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    Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9
    Tytuł:
    Dobowa zmienność temperatury i wilgotności powietrza na wysokości 2,0 i 0,5 m w siedlisku wilgotnym w dolinie Noteci i siedlisku suchym w Bydgoszczy
    Daily variability of air temperature and humidity at a height of 2.0 m and 0.5 m in the wet site of the Noteć river valley and the dry site in Bydgoszcz
    Autorzy:
    Roguski, W.
    Łabędzki, L.
    Kasperska-Wołowicz, W.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/338647.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2004
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy
    Tematy:
    siedlisko glebowo-wodne
    temperatura powietrza
    wilgotność powietrza
    air humidity
    air temperature
    soil-water site
    Opis:
    W pracy przestawiono analizę dobowej zmienności temperatury i wilgotności powietrza w okresie wegetacyjnym w dwóch siedliskach w rejonie Bydgoszczy. Wykazano duże zróżnicowanie wartości, przebiegu w ciągu doby i rozkładu pionowego w przyziemnej warstwie atmosfery: temperatury, wilgotności względnej, ciśnienia pary wodnej i niedosytu wilgotności powietrza. Przyczyną tego zróżnicowania jest uwilgotnienie siedliska glebowo-wodnego oraz pokrywa roślinna. Zmienność temperatury i wilgotności powietrza w ciągu doby i ich pionowy rozkład powodują, że zależności parowania wody od średniego dobowego niedosytu wilgotności powietrza są różne w badanych siedliskach.
    The paper presents analyses of the variability of air temperature and humidity in the growing season at two sites in the Bydgoszcz region. The values, daily course and vertical distribution of air temperature, relative humidity, vapour pressure and vapour pressure deficit were different in the near ground layer of atmosphere. The moisture of soil-water site and plant cover are the reasons of this variability. Daily variability of air temperature and humidity and their vertical distribution are responsible for different relationships between evapotranspiration and vapour pressure deficit in the studied sites.
    Źródło:
    Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie; 2004, T. 4, z. 2a; 137-156
    1642-8145
    Pojawia się w:
    Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Analiza wpływu czynników meteorologicznych na zmienność poboru wody w miejskim systemie wodociągowym
    Analysis of influence of meteorological factors on water demand variations in municipal water supply system
    Autorzy:
    Hotloś, H.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/236902.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Zrzeszenie Inżynierów i Techników Sanitarnych
    Tematy:
    water supply
    air temperature
    rainfall
    zaopatrzenie w wodę
    temperatura powietrza
    opad atmosferyczny
    Opis:
    Analysis of variations in daily water demand in relationship to meteorological factors, i.e. air temperature and rainfall intensity, was carried out for the city of Wroclaw and the year 2011. 60% of water pumped into the supply system was consumed by households, 22% was used for other communal purposes, while 18% constituted water utilized by the system itself as well as water loss. Studies of the relationship between water demand and meteorological factors were performed for individual months, when the number of residents was almost constant. The relationship, in numbers, between water demand and air temperature (average and maximum) as well as rainfall intensity was estimated separately for working days (including Saturdays) and non-working days (Sundays and holidays). The statistical analysis performed implies strong influence of maximum daily air temperature on daily water demand in summer months (from May until August). Water uptake in May, June and July on days with the highest maximum temperature was higher by 11.8%, 11.1% i 13.3% respectively, than on days with the lowest maximum temperature. A noticeable influence of rainfall intensity on decrease in water demand was identified on working days in June, the warmest and the driest month in the analyzed year.
    Przeprowadzono analizę zmian dobowego poboru wody we Wrocławiu w 2011 r. w zależności od czynników meteorologicznych, tj. temperatury powietrza i wysokości opadów atmosferycznych. Prawie 60% z ilości wody wtłoczonej do sieci wodociagowej po-brano na potrzeby gospodarstw domowych, 22% na pozostałe cele komunalne, a 18% sta-nowiła woda zużyta na potrzeby własne systemu wodno-ściekowego oraz straty wody. Badania związków między poborem wody a czynnikami meteorologicznymi przeprowadzono w poszczególnych miesiącach, kiedy liczba mieszkańców była prawie stała. Liczbowe zależności między poborem wody a temperaturą powietrza (średnią i maksymalną) i wysokością opadów atmosferycznych określono oddzielnie w dniach roboczych (z sobotami) oraz wolnych od pracy (niedziele i święta). Z dokonanej analizy statystycznej wynika, że istnieje bardzo wyraźny wpływ maksymalnej dobowej temperatury powietrza na dobowy pobór wody w miesiącach letnich (od maja do sierpnia). W dniach o największej temperaturze maksymalnej w maju, czerwcu i lipcu pobór wody był odpowiednio o 11,8%, 11,1% i 13,3% większy niż w dniach o najmniejszej temperaturze maksymalnej w tych miesiącach. Zauważalny wpływ wysokości opadów deszczu na zmniejszenie poboru wody stwierdzono w dniach roboczych w czerwcu, który był najcieplejszym i najbardziej suchym miesiącem w analizowanym roku.
