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Tytuł:
Istota kary kryminalnej
The nature of criminal punishment
Autorzy:
Miłek, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38911444.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
prawo karne
kara
istota kary kryminalnej
criminal law
punishment
the nature of criminal punishment
Opis:
The article is devoted to the issue of criminal penalty. This problem has been the subject of investigation of a antique representatives of various sciences, in particular, Philosophy and Law. During the development of philosophical and legal thinking on the nature of criminal punishment, there are two opposite views that exist today under the name of the absolute theory of punishment and the relative theory of punishment. The concepts of absolute theory proceed from the assumption that punishment is primarily an act of retribution by the state for offenders to be made by the offense. The relative theories recognize that punishment is an instrument that is designed to meet specific goals: improving the criminals, crime prevention, education of the public. In the face of these extreme concepts it seems the most appropriate to combine the elements of both theories of punishment (concepts mixed), with a focus on the issue of retribution for the offender's conduct detrimental to the applicable standards of law. This approach combines the philosophical considerations with practice. The attainment of apenalty, in particular by improving the offender, is difficult to reach, and in many cases even impossible, and the best proof to that is the phenomenon of recidivism.
Źródło:
Roczniki Wydziału Nauk Prawnych i Ekonomicznych KUL; 2008, 4, 1; 251-268
1896-6365
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Wydziału Nauk Prawnych i Ekonomicznych KUL
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Czy kar jest za dużo? Wokół Douglasa Husaka koncepcji kryminalizacji
Are there too many punishments? Around Douglas Husak’s concept of criminalization
Autorzy:
Peno, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/697103.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Opolski
Tematy:
criminality
minimalism in criminal law
philosophy of criminal law
punishment
criminal responsibility
Opis:
The author endeavours to make a critical reflection on the concept of criminalization as formulated by Douglas Husak. D. Husak’s views on criminal policy are presented in a wider philosophical context and juxtaposed with assumptions of basic critical trends in criminal law science. Also, some suggestions are formulated to supplement Husak’s concept, who points out, above all, when punishment should not be applied. A supplement to Husak’s idea is a somewhat perverse attempt to collect model situations, in which recognition of an act as a crime can be justified (which the author himself tried to avoid). In addition, the article attempts to combine the philosophy of law with criminal policy and indicates the need to take into consideration philosophical foundations of criminal law policy.
Źródło:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne; 2018, 16, 2; 177-201
2658-1922
Pojawia się w:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evasion from Payment of a Fine: Problem Aspects of the Issues of Criminal Enforcement and Criminal Procedure
Autorzy:
Osadchuk Mykhailivna, Kateryna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1931302.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-03-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
punishment
probation body
criminal executive inspection
punishment enforcement
voluntary payment of a fine
Opis:
General short summary of the main content of the article. The problem of evasion from a fine payment as a type of punishment under the laws of Ukraine has been studied in the article. In Section 1 “Fines payment controlling authorities” the criminal laws in the field of punishment enforcement, namely their authorities, have been analyzed. A large number of gaps in the laws and regulatory legal acts have been identified and solutions have been proposed to address them. In Section 2 “Evasion from payment of a fine”, the legal aspects of a fine payment evasion as a criminal offence have been considered; an analysis of various laws and constitutional rights of a sentenced person have been made; and it has been determined that if a sentenced to a fine person has not voluntarily paid the fine during two years, such a person cannot be criminally prosecuted in compliance with Article 389 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Practical significance of the article. The results of the article can be used in determining the policy of Ukraine on the issue of activities of the probation bodies and the possibility of returning the enforcement service of the Ministry of Justice, or consideration of the issue of granting appropriate powers to the probation bodies; - rethinking the possibility of returning the enforcement of punishment, which in turn will lead to a higher percentage in payment of fines, and replenishment of the state treasury; - establishment of uniform practice of application of the criminal law norms.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie; 2020, 1(25); 37-46
1643-6911
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reforma systemu kar po nowelizacji kodeksu karnego z dnia 20 lutego 2015 r.
