partial speed. That exploitation profile requires stopping of some engines or braking of propellers. Not driven propellers are dragged behind the hull, and work at a turbine mode, giving a torque at a propulsion shaft and creates a negative thrust what means the additional drag. The additional drag of not driven propellers must be calculated during the propulsion design stage, and analysis of speed value during different variants of the ship's movement . Torque values and thrusts can be evaluated basing on the universal hydrodynamic characteristics of propellers. the method and example of calculation of the drag created by free-rotating and stopped propellers of the exemplary propulsion set are presented in the paper.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2012, 19, 2; 83-86
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Designing constraints in evaluation of ship propulsion power
Autorzy:
Charchalis, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244237.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
seagoing ships
hull coefficient
hull dimensions parameters
propulsion power
Opis:
Preliminary ship owners' assumptions for new ship consist of deadweight (for container vessel load capacity TEU), speed shipping line and others. Taking it as a base, in early stage of design one has to select propulsion type. This goal needs definition of principal dimensions of a vessel, which are the base for further calculations of hull’s resistance and evaluation of necessary power of main engine (engines) to fulfil shipping requirements. Selection of main dimensions of vessel is limited by rules regarding buoyancy, stability, hull strength, manoeuvring capability, and limitations related to seaways or harbours characteristic. In this paper is presented the methodology of calculation of principal parameters of a vessel, necessary for calculation of displacement in relation to vessel’s type, volumetric coefficients, Froude number, and others values affecting ship’s dimensions. It is about midship section coefficient, waterline coefficient, prismatic coefficients and hull feature and area coefficients. Those values are necessary for calculation of hull resistance. In the table are presented comparison of results of calculations above mentioned values and movement resistance and propulsion power of three container vessels representing different load capacity and one bulk carrier. There are also presented different calculation methods of transverse midship section coefficient and wet area coefficient, for 5000TEU container vessel.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 1; 29-34
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Warunki przeprowadzania i weryfikacji oceny diagnostycznej na okręcie
Conditions of carrying out and verification of diagnostic evaluation in a vessel
Autorzy:
Charchalis, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1396905.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Towarzystwo Diagnostyki Technicznej PAN
Tematy:
diagnostyka
napędy okrętowe
pomiary
diagnostics
vessel's propulsion systems
measurements
Opis:
Praca przedstawia problematykę przeprowadzania pomiarów energetycznych i osiągów okrętu w warunkach badań morskich. Przedstawiono wpływ warunków zewnętrznych na zmianę charakterystyk oporowych kadłuba i śruby oraz na przykładzie turbinowego silnika spalinowego wpływ warunków atmosferycznych na wyniki pomiarów i charakterystyki silnika. Omówiono sposób sprowadzania wyników pomiarów do warunków porównawczych. Przedstawiono sposób sporządzania charakterystyk napędowych oraz analizę niepewności pomiarowej dla pomiaru momentu obrotowego.
The paper presents some problems of carrying out measurements of energetic characteristics and vessel's performance in the conditions of sea examinations. We present the influence of external conditions in the change of vessel's hull resistance and propeller characteristics as well as the influence of weather conditions in the results of examinations and characteristics of gas turbine engine. We also discuss the manner of reducing the results of measurements to the standard conditions. We present the way of preparing propulsion characteristics and the analysis of examination uncertainty for the measurement of torque.
Źródło:
Diagnostyka; 2005, 34; 93-98
1641-6414
2449-5220
Pojawia się w:
Diagnostyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Resistance of idle propellers in marine multi-propeller propulsion systems
Autorzy:
Charchalis, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247530.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
transport
high speed vessels
marine propellers
multi-propeller propulsion systems
Opis:
The configuration of a marine propulsion system is selected with regard to the maximum power resulting from its maximum design speed and displacement. The propulsion systems of high speed vessels use three or even four propellers, and each propulsion unit may be multi-engine. High speed vessels are designedfor maximum speeds, but their factual exploitation speed parameters are usually considerably lower - partial speed. In such cases particular propulsion propellers and engines need to be shut down. The idle propellers are dragged by the hull and they work in the so-called turbine work mode; they transfer torque to the shaft and generale negative thrust, i.e. additional resistance. Additional resistance contributes to reducing estimated speed of a vessel and increasing fuel consumption. What is more, torque generated on a propeller is transferred to the shaft and when friction resistance torque in shaft stuffing-boxes and bearings, transmission and, possibly, the propulsion engine is exceeded, mobile components rotate as a result, reaching considerable rotational speed values. torque and thrust on a propeller in this work mode may be estimated on the grounds of universal hydrodynamic characteristics of propellers. Universal hydrodynamic characteristics of propellers are used as reversion characteristics in evaluating the steering properties ofa vessel, and may be useful in evaluating resistance of free wheeling and locked propellers in marine multi-shaft propulsion systems. This paper presents charts of universal hydrodynamic characteristics of propellers for the full range of their rotational speed, the methodology and an example of calculating resistance of free wheeling and locked propellers for the given marine propulsion system.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 4; 97-102
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Utilisation of data base in preliminary design of marine power plant
Autorzy:
Charchalis, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244415.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
ships propulsion
Marine Power Plant
database
ship’s general dimensions
Opis:
The paper presents general rules of utilization of database, called „significant ships list,” for preliminary design of ship’s propulsion and configuration of power plant. Knowledge collected in the database is related to new buildings classified according to type, displacement, shipping class etc. It encompass general dimensions, characteristics of mobility ,propulsion’s power and type of main engines and propulsors, electric power plant, boilers and main mechanisms of a power plant. In the paper is presented method of utilization of the significant ships list during design of a container ship with capacity of 1300 TEU and speed of 18 knots. The first step of propulsion and main engine’s selection is determination of main dimensions, i.e. displacement, length, draft and breadth. That dimensions cannot be selected random way, due to hull’s mobility, stability and durability constraints. The list of significant ships consisted of 30 units, and amongst them, 17 were selected and analyzed. Others were rejected because of significant difference from mean values what could be due to different class of the ships.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2014, 21, 1; 43-48
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Determination of nondimensional arguments in dimensional functions of ship propulsion engine operation
Autorzy:
Rosłanowski, J.
