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Tytuł:
New Conceptualizations of Language Aptitude - The Potential of Working Memory in Second Language Acquisition (SLA)
Autorzy:
Grymska, Beata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/783201.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
language aptitude
working memory
SLA
Opis:
The chapter sheds light on new conceptualizations of foreign language aptitude by emphasizing the role of working memory (WM). It is organised into 3 sections. The first section presents a brief historical overview of the research on language aptitude based on John Carroll’s work. The second part elaborates on working memory construct discussing Baddeley’s multi-component model of WM and its functions. The paper proposes incorporating working memory as a crucial component of language aptitude construct. In the light of the issue mentioned above, the third section of the article focuses on the newest and original empirical evidence which supports the role of WM in different aspects of L2 learning, i.e. reading, listening, speaking, writing and bilingual interpretation as well as vocabulary and grammar learning. Its concluding part reflects upon the relevance of language aptitude paving the way for future research.
Źródło:
Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition; 2016, 2, 1
2450-5455
2451-2125
Pojawia się w:
Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Capacity, Control, or Both – Which Aspects of Working Memory Contribute to Children’s General Fluid Intelligence?
Autorzy:
Nęcka, Edward
Lulewicz, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430619.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-04-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
working memory
intelligence
n-back
schoolchildren
Opis:
Starting from the assumption that working memory capacity is an important predictor of general fluid intelligence, we asked which aspects of working memory account for this relationship. Two theoretical stances are discussed. The first one posits that the important explanatory factor is storage capacity, roughly defined as the number of chunks possible to hold in the focus of attention. The second one claims that intelligence is explained by the efficiency of executive control, for instance, by prepotent response inhibition. We investigated 96 children at the age between 10 and 13. They completed a version of the n-back task that allows assessment of both storage capacity and inhibitory control. They also completed Raven’s Progressive Matrices as the fluid intelligence test and the Test for Creative Thinking - Drawing Production, for control purposes. We found that Raven’s scores correlated negatively with the number of unnecessary responses to irrelevant stimuli but they did not correlate with the number of signal detections. We conclude that children’s fluid intelligence depends on inhibitory control, with no relationship with storage capacity.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2016, 47, 1; 21-28
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polish Nonword Span (PNWSPAN): A new tool for measuring phonological loop capacity
Autorzy:
Biedroń, Adriana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/913094.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-07-11
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
working memory
phonological loop
nonword repetition
Opis:
The phonological loop, which is a component of working memory, is considered to be one of the most significant factors affecting L1 and L2 learning. In order to measure this construct properly, a reliable instrument in the native language of the participants is needed. The purpose of this paper is to present the Polish Nonword Span PNWSPAN, which is a tool constructed to measure verbal working memory, in particular the phonological loop, in the case of adults. The article presents the theoretical framework of the study and the process of construction of the test, namely its structure, scoring and validation procedure.
Źródło:
Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics; 2018, 45, 2; 309-327
0072-4769
Pojawia się w:
Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Are there any links among psychopathological symptoms, musical preferences and verbal working memory in female adults?
Autorzy:
Giannouli, Vaitsa
Stoyanova, Stanislava
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2137703.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-03-19
Wydawca:
Fundacja Edukacji Medycznej, Promocji Zdrowia, Sztuki i Kultury Ars Medica
Tematy:
working memory
psychopathology
music
adults
women
Opis:
The question ‘Do psychopathology dimensions correlate with musical preferences in healthy individuals?’ still remains poorly investigated. Additionally, verbal working memory, psychopathology and music preferences have not been examined together. Participants consisted of ninety-three young women without a previous or current psychiatric diagnosis. All participants were examined with the Forward Digit Span Task, and completed a psychopathology symptom instrument along with a musical preferences question. Results revealed that the Global Score Index, Somatization, Hostility and Depression correlated in a statistically significant way with musical preferences in female adults. Hostility and Depression predicted classical music preferences. Depression, Obsessive/Compulsive, Somatization and Hostility predicted a pop preference, while Somatization and Psychoticism predicted a rock preference. No significant correlations were found between the above variables and verbal working memory, except for a significant correlation between age and the span of the working memory. Certain psychopathology dimensions do not influence cognition in the form of the verbal working memory in women, but can predict a specific choice of music genres. Findings suggest that music listening preferences may represent a field of inner experiences that could reveal easy-to-obtain information about the mental health of women who have not an official psychiatric diagnosis, but may be at risk of developing psychological problems due to high self-reported symptoms of psychopathology.
