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    Tytuł:
    Ocena rębni gniazdowej na podstawie drzewostanów uszkodzonych w lasach nizinnych Polski
    Evaluation of the group cutting system on the basis of damaged forests in lowland Poland
    Autorzy:
    Łukaszewicz, J.
    Niemczyk, M.
    Dmyterko, E.
    Bruchwald, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989687.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    przebudowa drzewostanow
    rebnie gniazdowe
    rebnie czesciowe gniazdowe
    drzewostany nizinne
    uszkodzenia drzewostanow
    czynniki abiotyczne
    czynniki biotyczne
    group cutting system
    sawtimber stand
    demaged stand
    Opis:
    The paper compares the proportion of damaged stands managed under group cutting system (group clear cutting and group shelterwood cutting) with the analogous stands where cuts had not been performed. The empirical material came from the database of the State Forests Information System and covered all forest districts located in Polish lowlands. To evaluate the group cutting a test of differences between the fractions of the elements distinguished in the population was used. The first population involved sawtimber stands in which no group cuts had been performed in the past decade. The number of damaged stands was determined for this population and their percentage share was established. A similar procedure was applied to the second population of stands in which the group cutting was employed. A damaged stand was assumed to be one in which the volume of windbroken and windfallen trees and deadwood harvested in the past 10 years exceeded the volume set in the given formula (1). The performed analysis shows that after several years, the proportion of damaged stands in which gaps were established is significantly higher (57.2%) than in the stands without cut patches (32.9%). Stands with patches demonstrate a significant, statistically greater susceptibility to damage from abiotic and biotic factors. The proportion of damaged stands managed under the group shelterwood cutting (60%) is larger than that under the group clear cutting (55.4%). Spruce is the most vulnerable to damage, while alder − the least vulnerable. On average, the higher proportion of damaged forests, mainly pine and oak forests is in the territory of the Bialystok Regional Directorate of the State Forests (RDSF) (tab. 2) being lower in the territory of the Warsaw RDSF where damaged pine stands are more frequent (tab. 3). In areas with a high probability of damage to stands group cut should be limited, and in spruce stands – totally abandoned. Time regimes should also be established applying the group cutting by shortening the period of reconstruction of the entire forest stand.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2015, 159, 01; 3-12
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Charakterystyka wybranych drzewostanów jodłowych Beskidu Niskiego i sposoby ich zagospodarowania
    The characteristics of selected fir stands in Beskid Niski and the method of their management
    Autorzy:
    Bruchwald, A.
    Dmyterko, E.
    Niemczyk, M.
    Łukaszewicz, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989908.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    gory
    Beskid Niski
    drzewostany jodlowe
    struktura drzewostanu
    liczba drzew
    piersnicowe pole przekroju
    miazszosc drzew
    zagospodarowanie lasu
    stand layer
    multi−layer structure
    bdq method
    abies alba
    Opis:
    Assuming multilayer structure as optimal for silver fir stands, we attempted to answer the following questions: 1) how to describe such structure, 2) to what extent does the structure of a particular stand differ from the optimal one, and 3) how to obtain the optimal structure. The study was based on the material collected in 12 stands in the Nawojowa Forest District (S Poland). Three to five 0.04 hectare circular plots were established in each stand, and diameters at breast height (d) of all trees with d > 7 cm were measured. Height (h) was measured for 25 trees selected within the stand. The top height determined for each stand enabled to classify trees into two layers: higher (group I) or lower (group II) than ⅔ of top height. Trees with d<7 cm were divided into 3 layers according to the height: III – h>2 m (higher upgrowth), IV – h between 0.5 and 2 m (lower upgrowth), and V – h<0.5 m (seedlings). Trees in layer V were counted on a 0.005 ha plot, while trees in layers IV and III on a 0.04 ha plot. The selected fir stands revealed high diversity in basic characteristics (tab. 1 and 2). The number of trees in layer III was higher than in layer II only in one stand, and was larger than the number of trees in layer I. Moreover, the variation in tree height formed a vertical canopy closure. The stand was considered to be a model one, and used to develop diameter distribution according to the BDq method. Most stands characterized a smaller number of trees in lower and larger in higher diameter classes compared to the model distribution. It seems that large number of thick trees prevent satisfactory growth of thinner trees. Fir stands proved to have a mosaic vertical structure. In some fragments, eight classes can be distinguished including one layer only: 1) upper (I), 2) middle (II), 3) upgrowth (III), combination of layers: 4) I and II, 5) I and III, 6) II and III, 7) I, II and III, and 8) gaps. The multi−layer structure of fir stands can be maintained only in the form of such a mosaic, but single−layer fragments are also needed to enhance the natural regeneration. We could select a stand with a close−to−optimal multilayer structure, which was considered as a model one and its diameter distribution was used in the BDq method. A comparison of the model curve with the empirical distribution of diameters at breast height for the stand under consideration allows determining diameter classes with an excess of trees that can be harvested without the fear of losing the multilayer structure of the stand. Whether a given tree has to be cut should depend on the vertical differentiation of trees in a particular fragment of the stand. In further studies, measurements in multilayer fir stands should be conducted to verify the model distribution.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2015, 159, 09; 722-731
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Podstawy planowania składu gatunkowego w lasach górskich na przykładzie Beskidu Niskiego
    Basis of the species composition planning model for mountain forests on the example of Beskid Niski Mts.