    Źródło:
    Ochrona Środowiska; 2013, 35, 2; 57-62
    1230-6169
    Pojawia się w:
    Ochrona Środowiska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Daily water demand variations in the Bialystok water distribution system in light of chosen economic and environmental conditions
    Autorzy:
    Kolendo, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/96587.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Fundacja Ekonomistów Środowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych
    Tematy:
    water demand irregularity
    daily water use
    air temperature
    rainfall
    water price
    nieregularność popytu na wodę
    codzienne zużycie wody
    temperatura powietrza
    opad deszczu
    cena wody
    Opis:
    The study presents the analysis of water consumption in Bialystok in north-eastern Poland in the years 2007–2013. It has been shown in the study that demand for water during a week is varying and it fluctuates. A detailed analysis of water consumption on individual days of the week and public holidays is presented. Individual consumption per capita and daily water consumption irregularity coefficients were estimated. In the analysed period, the highest average daily water demand was recorded on Saturdays (43,129 m3 ), and the lowest on Sundays (37,712 m3 ). Moreover, the impact of economic and environmental factors on the process under study has been characterized in the study. In Bialystok, the price of water increased by 42% in the years 2007-2013, with the inflation rate in the country at 119.2% in those years. It is also presented the influence of maximum daily temperature and precipitation sum on daily water consumption on working days and Saturdays, as well as separately, on Sundays and public holidays.
    Źródło:
    Ekonomia i Środowisko; 2018, 2; 168-179
    0867-8898
    Pojawia się w:
    Ekonomia i Środowisko
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Response of methane emissions to water levels in simulated constructed wetlands
    Autorzy:
    Li, Yanran
    Xu, Qin
    Ji, Shuping
    Liu, Jian
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2171840.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
    Tematy:
    methane
    Pearson correlation
    wetland
    temperature water
    air temperature
    metan
    korelacja Pearsona
    teren podmokły
    temperatura wody
    temperatura powietrza
    Opis:
    Wetland is an important natural source of methane (CH4) generated under the actions of methanogens in the anaerobic environment. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to quantify the response of methane emissions to water levels by simulating three water levels (10, 20, and 40 cm) in constructed wetlands and the methane was determined by the static chamber-gas chromatograph technique. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the emissions of CH4 were positively correlated with water temperature and air temperature while they were negatively correlated with air humidity. The water levels simulation experiment showed that the emission of CH4 was the highest when the water level was 20 cm and the CH4 concentrations of the water-air interface had different patterns at various water levels in the daytime. In conclusion, water level and temperature should be considered when accounting for greenhouse gas emissions in constructed wetlands as they both have important influences on CH4 emission.
    Źródło:
    Environment Protection Engineering; 2022, 48, 3; 5--12
    0324-8828
    Pojawia się w:
    Environment Protection Engineering
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wpływ zmian temperatury wody na Prądzie Zachodniogrenlandzkim na zmiany temperatury powietrza na Ziemi Baffina i Labradorze (1982-2002)
    The influence of the changes of water temperatures on the West Greenland Currents in relays of air temperature on Baffin Island and Labrador (1982-2002)
    Autorzy:
    Zblewski, S.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/260637.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2005
    Wydawca:
    Stowarzyszenie Klimatologów Polskich
    Tematy:
    temperatura powierzchni wody
    temperatura powietrza
    Prąd Zachodniogrenlandzki
    Ziemia Baffina
    Labrador
    West Greenland Currents
    water temperature
    air temperature
    Baffin Island
    Opis:
    Praca omawia wpływ zmian temperatury wody powierzchniowej (TPO) w południowej i środkowej części Prądu Zachodniogrenlandzkiego na zmiany temperatury powietrza na stacjach położonych na wschodnich wybrzeżach Kanady. Szeregi temperatury powietrza pochodzą ze zbioru Historical Adjusted Climate Database for Kanada, a dane o TPO ze zbioru Reynoldsa w wersji SST OI v.1. W okresie 1982-2002 na wszystkich analizowanych stacjach występują dodatnie, istotne statystycznie trendy temperatury powietrza. Pomiędzy szeregami TPO w wybranych gridach ([62°N, 52°W] i [66°N, 56°W]) a szeregami temperatury powietrza na badanych stacjach dominują związki synchroniczne. Najsilniejsze związki asynchroniczne zachodzą pomiędzy zmiennością TPO w środkowej części Prądu Zachodniogrenlandzkiego a temperaturą powietrza na stacjach położonych na Ziemi Baffina.