Źródło:
Acta Neuropsychologica; 2018, 16(1); 9-15
1730-7503
2084-4298
Pojawia się w:
Acta Neuropsychologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
EEG NEUROFEEDBACK IN THE TREATMENT OF COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTIONS AFTER THE INFECTION OF SARS-COV-2 AND LONG COVID-19
Autorzy:
Łuckoś, Maria
Cielebąk, Ksenia
Kamiński, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2138045.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-08-31
Wydawca:
Fundacja Edukacji Medycznej, Promocji Zdrowia, Sztuki i Kultury Ars Medica
Tematy:
cognitive control
stress
anxiety
working memory
Opis:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is likely to have long-term mental health effects on individuals who have recovered from COVID-19. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 can see a range of long-term side effects. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of neurotherapy (EEG neurofeedback and goal-oriented cognitive training) in the treatment of neurocognitive dysfunctions in a patient after the infection of SARS-CoV-2 and the long long-term side effects after the contraction of COVID-19. The 48-year-old woman ZR, an accountant by profession, an employee of the administration of the Municipal Board of Municipal Resources, fell ill on October 13, 2020. The disease began with very severe burning headache, eyeballs pain, muscle aches. Ten days later more symptoms joined: loss of smell (anosmia) and loss of taste (ageusia), hearing disorders, shortness of breath and chest pains. The symptoms were associated with SARS-CoV-2 coron- avirus infection confirmed by an rt-PCR genetic test. Brain MRI with intravenous paramagnetic contrast medium injection did not show either lesions of acute microischemic significance or areas of pathological enhancement after paramagnetic contrast medium ad- ministration. The patient was treated at home. In mid-November 2020, about a month after the infection of SARS-CoV-2 and con- tracting NeuroCOVID-19, neurocognitive impairment developed and after half a year she was deteriorating and not able to live in- dependently in society because of her condition. She called her problem "brain fog", and was referred for further diagnosis and therapy to the Reintegration and Training Center of the Polish Neuropsychological Society. We diagnosed a range of long-term side effects and introduced neurotherapy (EEG neurofeedback and goal-oriented cognitive training) in the treatment of neurocognitive dysfunctions. It was found that almost all the long-term side effects were reduced in magnitude. The patient improved and she was able to return to work. EEG neurofeedback and goal-oriented cognitive training might be helpful in the reduction of neurocognitive dysfunctions in patients following the infection of SARS-CoV-2 and long-term side effects after the contraction of COVID-19.
Źródło:
Acta Neuropsychologica; 2021, 19(3); 361-372
1730-7503
2084-4298
Pojawia się w:
Acta Neuropsychologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polish Listening SPAN: A new tool for measuring verbal working memory
Autorzy:
Zychowicz, Katarzyna
Biedroń, Adriana
Pawlak, Mirosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/780475.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
working memory
central executive
listening span
Opis:
Individual differences in second language acquisition (SLA) encompass differences in working memory capacity, which is believed to be one of the most crucial factors influencing language learning. However, in Poland research on the role of working memory in SLA is scarce due to a lack of proper Polish instruments for measuring this construct. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the process of construction and validation of the Polish Listening Span (PLSPAN) as a tool intended to measure verbal working memory of adults. The article presents the requisite theoretical background as well as the information about the PLSPAN, that is, the structure of the test, the scoring procedures and the steps taken with the aim of validating it.