Charchalis, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246528.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
ship propulsion engine operation dimensional analysis
dimensionless arguments in dimensional functions
Opis:
The following article describes different ways for determining dimensionless arguments in dimensional functions of ship propulsion engine operation. Dimensional space has also been characterized in relation to properties it possesses. An attention has been paid to the fact that it creates Abelian group, where involution fulfils multiplication axiom by scalar, and positive numbers that belong to dimensional space create dimensionless subspace. The conception of dimensional dependence has also been explained. There are also described conditions, which should be fulfilled by dimensional quantities to be dimensionally independent. Fundamental theorems of dimensional analysis have also been characterized. There is also given the definition of dimensional function of ship propulsion engine operation concerning values and dimensional arguments. It has been explained what requirements are to be fulfilled. One can also learn what limitations are imposed on dimensional function of ship propulsion engine operation concerning dimensional homogeneity and invariance. The ways of dimensional function transformation into a numerical one have been described. In addition, some conditions have been given which must be applied at given method of dimensional function transformation. An attention has been paid to the fact that dimensionless arguments are similarity invariant as a result of transformation by the similarity method of mathematical model of ship propulsion engine operation. In this study, the ship propulsion engine performance is expressed by product of Joule and second interpreted as transfer of energy in the form of work. Identification of ship propulsion engine operation by dimensional analysis performed in terms of its usefulness for diagnosis of ship propulsion engines. The basic problem of marine diesel exploitation is the monitoring of its technical condition. Diagnosis of marine diesel propulsion increases the safety of the ship and thus protects the marine environment against pollution.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 2; 185-190
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Estimation of main engine power of seagoing ship at preliminary design stage
Autorzy:
Charchalis, A.
Krefft, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247536.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
seagoing ships
container vessels
preliminary design stage
ship's propulsion
main engine power
Opis:
Permanent growth of the container shipbuilding has led to the need of research - developing activities with references to design and ship building process. The requirements for the container vessels have been modified and changed compared with the ships built in the eighties of the past century. The ships capacity have been increased up to and even above 10 000 twenty feet containers (TEU) with the service speed above 25 knots. For such a giant sea going vessels with the overall length above 300 meters and draught above 10 meters the ship hull resistance characteristics have been modified. Those conditions bring to the situation where the propulsion power for the seagoing ships reached 80 MW. The estimation of the main engine power relation in the preliminary design stage is the main aim of the paper. The problem is such important as in that stage the most important design decisions with relatively low investment costs are determined. Moreover, the preliminary design stage distinguishes that the designer possesses just a few design parameters given by the ship owner of the future vessel. That is why the correct choice of the main engine power is difficult to determine. Determination of the main propulsion power impacts the electric and heat energy amount and the production way of both energy forms. The main engine equation has been determined based on the container ship's parameters for the entire range of container vessels load capacity (TEU). The values of the design parameters have came from author 's data base for the contemporary container vessels.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 4; 89-95
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Load analysis of propulsion engine during ships speed acceleratio
Autorzy:
Rosłanowski, J.
Charchalis, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246664.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
load propulsion engine
ship's speed acceleration
control engine operation
running non-overload engine
Opis:
The following paper presents load analysis of propulsion engine during ship's speed acceleration. This process is carried out after manoeuvring in order to receive, as fast as possible, exploitation speeds of the ship, achieved during the voyage. The analysis concerns direct propulsion power system of low-speed engine of constant pitch propeller. Wrong steering process of engine load changes in temporary states, can cause engine overloading, as the result of its operation on the external limiting characteristic and can end up in engine seizure. Control of engine operation is carried on through selecting of adequate setting of rotational speed governor, which for specified external conditions can result in adequate position of fuel link and the choice of adequate fuel index arm dose. Equalization of the power delivered by the engine in given conditions of work with power required by the ship’s propeller cooperating with the hull, will establish adequate rotational speed of the engine and finally the speed of the vessel. In order to speed up the sip's motion, there must occur an overflow of propeller thrust over the required thrust (resistance) and this, in turn, is connected with the necessity to ensure the engine power surplus over the power required for a given range of operation or in other words sailing speed. This article presents the working model of ship propelling system during speed acceleration and concerns mainly nonoverload running of the engine. The model described above has been verified during tests in real conditions at sea.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2012, 19, 2; 443-448
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis methods of crankshafts stiffness characteristics
Autorzy:
Murawski, L.