    Autorzy:
    Bruchwald, A.
    Dmyterko, E.
    Mionskowski, M.
    Niemczyk, M.
    Łukaszewicz, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/972988.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    hodowla lasu
    planowanie
    czynniki siedliska
    typy siedliskowe lasu
    leśnictwo
    tereny górskie
    lasy górskie
    skład gatunkowy
    wysokość nad poziomem morza
    rzeźba terenu
    species composition
    habitats
    landforms
    mountain forests
    Opis:
    The study presents a method of planning species composition of forest stands in mountain areas on the example of Beskid Niski Mts. (south−eastern Poland). The focus was on the species composition of forest stands growing in different conditions, taking into account the type of forest habitat and terrain characteristics: altitude, exposition and slope. The research was based on data stored in the Information System of the State Forests. We used modified growth model for data processing and calculation of site index for the forests older than 60 years. The Beskid Niski Mts. are covered mostly by European beech (33.8%), silver fir (28.3%) and Scots pine (18.9%). Taking into account exclusively the productive capacity of individual forest stands, fir and spruce would be the most desirable species in analysed region. The Beskid Niski Mts. are characterized by a very small diversity of the habitat with domination of mountain fresh deciduous forest (LGśw, 92.1% of the area). We divided analysed region into four altitudinal zones that vary greatly in fraction of afforested area. Beech dominates in all zones and its share increases from the foothills to montane zone (fig. 5). Basing on a digital terrain model, the areal share of 10 landforms was determined for each stand and altitudinal zone (fig. 8). This enabled more detailed planning of species composition. However, it required the adoption of six specific assumptions including the need to maintain a suitable proportion of all tree species growing in the mountains, specifically the main forest tree species: spruce, fir and beech. The 5−stage project (preliminary, historical, current, planning, verification stages) consisting of planning species composition uses, in stage 4, detailed information on landforms. The project assumes that the fragments of forests where trees are expected to grow fast will be earmarked for endangered species. The model sees the need of planting the weaker tree species to be present in the forest ecosystems of the Beskid Niski. The proposed project will enable foresters−practitioners to plan the forest species composition for each of the forest districts in the Beskid Niski quickly. Such a programme might also be an integral part of the growth model of forests useful for forecasting and increasing timber resources.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2016, 160, 03; 219-229
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Tempo wzrostu wysokości i pierśnicy jodły pospolitej (Abies alba Mill.) w Beskidzie Niskim
    Height and diameter growth rates of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) growing in Beskid Niski mountains
    Autorzy:
    Bruchwald, A.
    Dmyterko, E.
    Niemczyk, M.