Źródło:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2017, 7, 4; 601-618
2083-5205
2084-1965
Pojawia się w:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polish Nonword Span (PNWSPAN): A new tool for measuring phonological loop capacity
Autorzy:
Zychowicz, Katarzyna
Biedroń, Adriana
Pawlak, Mirosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/913084.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12-07
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
working memory
phonological loop
nonword repetition
Źródło:
Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics; 2018, 45, 2; 309-327
0072-4769
Pojawia się w:
Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Why expressive suppression does not pay? Cognitive costs of negative emotion suppression: The mediating role of subjective tense-arousal
Autorzy:
Szczygieł, Dorota
Maruszewski, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430471.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-09-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
expressive suppression
subjective tense arousal
memory
working memory
Opis:
The aim of this paper was to contribute to a broader understanding of the cognitive consequences of expressive suppression. Specifically, we examined whether the deteriorating effect of expressive suppression on cognitive functioning is caused by tense arousal enhanced by suppression. Two experiments were performed in order to test this prediction. In both studies we tested the effect of expressive suppression on working memory, as measured with a backwards digit-span task (Study 1, N = 43) and anagram problem-solving task (Study 2, N = 60). In addition, in Study 2 we tested whether expressive suppression degrades memory of the events that emerged during the period of expressive suppression. Both studies were conducted in a similar design: Participants watched a film clip which evoked negative emotions (i.e. disgust in Study 1 and a combination of sadness and anxiety in Study 2) under the instruction to suppress those negative emotions or (in the control condition) to simply watch the film. The results of these experiments lead to three conclusions. First, the results reveal that expressive suppression degrades memory of the events that emerged during the period of expressive suppression and leads to poorer performance on working memory tasks, as measured with a backwards digit-span task and anagram problem-solving task. Second, the results indicate that expressive suppression leads to a significant increase in subjective tense arousal. Third, the results support our prediction that expressive suppression decreases cognitive performance through its effects on subjective tense arousal. The results of the Study 1 show that tense arousal activated during expressive suppression of disgust fully mediates the negative effect of suppression on working memory as measured with a backwards digit-span task. The results of Study 2 reveal that subjective tense arousal elicited while suppressing sadness and anxiety mediates both the effect of suppression on working memory - as measured with the anagram task - and memory of the events that occurred during the period of suppression.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2015, 46, 3; 336-349
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Is working memory working against suggestion susceptibility? Results from extended version of DRM paradigm
Autorzy:
Maciaszek, Patrycja
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430625.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-04-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
false memories
working memory
memory
suggestion
feedback
DRM
Opis:
The paper investigates relationship between working memory efficiency, defined as the result of its’ processing & storage capacity (Oberauer et al., 2003) and the tendency to (1) create assosiative memory distortions (false memories, FM); (2) yield under the influence of external, suggesting factors. Both issues were examined using extended version of Deese-Roediger-McDermott procedure (1959, 1995), modified in order to meet the study demands. Suggestion was contained in an ostentatious feedback information the participants (N=88) received during the DRM procedure. Working memory (WM) was measured by standardized tasks (n-back, Jaeggi et al., 2010; automatic-ospan, Unsworth et al., 2005). Study included 3 conditions, differing in the quality of suggestion (positive, negative or neutral). Participants were assigned into 3 groups, depending on results they achieved completing the WM tasks. Obtained results alongside the previously set hypothesis, revealed that (1) WM impacts individuals’ tendency to create false memories in DRM and (2) that the individuals showing higher rates in WM tasks are less willing to yield to suggestion compared to those with lesser ones. It also showed that the greater amount to shift (Gudjonsson, 2003), emerges under the negative suggestion condition (collating positive). Notwithstanding that the interaction effect did not achieve saliency, both analyzed factors (WM and suggesting content) are considered as meaningful to explain memory suggestion susceptibility in presented study. Although, obtained results emphasize the crucial role of WM efficiency, that is believed to decide the magnitude of feedback that is influential in every subject. Therefore, issue demands further exploration.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2016, 47, 1; 62-72
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Can we measure working memory via the Internet? The reliability and factorial validity of an online n-back task
Autorzy:
Kulikowski, Konrad
Potasz-Kulikowska, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430629.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-04-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
n-back
working memory
online
reliability
validity
Opis:
The aim of this study was to check whether an online n-back task conducted in the uncontrolled environment of the Internet can yield valid and reliable data. For this purpose, 169 participants completed an online n-back task with n1, n2 and n3 blocks on their home computers. The results have shown acceptable reliability for overall accuracy and reaction time indices across n1, n2, n3 blocks, as well as for reaction time indices for each n block. Unacceptable reliability has been found for separate n levels accuracy indices and for response bias indices. Confirmatory factor analysis has revealed that, among 8 proposed measurement models, the best fit for the data collected is a model with two uncorrelated factors: accuracy consisting of n1, n2, n3 indices and reaction time consisting of n2, n3 indices. The results of this study have demonstrated for the first time that a reliable administration of online n-back task is possible and may therefore give rise to new opportunities for working memory research.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2016, 47, 1; 51-61
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
When Affect Supports Cognitive Control – A Working Memory Perspective
Autorzy:
Kolańczyk, Alina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430633.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-04-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
executive functions
affect
purposive activity
working memory
Opis:
The paper delineates a study of executive functions (EFs), construed as procedural working memory (WM), from a motivational perspective. Since WM theories and motivation theories are both concerned with purposive activity, the role of implicit evaluations (affects) observed in goal pursuit can be anticipated to arise also in the context of cognitive control, e.g., during the performance of the Stroop task. The role of positive and negative affect in goal pursuit consists in controlling attention resources according to the goal and situational requirements. Positive affect serves to maintain goals and means in the scope of attention (EF1), whereas negative affect activates the inhibition of non-functional contents, e.g., distractors and irrelevant objects (resulting in attention disengagement; EF2). Adaptation to conflict proceeds via sequential triggering of negative and positive affect (EF3). Moreover, it was demonstrated that the focus on action or reflection changes the scope of contents subjected to implicit (affective) control. Therefore, I suggest that the motivational system, to a large extent, plays the role of the Central Executive. The paper opens a discussion and proposes studies on affective mechanisms of cognitive control.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2016, 47, 1; 29-42
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Thinking in a foreign language, fast and slow
Autorzy:
Turula, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430705.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-06-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
FL effect
CRT
working memory
affect
cognition
Opis:
Several studies (Keysar et al., 2012; Lazar et al., 2014) suggest that decisions made in a foreign language are more rational. The authors imply that when thinking in a language which is not our native tongue, analytical, slow, deep-thinking is activated. The question that underlies the present article is whether this is a characteristic of every mental operation in the foreign medium. Studies carried out by Costa et al. (2014), Geipel et al. (2015) and Hadjichristidis et al. (2015) suggest the issue is much more complex than it may seem. The answer to the question above was sought through a study in which 84 Polish advanced users of English as a foreign language were asked to solve mathematical problems from the Cognitive Reflection Test (Frederick, 2005). Initially the subjects were randomly assigned to two groups, who subsequently solved the problems in Polish (native tongue) and in English (foreign language). The article presents the results, discusses them and arrives at a number of conclusions as well as implications for further research.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2016, 47, 2; 228-232
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Relationship Between Working Memory, Fluid Intelligence and Age Based on the Results of Mediation and Moderation Analyses
Autorzy:
Zając-Lamparska, Ludmiła
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2124724.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-11-26
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
working memory
fluid intelligence
development
mediation
moderation
Opis:
The positive relationship between working memory (WM) and fluid intelligence (Gf) is a well-established phenomenon, yet numerous studies reveal the age-related decline in both WM and Gf. From the perspective of the changes that WM and Gf undergo in adult development it may be assumed that accounting for age in studies of the relationship between these two is important, particularly in age-diverse groups. However, the issue of the WM-Gf link has rarely been considered from a developmental perspective, especially in adults. The analyses presented here focused on the role of age in the relationship between WM and Gf. The study sample comprised 63 participants in early adulthood (N = 33, aged 20–34) and late adulthood (N = 30, aged 60–73). They performed a computerised n-back task on 6 difficulty levels (from 1-back to 6-back) and Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) in Polish standardisation. The obtained results indicated that although WM and Gf were found to be inferior among older than young adults, age was not a significant moderator of the association between WM and Gf. The relationship between age and Gf was not mediated by WM, which does not confirm that age-related changes in Gf may partially result from the developmental trajectory of WM. At the same time, age fully mediated the relationship between WM and Gf, suggesting the existence of a general factor of cognitive aging and implying that it may underlie an apparent relationship between WM and Gf in age-diverse groups.