Autorzy:
Michał, Królikowski,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902386.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
punishment
criminal responsibility
suspended inprisonment
judicial independency
legislation
Opis:
The article describes a reform of material criminal law based on perspective of legal doctrine, practice of jurisdiction and prosecution, as well as management of the system of criminal law. It is based on the experiences from legislation procedure that has led to a new law enacted. The author indicates the differences between concepts of Criminal Law Codification Committee and possibilities of the legislation project.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2016, 65; 71-92
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kryteria rozgraniczania przestępstw i wykroczeń
The differences between crimes and misdemeanours
Autorzy:
Kowalski, Karol
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/478537.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Europejskie Stowarzyszenie Studentów Prawa ELSA Poland
Tematy:
crime
offense
punishment
social harm
criminal and administrative law
Opis:
The aim of this article is to defi ne boundaries between crime and misdemeanours. The reference point for discussion are provisions of the Codes as well as out of them. First discussed part presents three main European models of responsibility for the misdemeanours (French, Austrian and German) and stages of development of the law on misdemeanours in Poland. The second part concerns strict criteria for delimiting areas of crime and delinquency. Particular attention is given to the following issues: decision-making body, breach or threat different to the penalty, the adjudicating authority, violating the legal interests, criminal threats and the degree of social harm. One of the conclusions of the thesis is the absence of the present possible solutions to the dispute over the qualitative or quantitative difference between the offenses
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawniczy Europejskiego Stowarzyszenia Studentów Prawa ELSA Poland; 2014, 2; 11-22
2299-8055
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawniczy Europejskiego Stowarzyszenia Studentów Prawa ELSA Poland
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Argument ze strachu – Roberta Nozicka uzasadnienie odpowiedzialności karnej
The Argument of Fear – Robert Nozick’s Libertarian Concept of the Justification of Criminal Responsibility. the Pure Retributive Concept of Punishment
Autorzy:
Peno, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1596479.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Tematy:
the retributive justification of punishment
libertarianism
criminal law
criminal responsibility
punishment
Nozick
koncepcje uzasadnienia karania
retrybutywizm
libertarianizm
prawo karne
odpowiedzialność karna
kara
Opis:
Przedmiotem artykułu jest koncepcja uzasadnienia karania Roberta Nozicka. Podejście Nozicka wpisuje się w ogólne ramy jego libertariańskiej filozofii politycznej. Libertarianizm może wydawać się zbyt radykalny, jednak w przypadku uzasadnienia karania propozycje wysuwane przez przedstawicieli tego nurty wydają się być niezwykle interesujące. Przede wszystkim, libertariańskie uzasadnienie karania opiera się na czystym retrybutywizmie i przekonaniu, że praktyka karania jest konieczna ze względu na naturę człowieka. Należy karać wyłącznie czyny stanowiące zło samo w sobie i powodujące cierpienie, zaś jedynym usprawiedliwieniem kary jest odpłata – „szachowanie ryzykiem kary” tych, którzy generują strach przed ryzykiem stania się ofiarą przestępstwa.
In the article I wish to present an interpretation of the Nozick’s concept of punishment. It can be easily known, that Nozick’s approach is strongly connected with the libertarian philosophy of the state and its function. Prima facie, libertarianism as the political philosophy can be seen as too radical, particularly from the lawyers point of view. In fact, the libertarian concept of punishment is clearly retributive. However It is worth to remember, that libertarianism in the criminal law can be treated as the smart way of justification of punishment. Libertarianism seeks to find a harmony between the social necessity of the practice of punishment and an individual freedom. The harmony can be achieved by virtue of proper principles of criminal policy. Only the so called malum per se should be punished and the only way of justification of the punishment in such cases is our fear of pain (as the result of crime). Translated by Michał Peno
Źródło:
Acta Iuris Stetinensis; 2015, 10, 2; 61-78
2083-4373
2545-3181
Pojawia się w:
Acta Iuris Stetinensis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Odstraszające oddziaływanie kary na sprawcę przestępstwa w świetle badań empirycznych
Deterrent Effect of Punishment on the Offender (a Review of Empirical Research)
Autorzy:
Szamota-Saeki, Barbara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699090.pdf
Data publikacji:
1995
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
kara
sprawca przestępstwa
badania empiryczne
punishment
criminal offender
empirical research
Opis:
The number of studies on specific deterrence is not large. Some data on this subject can be found in other studies aimed e.g. at evalution of effectiveness of diffrent penal measures, or analysis of criminal careers. One of the reasons of this lack of interest in specific deterrence is a belief,  rather common today and particularly marked in the 1960s, that punishment not only fails to deter the convicted person from futher offenses but – quite the contrary - increases the probability of his futher criminal carrer.  Another reason is probably the great difficulty in distinguishing for research purposes of the impact of specific deterrence from the other effects of punishment. Unfortunately, a statement made by J. Gibbs over twenty years ago still remains valid: there is no theory of specific deterrence, and the hypotheses concerning specific deterrence are vague and difficult to verify empirically. During the last twenty  years, there was a progress in the methodology of research into specific deterrence. New success criteria were introduced into the assessment of deterrent effect of punishment, and the method of random field experiment was used. Researchers started to compare the effect of punishment with the effects of escaning punishment, instead of limiting themselves to comparisons of relative effectiveness of some penalties as opposed to some other ones. The progress was less marked in the formation of the theory of specific  deterrence. It consists in attempts, on the one hand, at a new conceptualization of the problem of deterrence, and on the other hand, at integrating the deterrence hypothesis with other theoretical approaches. The paper consists of seven parts. The Introduction (I) contains analysis of the notion of specific deterrence, the criteria to distinguish between specific and general deterrence, tvpes of deterrence. Also discussed have the recent attempts at a new conceptualization of tne problem of deterrence through inclusion into that notion of not only the “direct costs of legal sanctions” but also “indirect costs”, or through the use of another criterion to distinguish between specific and general deterrence. Chapter II contains a brief discussion of early studies on specific deterrence; the findings have been discussed and numerous methodological flaws pointed out. The conclusion from those studies (that severe penalties involve a higher recidivism rate than lenient penalties) was generally seen as a prove that punishment has no specific deterrent effect on the futher behaviour of convicted persons. This conclusion was unjustified, though. And that for several reasons. The discussed studies often failed to distinguish between the mechanism of deterrence and the other effects of punishment. They also failed to solve the problem of selection bias in sentencing where specific types of penalties are imposed on specific categories of offenders; the difference between such groups of convicted persons is that even before the imposition of penalty, the probability of their relapse into crime was different. The studies examined but a marginal effectiveness of some  penalties as compared to some other ones. What they overlooked, instead, was that the growth in recidivism rate cannot be estimated which would have taken place were no criminal penalties at all imposed on offenders. Chapter III discusses the findings of studies which tested two opposing hypotheses; i.e. that punishment either deters offenders (deterrence hypothesis) or amplifies offendling (amplification hypothesis). Both the conception of deterrence and that of labeling involve too one-sided and simplified an approach to the impact of punishment on the further conduct of offenders as they ignore the possibility of effects  other than the anticipated ones. This was reflected in these studies in which the researches posed instead of posing questions in the categories of “whether” (does punishment deter? does pinishment amplify affending?), instead of trying to define the conditions of emergence of each of those two effects. Analyzed in few studies only were mediating psycho-social processes between punisment and the punished pefsons’ further conduct. The findings of different studies are often inconsistent. Some seem to confirm the amplification hypothesis although researchers sometimes stress that this effect is not stable Other findings point  to the effect of deterrence. Still other studies showed that: punishment seems do not influence a pefson’s further criminal career. Finally, some of the latest findings also indicate the possibility of amplifijing offending under some conditions and of deterring effect on offending - under some other circumstances. Chapter IV discusses the implications of the criminal careers approach for methodology of studies on specific deterrence. What is particularly worthy of attention here is: 1) departure from the use of a sole success criterion in the evaluation of deterrent effect of punishment, and an attempt at grasping the impact of punishment on different dimensions of criminality such as the length of criminal career or fraquency of offenses; 2) investigation of the impact of punishment at different stages of a person’s criminal career. The success criterion  where success means a person’s abstention from further offenses is replaced with the before and after comparison criterion where the intensity of a person’s criminal career before and after punishment is compared; this replacement is of a great importance in studies of effectiveness of penal  measures imposed on chronic offnders. As suggested by the findings, certain penalties may in cessation of delinquency at the initial stage of the criminal career (on