    This work deals the influence of changes the sea surface temperature (SST) in south and the centre part of the West Greenland Current in relays of the air temperature (AT) on stations located on eastern sea-coasts of Canada (Fig.1). The West Greenland Current is a warm current, which transports warm waters to the bay/ gulf of the Baffin Sea and in this way has a great influence on the formation of ice cover and on air temperature in this area. The Reynolds?s data set, version SST OI v.1., covering values of mean monthly SST in grids 1°x1° has been used as the data source. Yearly temperatures for selected grids have been calculated on the basis of mean monthly temperatures. Series of the air temperature for selected Canadian stations proceed from the service HCCD (Historical Adjusted Climate Database for Canada). The period 1982-2002 is characterized with the distinct warming up of the climate on the northern hemisphere. Appears this i.a. an increase in air temperature and an advanced process of sea ice cover degradation. A reason of this warming up is the accumulation of the warm in surface layers of the ocean and his distribution by the oceanic circulation. Trends in chronological series of mean yearly values of AT on stations located along of eastern sea-coasts of Canada have been analysed. Such an analysis indicated that on all staion the trends in air temperature prove to be positive and that these trends are statistically relevant (p < 0.05 ) on all stations. The highest values of trends can be observed on stations in the central and southern part of Baffin Island. Courses of the one year's temperature of air on selected stations show almost in step reaching changes (Fig. 2). Passed correlational analysis showed that among investigated series SST in selected grids ([62°N, 52°W] and [66°N, 56°W]) located on the West Greenland Current and series AT on stations situated on eastern sea-coasts of Canada dominated synchronous relationships. With the example can be the relationship among SST in grid [66°N, 56°W] and AT on the station Cape Dyer, where appear high values of coefficients of correlation and the maximum of the power of the relationship fall on December +0.93 (Tab. 1). Research showed that the variability of the yearly sea surface temperature in grid [66°N, 56°W] indeed influence on the formation of yearly AT on selected stations. On the stations Cape Dyer and Iqaluit the variability of yearly SST explains the variability of yearly AT properly into 67 and 57% (Fig. 3). On the warm West Greenland Current the changes of the water temperature outdistance during changes of the air temperature on stations of eastern sea-coasts of Canada. Such asynchronous relationships are best visible among a June and May sea surface temperature in grid [66°N, 56°W] and yearly AT on stations located in the Northern part of Baffin Island - Fig.4 and among May SST in grid [66°N, 56°W] and yearly AT in the next year (Fig.5). Most strong synchronous and asynchronous relationships between the variability of the sea surface temperature in the central part of the West Greenland Current and the air temperature occur on stations located on the Baffin Island area.