Charchalis, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/244837.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
Tematy:
marine engine
power transmission system
marine propulsion system
crankshaft springing
shaft line
boundary conditions
Opis:
Development of on-line diagnostic (monitoring) method of marine propulsion system working parameters is the authors' target. Crankshaft springing characteristics are one of the most important from the ships' main engines reliability point of view. Planned monitoring system will be able to verify crankshaft springing characteristics by continuous measurements of the crankshaft free-end's axial deformations. Development of the analysis methods of crankshaft's stiffness characteristics is the first step of planned SHM system. The main purpose of research is method developing of the springing analysis for the marine crankshafts in the high-power engines. Crankshaft modeling method, by Finite Element Method, has been discussed. Short overview of the crankshaft boundary conditions is presented. Bearings' oil film stiffness characteristics, ship hull stiffness characteristics and temperature deformation of the ship hull and main engine body are taking into account. Influence of the crankshaft's foundation stiffness on springing values is analysed. During the analyses it was proved that flexibility of engine foundation has a big influence upon the value of crankshaft springing. The authors' method of cylindrical mass and gas forces decompositions has been presented. Analysis of modeling precision of piston-crank system's forces has been performed. Results of calculations are well compatible in the terms of quality with the measurements data.
Źródło:
Journal of KONES; 2013, 20, 1; 219-226
1231-4005
2354-0133
Pojawia się w:
Journal of KONES
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wielosymptomowy system diagnozowania okrętowych turbinowych silników spalinowych
Multi-symptoms system of diagnosing of marine gas turbines
Autorzy:
Charchalis, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/328720.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Towarzystwo Diagnostyki Technicznej PAN
Tematy:
okrętowy turbinowy silnik spalinowy
diagnostyka techniczna
napędy okrętowe
marine gas turbine engine
technical diagnostics
ships propulsion
Opis:
W referacie przedstawiono problemy związane z wdrożeniem i eksploatacją turbinowych silników spalinowych do napędu szybkich rakietowych okrętów wojennych. Zaprezentowano system diagnozowania silników turbinowych, opracowany przez autora i wdrożony na okrętach Marynarki Wojennej RP.
There are presented problems connected with initiation and use of gas turbine engines assembled on high speed missile battle ship. The system of diagnosing of gas turbine engines elaborated by author end inculcated in the Polish Navy is presented as well.
Źródło:
Diagnostyka; 2004, 30, T. 1; 101-105
1641-6414
2449-5220
Pojawia się w:
Diagnostyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Problem śrub niepracujących w okrętowych układach napędowych wielośrubowych
Resistance of idle propellers in marine multi-propeller propulsion systems
Autorzy:
Charchalis, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/223067.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Akademia Marynarki Wojennej. Wydział Dowodzenia i Operacji Morskich
Tematy:
okręty szybkie
śruby okrętowe
układy napędowe wielośrubowe
transport
high speed vessels
marine propellers
multi-propeller propulsion systems
Opis:
Jednostki szybkie projektowane są na maksymalne prędkości pływania, natomiast z reguły eksploatowane są prędkościami znacznie mniejszymi, tzw. częściowymi. Wymaga to wyłączenia z pracy poszczególnych silników czy śrub napędowych. Śruby niepracujące są holowane przez kadłub okrętu, pracują w zakresie tzw. pracy turbinowej i przekazują moment obrotowy na wał oraz wytwarzają ujemny napór, czyli powodują dodatkowy opór. Momenty i napory występujące na śrubie w tym zakresie pracy można oszacować w oparciu o uniwersalne charakterystyki hydrodynamiczne śrub. Zaprezentowano metodykę oraz przykład obliczania oporów śrub swobodnie obracających się i zastopowanych dla założonego układu napędowego okrętu.
High speed vessels are designed for maximum speeds, but their factual operation speed parameters are usually considerably lower — partial speed. In such cases particular propulsion propellers and engines need to be shut down. The idle propellers are dragged by the hull and they work in the so-called turbine work mode; they transfer torque to the shaft and generate negative thrust, i.e. additional resistance. To estimate torque and thrust on a propeller in this work mode universal hydrodynamic characteristics of propellers may be used. This paper presents the methodology and an example of calculating resistance of freewheeling and locked propellers for a given marine propulsion system.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej; 2010, R. 51 nr 4 (183), 4 (183); 13-18
0860-889X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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