    Łukaszewicz, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989756.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    drzewa lesne
    jodla pospolita
    Abies alba
    wzrost roslin
    wysokosc drzew
    piersnice drzew
    przyrost piersnicy
    przyrost wysokosci
    tempo wzrostu
    Beskid Niski
    height growth rate
    diameter growth rate
    spatial diversity of canopy layers
    physical age
    abies alba
    Opis:
    Silver fir is one of the main tree species of mountain and foothill forests in Poland that in optimal conditions forms pure stands with multi−layer structure. The study objective is to present differences in height and diameter growth rates of firs growing in upper stand layers and in the undergrowth. The research was conducted in 12 fir stands located in the Beskid Niski Mts. (southern Poland). In each stand height and diameter at breast height (dbh) were measured for 25 fir trees in order to develop a height curve. The first canopy layer included trees that were higher than ⅔ Hmax established from the height curve of the tree with the largest dbh. Height and diameter were measured on eight trees selected from the first canopy layer. An increment core was extracted at breast height in order to estimate the tree age. From the third canopy layer, which included trees higher than 2 m with dbh below 7 cm, five trees were selected. After cutting those trees, the length of the last ten branch whorls was measured. Five−year ring width measurements starting from the bark towards the pith were done at the stem cross−sections obtained at breast height. The number of rings was counted on remaining stumps. Height growth rate was defined as the height at the base age of 100 years (eq. 1). For the first canopy layer, the height growth rate was on average 31.8 m, while for the undergrowth it was 12.1 m. There was also large difference between diameter growth rate of the first stand canopy layer (55.7 cm) and undergrowth (18.3 cm). Both differences were significant at p=0.05. These discrepancies could result from low amount of light reaching the forest floor. The correlation between height and diameter growth rates and undergrowth tree age was negative in both cases. Long periods of shading result in smaller number of firs reaching the first canopy layer. Assuming that uneven−aged stand structure is optimal for that species, it should be characterized by a spatial variability (mosaic) of various canopy layers including even−aged patches with sparse canopy closure as well as gaps where fir regeneration will be initiated having favorable growth conditions.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2015, 159, 10; 804-812
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wzorzec rozkładu pierśnic drzew wielowarstwowego drzewostanu jodłowego Gór Świętokrzyskich
    Pattern of breast height diameter distribution in a multilayer silver fir stand in the Swietokrzyskie Mountains
    Autorzy:
    Bruchwald, A.
    Dmyterko, E.
    Łukaszewicz, J.
    Niemczyk, M.
    Wrzesiński, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989331.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    lesnictwo
    Gory Swietokrzyskie
    drzewostany jodlowe
    jodla pospolita
    Abies alba
    rozklad piersnic
    metoda BDq
    diameter distribution
    abies alba
    bdq method
    Opis:
    In Poland, the majority of silver fir stands is characterised by a single−layer stand structure. The current silvicultural activities aim at obtaining multilayer stands, which requires a clearer definition of the structure, and more precisely, a better knowledge of the pattern of diameters at breast height (DBH) distribution. The aim of the research was to develop a pattern of DBH distribution of trees in a multilayer silver fir stand in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (central Poland) using the BDq method, through the mathematical determination of function parameters, including the productive capacity of the habitat. The application of this pattern will allow the selection of the management methods aimed to obtain and then maintain model stands with a different layer structure. The research was based on the empirical material collected in 56 stands that were characterized by both a single− and a multi−layered structure. They grew in coniferous forest habitats, mostly in the upland mixed coniferous forest, upland mixed deciduous forest and upland deciduous forest or mountain forest. One big (up to 1 ha) or 3−5 smaller (0.04 ha) sample plots were established in each stand in which diameters at breast height of all trees and heights of usually 25 trees, selected from the entire range of diameters, were measured. These were used to determine the height growth curve equation coefficients and then the height of each tree. For each stand the basal area was calculated and a graph for DBH distribution was prepared. Site index was established using the original empirical equation. In order to develop a model for multilayer fir stands, individual parameters of the equation 5, such as the basal area (B), the target diameter at breast height (D) and the coefficient q were to be determined using the BDq method. Taking into consideration only stands with one−tailed DBH, individual parameters of the function were found to be associated with site index. Empirical equations were developed for the determination of B and D, and, based on the DBH distribution graphs, coefficient q associated with site index was also calculated (tab.). The developed DBH distribution pattern is a mathematical description of the target fir stand. When the value of stand parameters approaches those of the model stand, it should be managed using the shelterwood cutting system, which results from the spatial variation in the stand height structure, and consequently from the need for different silvicultural treatments in different stand fragments.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2016, 160, 09; 741-750
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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