    Źródło:
    Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej; 2005, 15; 41-51
    1234-0715
    Pojawia się w:
    Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Związki między temperaturą wody w energoaktywnej strefie Morza Bellingshausena a temperaturą powietrza na Stacji Arctowskiego
    Correlations between the water temperature in energy-active zone of the Bellingshausen Sea and the air temperature at the Arctowski Station
    Autorzy:
    Styszyńska, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/260963.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1998
    Wydawca:
    Stowarzyszenie Klimatologów Polskich
    Tematy:
    temperatura wody
    temperatura powietrza
    Szetlandy Południowe
    Stacja Arctowskiego
    anomalia TPO
    water temperature
    air temperature
    Arctowski Station
    South Shetland
    SST anomalies
    Opis:
    The main task of this paper is to explain if there is an energy-active sea zone in the vicinity of the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula which controls changes in atmospheric circulation in this area. The analysis made by use of the data comprising information about mean monthly sea surface temperatures (later SST) and SST anomalies in 2 x 2° grids - GEDEX and data about mean monthly air temperatures taken at the Arctowski Station (Meteorological Yearbooks of the Arctowski Station). Common data spanned the period from January 1982 to April 1992. The first stage of this work was to find so called .active grids", i.e. grids of bigger influence of ocean surface on thermic regime of distant areas. In order to do that an analysis of changes in SST in parts of the South Ocean comprising the Bellingshausen Sea, the Drake Strait, the Scotia Sea and the boundary between the Scotia Sea and the Weddell Sea was carried out. The analysis resulted in a conclusion that three grids situated 80oW: 56°,60° and 64°S show the larger relation with the flow of air temperature at the Arctowski Station. There are synchronic and asynchronic correlations between SST anomalies and the air temperature in nominated grids of the Arctowski Station. The results of analysis of synchronic correlations have been presented in table l. Asynchronic correlations are of complicated nature and distributions. Most numerous simple correlations were reported to occur between the temperature at the Arctowski Station and SST Anomalies in grids [80°W, 64°S]. The largest correlations are those with anomalies occurring in January, February and March. They can be observed in the air temperature with 11-13 months delay. The combined correlations are multiple correlations between regression equation of synchronically occurring anomalies (AN) in those grids and the air temperature at the Arctowski Station (ARC) in consecutive months (1, 2, 3, ..., n, n + 1, n + 2); ARC_n = a + b AN[80.56]_n + c AN[80.60]_n + d AN[80.64]_n. Table 2 contains set of multiple correlation coefficients and those which are likely to be significant have been marked. It has been stated that SST anomalies at 800W in March correlate with monthly air temperatures at the end of summer the following year (February and March) at the Arctowski Station and with temperatures of the early and midwinter of the following year (May, June, July).The variation in SST anomalies in March explains 88% - 69% of variance of variation in the air temperature in June and in July of the following year at the Arctowski Station (fig. l). The response of the air temperature to the occurrence of SST anomalies in October at 800W is much faster - from one to five months. Large correlation between the air temperatures at the Arctowski Station and SST anomalies can be observed already in December of the same year and in January, March and April in the following year (fig. 2). The above stated facts lead to conclusion that the distribution of SST does not influence the flow of the air temperature in a continuous way. Future variations in the air temperature are influenced by the states of thermal field of water measured at crucial moments (the end of summer and the end of winter). They are the states, which later on are slowly modified by processes of radiation in-and off flow, wind chilling and dynamic processes active in the ocean (heat advection following the mass advection). Thus a thesis can be stated that the SST anomalies occurring in grids 56°, 600 and 64°S. 800W may serve as predictive values to work out long term prognosis of the air temperature at the Arctowski Station. These prognosis can be divided into "early" prognosis with 2-6 months' advance (equations 1-4) and "distant" prognosis with 11-18 months' advance (equations 5-8). The above mentioned equations explain about 91% to 52% of variations in the mean monthly air temperature at the Arctowski Station. The presented facts indicate that there really is energy-active zone in the Bellingshausen Sea. Chapter 6 in 4 points shows how the hypothetical mechanism works. It can be understood and explained in a similar way as in case of the Labrador Sea and the New Foundland region (Marsz 1997). The analysis of synchronic statistical correlations between the air temperature at the Arctowski Station and the distribution of SST anomalies at 80°W indicates, among others, the presence of the mechanism described in Chapter 6. Such correlations have been analysed and discussed in a detailed way for April (fig. 3, equations 9 and l0) and for July (fig. 4, equation 11).
    Źródło:
    Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej; 1998, 8; 25-46
    1234-0715
    Pojawia się w:
    Problemy Klimatologii Polarnej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Analiza struktury i czasu trwania zjawisk lodowych na Warcie na tle warunków termicznych w okresie 1991-2010
    The analysis of the structure and duration of ice phenomena on the Warta river in relation to thermic conditions in the years 1991–2010
    Autorzy:
    Graf, R.
    Łukaszewicz, J.
