- Tytuł:
- Terroryzm północnokaukaski. Źródła, przejawy i przeciwdziałanie zjawisku
- Autorzy:
-
Grabowski, Tomasz W.
Misiuk, Andrzej
Łakomy, Miron - Powiązania:
- https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/2029404.pdf
- Data publikacji:
- 2017
- Wydawca:
- Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie
- Opis:
- The basic aim of the work is a scientific description of the terrorism phenomena undertaken by groups with origins in the region of the North Caucasus in the Russian Federation. A more detailed aim is the determination of the sources of the terrorism in this area, presenting its organizational forms, the tactics of the terrorists, and describing Russian antiterrorist actions. The sources of North-Caucasian terrorism mainly come from the social-economic sphere. The demographic conditioning, high level of poverty, unemployment, lack of possibility for social advancement and injustice means that young people often look for drastic solutions to their problems. What is more, the area of the North Caucasus shows many supporting factors that make the choice easier (easy access to weapons, criminalization in social life, presence of radical Islamic ideology, etc.). In general, the reasons for North-Caucasian terrorism are not subject to neutralization, and the main factor that has conditioned the fall in terrorist activity in Russia within the last 2–3 years has been an escalation of the conflict in the Middle East – extremists and terrorists have left this area to join the fighting there. The organizational forms of North-Caucasian terrorism have been subject to continuous evolution. At first, (between 2000–2004), large groups of fighters were operating and mainly consisted of Chechens. Their potential was sufficient for partisan and diversionary actions, and preparing large-scale terrorist attacks, also in the area of Central Russia. Subsequently, the number of active groups fell but they were able to compensate for this drop in potential by constructing an efficient structure called the Caucasian Emirate. They established a mechanism for compensating for their drop in numbers, skillfully managing the geographical location of the main battlefront, and also undertaking efficient actions in terms of raising funds and waging information warfare. The Caucasian Emirate was significantly weakened and finally broken by the determined anti-terrorist actions of the federal and regional authorities combined with the progressive loss of support from the broader society. A decisive factor was the development of the religious conflict in Syria and Iraq, which deprived the Caucasian Emirate of volunteer inflow. Together with its presence outside Russia, North-Caucasian terrorism became an international problem. Armed groups, consisting of representatives of North-Caucasian nations, started to organize in the Middle East, and these organizational units appeared in Europe. Attacks made by people from the Caucasus were made in Boston and Istanbul. The organizational forms of North-Caucasian terrorism evolved in scope to encompass an international range. It became more connected with the movement of global jihad, and has gradually lost an identity that was previously based on fighting the Russians and their local allies in the Caucasus. The form and methods of fighting the terrorists from North Caucasus also evolved. The first method, from the Chechen war, were attacks taking a large number of hostages. Because of these actions, Chechen terrorists became more well known but also more condemned. At the same time, the fighters used different diversionary methods (fire, explosive charges), and partisan activity (rallies). Since 2000, the hallmark of Caucasian terrorism has been the use of the women-terrorist in suicide bomb attacks with both military and civilian targets attacked. In the period of the Caucasian Emirate (2007–2015), the targets of the terrorists were chiefly police officers, however, there were few attacks on civilians in Central Russia and Caucasus. Russian antiterrorist politics is mainly concentrated on forced solutions and eliminating the active terrorists and thus only has brought limited effects. For the terrorists, the risk of being killed in Russia is so large that many have decided to leave for the Middle East. From the other side, the actions of the security forces have brought more violence and new sources of conflict. A lack of programs for fighting terrorism and a systematic approach to the problem means that only the symptoms are neutralized while the underlying reasons remain. Forcing extremist youths to leave is only a partial success since, if the situation in Syria stabilizes, they may try to return to Russia. The prognosis for the further evolution of North-Caucasian terrorism is mainly dependent on the situation in the Middle East. Within recent years (i.e. from the start of the civil war in Syria), the emigration of North-Caucasian radicals has been a continuous phenomenon as they seek to join Islamist groups (Islamic State or Al-Qaeda). While the process continues, the frequency of terrorist attacks in Russia will fall but the risk of attacks in Western Europe is growing – this area is inhabited by a large group of Chechens who are committed to helping Islamic State. If the situation in Syria and Iraq stabilizes, which now seems somewhat distant, the terrorists will look for new places to fight, and it is likely that they will return to Russia or their countries of origin.
- Dostawca treści:
- Biblioteka Nauki
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