Źródło:
Roczniki Psychologiczne; 2021, 24, 3-4; 279-305
1507-7888
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Psychologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ERPS AS AN INDEX OF IMPAIRED WORKING MEMORY IN AN ISCHEMIC BRAIN STROKE APHASIC PATIENT AWAKENED FROM A LONG-TERM COMA FOLLOWING AN AMPHETAMINE OVERDOSE
Autorzy:
Wilczek-Rużyczka, Ewa
Grzywniak, Celestyna
Korab, Maciej
Cielebąk, Ksenia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2138031.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-03-14
Wydawca:
Fundacja Edukacji Medycznej, Promocji Zdrowia, Sztuki i Kultury Ars Medica
Tematy:
consciousness
Charles-Bonnet syndrome
working memory
ERPs
Opis:
Nowadays, amphetamines constitute the prescription drugs most commonly abused by adolescents and young adults (Berman, O’Neill, Fears et al. 2008). The prevalence of problematic (mainly illegal) use of amphetamines as a stimulant by college students, and here especially before serious examinations, has also been rising. This fact represents a serious public health concern. The patient, aged 19, was awakened from from a long-term coma that had lasted 21 days following an amphetamine overdose and manifested tetraparesis, cortical blindness and deficits in cognitive and emotional processes. After a year of rehabilitation the majority of symptoms had disappeared, but cortical blindness andworking memory deficits remained. In addition, frontal lobe syndrome symptoms appeared. After two years of therapy as a result of immense tiredness caused by all an night wedding reception she started to manifest Charles-Bonnet syndrome. She experienced strange visual sensations such as visual hallucinations and saw various non-existing shapes (coloured blots, patterns and fireworks of vivid colours). She also saw objects (often terrifying) as well as animals (mainly African) and people with deformed faces and long teeth, and persons in African dress with feathers and coral beads in their hair. Her real identity was not remembered by the patient for longer than 2 hours and even then she insisted on being referred to as Shakira. She was given a qEEG examination (in open and closed eyes conditions) and ERPs with the use of auditory stimuli at the period when the hallucinations (to a small degree) still occurred. Studies conducted into the functional neuroimaging of the brain work in milliseconds in the examined patient can explain her symptoms. A comparison of the subject’s ERPs with the grand average of ERPs in healthy controls shows that the N170 and N 250 components are impaired in the subject: the occipital-temporal area of the subject brain shows a strong positivity instead of negativities. This positivity might reflect an enhanced reactivity of neurons in the corresponding area induced by the removal of lateral inhibition from the neurons as a result of local damage. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Źródło:
Acta Neuropsychologica; 2021, 19(2); 137-145
1730-7503
2084-4298
Pojawia się w:
Acta Neuropsychologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
No Spearman’s Law of Diminishing Returns for the working memory and intelligence relationship
Autorzy:
Kroczek, Bartłomiej
Ociepka, Michał
Chuderski, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/430610.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-04-01
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
working memory
fluid intelligence
Law of Diminishing Returns
Opis:
Spearman’s Law of Diminishing Returns (SLODR) holds that correlation between general (g)/fluid (Gf) intelligence factor and other cognitive abilities weakens with increasing ability level. Thus, cognitive processing in low ability people is most strongly saturated by g/Gf, whereas processing in high ability people depends less on g/Gf. Numerous studies demonstrated that low g is more strongly correlated with crystallized intelligence/creativity/processing speed than is high g, however no study tested an analogous effect in the case of working memory (WM). Our aim was to investigate SLODR for the relationship between Gf and WM capacity, using a large data set from our own previous studies. We tested alternative regression models separately for three types of WM tasks that tapped short-term memory storage, attention control, and relational integration, respectively. No significant SLODR effect was found for any of these tasks. Each task shared with Gf virtually the same amount of variance in the case of low- and high-ability people. This result suggests that Gf and WM rely on one and the same (neuro)cognitive mechanism.
Źródło:
Polish Psychological Bulletin; 2016, 47, 1; 73-80
0079-2993
Pojawia się w:
Polish Psychological Bulletin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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