    Jawgiel, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/338625.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy
    Tematy:
    pokrywa lodowa
    rzeka Warta
    temperatura powietrza
    termika wód
    zjawiska lodowe
    air temperature
    ice cover
    ice phenomena
    Warta River
    water thermal conditions
    Opis:
    W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy struktury i czasu trwania zjawisk lodowych na Warcie w latach 1991–2010. Przebieg zjawisk lodowych został opisany na tle zmian temperatury powietrza i wody oraz wskaźnika Oscylacji Północnoatlantyckiej (NAO). Określono formy zjawisk lodowych występujących na Warcie w poszczególnych cyklach jej zlodzenia. Zinterpretowano również zmienność temperatury wody w okresie zimowym i jej wpływ na liczbę dni ze zjawiskami lodowymi. W analizie zjawisk lodowych uwzględniono: charakter odcinka rzeki, na którym prowadzono obserwacje oraz stopień antropopresji, wyrażający się przekształceniem koryta rzecznego, wpływem urbanizacji w strefach większych ośrodków miejskich oraz oddziaływaniem zbiornika Jeziorsko. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań wyznaczono ogólną tendencję w zmienności zjawisk lodowych występujących na rzece, a także określono przyczyny zróżnicowania struktury zjawisk w ujęciu regionalnym. Stwierdzono związek pomiędzy przebiegiem i częstością zjawisk lodowych a warunkami termicznymi i fazami NAO.
    The article presents the results of the analysis of the structure and duration of ice phenomena on the Warta River. The course of ice phenomena has been described against the background of air and water temperature, and North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) changes including. The forms of ice phenomena, exist on the Warta River in particular cycles of its icing, were determined. The variability of the water temperature in winter and its impact on the number of days with ice phenomena on the river has been taken into consideration. The analysis of ice phenomena has taken into account the nature of the section of the river on which observations were made, the scale of anthropopressure affecting the transformation of the riverbed, the impact of urbanization in the zones of larger urban centers and the influence of the Jeziorsko Reservoir. On the basis of the conducted research, a general tendency was determined for the variability of ice phenomena occurring on the river. Reasons for the differentiation of the structure of ice phenomena on a regional basis were determined. The results show in detail the connection between the course and frequency of ice phenomena and other hand thermal conditions and NAO phases.
    Źródło:
    Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie; 2018, 18, 4; 5-28
    1642-8145
    Pojawia się w:
    Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Przebieg i charakter zjawisk lodowych na wybranych odcinkach rzek przymorza o wysokim stopniu antropopresji na tle zmian klimatycznych zachodzących w strefie brzegowej Bałtyku
    The course and the character of the ice phenomena in selected sections of Przymorze rivers with a high influence of anthropopressure in relation to the climate changes that occur in the coastal zone of the Baltic sea
    Autorzy:
    Lukaszewicz, J.T.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/40537.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    przymorze
    strefa przybrzezna
    pobrzeze Baltyku
    rzeki
    przeplyw wody
    zjawiska lodowe
    zlodzenia wod
    pokrywa lodowa
    temperatura wody
    temperatura powietrza
    zmiany klimatyczne
    coastal area
    coastal zone
    Baltic coastal zone
    river
    coastal river
    water flow
    ice phenomenon
    ice cover
    air temperature
    water temperature
    climate change
    Źródło:
    Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Architectura; 2017, 16, 1
    1644-0633
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Architectura
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Sekularne i ekstremalne procesy erozji wodnej gleb na Pojezierzu Drawskim
    Secular and extreme soil erosion processes in the Drawskie Lakeland
    Autorzy:
    Majewski, Mikołaj
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/295194.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Stowarzyszenie Geomorfologów Polskich
    Tematy:
    gleba
    erozja wodna
    proces sekularny
    proces ekstremalny
    Pojezierze Drawskie
    warunki meteorologiczne
    rzeźba terenu
    litologia
    temperatura powietrza
    opady atmosferyczne
    klimat
    pokrywa śnieżna
    przemarznięcie gruntu
    soil
    water erosion
    secular process
    extreme process
    Drawskie Lakeland
    meteorological conditions
    relief of the terrain
    lithology
    air temperature
    precipitation
    climate
    ice sheets
    Opis:
    Soil erosion by water is one of the most important factors affecting contemporary landscape changes within the lowland geoecosystems in Central Europe. Soil erosion by water mainly depends on: rainfalls (especially its intensity and erosivity), length of slope and its inclination, type of cultivation and usage of land, anti-erosion treatments and susceptibility of soils to erosion. The aim of conducted research was to evaluate conditioning and magnitude of secular and extreme soil erosion processes in the Drawsko Lakeland with special considering of rainfall erosivity index (EI30). The main goal was realised through several research tasks. The first task involved examination of surface runoff and slope wash conditionings, course and quantity in the testing plot located within the Chwalimski Potok catchment. The second task was related to evaluate rainfall impact to soil erosion by water processes. It was realised by computation rainfall characteristics: intensity, kinetic energy and erosivity. In order to assess secular and extreme soil erosion impact to land relief changes, research were provided with additional details by conducting three field experiments with simulated rainfall. Stationary observation and quantitative researches of soil erosion (at testing plots) have been conducting within the Chwalimski Brook catchment for three hydrological years (2012–2014). The slope with the test area is located within the 1st order catchment being a subsystem of the Młynski Brook catchment and then followed by the upper Parsęta catchment. This area covers 4.8 hectares and is characterised by short slopes with small height variances up to 10 meters. Historically, the area was covered with agricultural crops, currently they cover about 10% of the area. The slope is covered with gleyic retisols and its average inclination is about 4 degrees with its south-east exposure. The measuring system of soil erosion covered 5 testing plots with different agricultural use (bare fallow, meadow, potatoes, spring and winter crops). Plots are 42 metres long and 4 metres width. In the bottom edge of each plot catchers with volume of 800 dm3 were installed. In this research, only data from black fallow were considered. Such tillage is recognised as a standard in soil erosion studies. Two experiments have been conducted in this testing plot. The third one has been conducted on slope located within an area of undulated morainic plateau in the Kłuda catchment. The slope is characterised by greater height variances than in Chwalimski Brook catchment. The slope, where the experiment has been conducted, is situated within local closed depression and is covered by sands underlain by boulder clay. Its average slope is about 10° with its southwest exposure. Although annual precipitation in the three-year measurement period was comparable with mean value from multi-year period (1987–2014), its intensity and erosivity were distinguishably lower. Such rainfall conditions are not favourable for extreme soil erosion by water processes, thus any relief forms from such geomorphological processes were not observed in the Drawsko Lakeland. Due to lack of that kind of forms, in 2013 and 2014, three field experiments were conducted. The main aim of experiments was to evaluate the impact of high intensity rainfall on soil surface. The first experiment consisted of 5, the second and the third of 4 rainfall simulations. The rainfall was created by using a purpose-built rain simulator, consisting of 3 and 6 sprinklers placed around the testing plot. Despite the slope inclination in the Kłuda catchment was 2.5 times steeper than Chwalimski Potok’s slope, surface runoff attained smaller volume, because of remarkably higher infiltration rate. In 2012–2014, surface runoff and soil loss has occurred 8 times each year. The maximal monthly surface runoff volume was registered in February 2012, and it equalled 10.1 dm3 m−2 and the maximal soil loss value was registered in May 2013 and equalled 3,198 kg ha−1. Annual runoff volumes were between 31.2 dm3 m−2 in 2012 and 38.8 dm3 m−2 in 2013, whereas annual soil loss values ranged from 740 kg ha−1 in 2012 to 5,700 kg ha−1 in 2013. Soil erosion values caused by simulated rainfall during field experiments were similar or significantly higher than annual values. Surface runoff was between 31.2 dm3 m−2 in the first experiment and 34.2 dm3 m−2 in the second one, whilst soil loss was between 4,632 kg ha−1 and 8,637 kg ha−1. The achieved experiment results have been compared with soil erosion rate achieved from stationary observations. The results show that runoff and soil loss considerably increase during rainfalls with high amount, intensity and erosivity. Furthermore, individual extreme erosive events may exceed annual (secular) soil erosion processes. Conducted stationary research indicates that annual soil erosion primarily depends on individual rainfall and erosive events, which considerably exceed mean values. In order to evaluate the soil susceptibility to erosion by water in the Drawsko Lakeland, high resolution potential and actual soil erosion risk maps were prepared. The qualitative assessment of soil erosion risk was based on geoinformation technologies. The model considers following conditions affecting the size of soil erosion: slope steepness and aspect, topographic factor LS (unit upslope contributing area), lithology, rainfall erosivity (Modified Fournier Index calculated from monthly and annual precipitation data) and land use and land cover from Corine Land Cover 2006. To prepare the map of potential soil erosion risk, land use from Corine Land Cover was not considered. Thematic maps have been reclassified into a 4-degree division. The results of the soil erosion risk assessment in the Drawsko Lakeland reveal the fact that a majority of its area is characterized by moderate or low erosion risk levels. Areas with high erosion risk are mostly located in the northern part of the Lakeland. The achieved results from stationary observations and field experiments may indicate that the soil loss magnitude significantly increases during rainfall with higher intensity, greater totals and accumulated in time rainfall events. This may confirm the high potential of soil erosion by water processes of above- -average magnitude and intensity in the discharge of material from agricultural used slopes.
    Źródło:
    Landform Analysis; 2020, 39; 1-106
    1429-799X
    Pojawia się w:
    Landform Analysis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9

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