the occasion of the first and possibly also the second contact with the police). At further stages of that career, a decrease in the intensity of delinquency of the persons convicted is possible. Chapter V discusses attempts at including the hypothesis of  specific deterrence into the economic model of delinquent behawior, and studies carried out by economists. According to some economists, specific deterrence can be included into the theory of rational choice provided it is treated as a special case of general deterrence. In tlis approach, the experience of a sanction becomes a factor influencing the anticipated sanctions. Chapter VI is devoted to discussion of the results of a series of rondom field experiments conducted in selected cities of the United States. The purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of arrest as compared to other reactions to violence against a spouse (nearly all victims in the study were women). The obtained results were not uniform: in some experiments, deterrent effect of arrest was found out, while the rest showed an amplifying effect of arrest on the arrested person’s  further violence against his spouse. The authors explain this divergence of results with a different impact of arrest on different types of persons. Thus the results suggest that arrest has  a deterrent effect on permanently employed suspects; instead, suspects without a regular job tended to use violence more often after the  arrest incident. The last Chapter (VII) recapitulates the findings. They show that it was a premature decision to reject the hyphothesis of specific deterrence. Punishment has a different impact on different persons: in some situations it results in amplication of offending; in some other ones, it deters a person from further offenses; and  in still other situations it seems not to have any effect at all on furter offending. The findings point to a great importance in this respect of the first contacts with the law enforcement agencies. Moreover, the differentiated effect of punishment seems to depend on the offender’s age, sex, and attitude towards risk, and also on his permanent employment. It should be stressed that many studies use a broader definition of punishment, not limited to the penalties  imposed by court. Some researchers treat even a person’s contact with the police as punishment; others believe that this function is performed by arrest. These different working definitions of punishment make it difficult to interpret the findings that relate to absolute deterrence, that is assessment of the effects of imposing punishment as compared to those of escaping punishment. Nearly all studies dealt with recidivism and, first and foremost, the effectiveness of punishment in reducing a person’s further delinquency. To a slight extent only did they try to define the meaning of punishment for those punished, their subjective estimations of probability and severity of punishment. For this reason, interpretation of the findings in the categories of stating whether punishment has a deterrent effect is not always justified.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1995, XXI; 7-39
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
System kar i represji karnej w starożytności
Ancient system of penalties and criminal sanctions
Autorzy:
Ślęzak, Jarosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902072.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Gdańska Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczna
Tematy:
punishment
crime
criminal law
ancient times
kara
przestępstwo
prawo karne
starożytność
Opis:
In ancient Egypt the punishment had public character. Capital punishments and corporal punishments were also used. Code of Hammurabi was based on lex talionis. The most severe punishment was capital punishment. Liability of builders, physicians, veterinarians was based on objective principle. Hebrew law was based on the principle of fued. In ancient Greece were functioning the expanded catalogue of punishments. In Roman law was functioning the division of crimes on crimina publica and delicta privata
Źródło:
Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość; 2014, 11; 73-84
1731-8440
Pojawia się w:
Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Czy teoria ewolucji może pomóc w uzasadnieniu kary kryminalnej? Od filozofii politycznej do nauk ewolucyjnych
Evolutionary Justification of Criminal Responsibility. A Theory of Evolution as a Theory of Punishment
Autorzy:
Peno, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1596518.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Tematy:
criminal law
theory of punishment
theory of evolution
punishment
psychopathy
evolutionary approach to punishment
kara kryminalna
odpowiedzialność karna
prawo karne
teoria ewolucji
uzasadnienie karania
Opis:
Starania filozofów o usprawiedliwienie lub wyjaśnienie praktyki karania sięgają korzeniami początków historii prawa karnego. Współcześnie renesans przeżywa teoria ewolucji, której zasięg wydaje się na tyle szeroki, by w oparciu o nią próbować wyjaśniać podstawowe instytucje społeczne. Kara kryminalna należy do podstawowych instytucji funkcjonujących w niemal wszystkich społeczeństwach. Wydaje się, że można wyjaśnić i pośrednio uzasadnić karę kryminalną poprzez odwołanie się do teorii ewolucji, a przy tym próbować bronić poglądu, że kara kryminalna jest ewolucyjną odpowiedzią na znane wszystkim grupom ludzkim zjawisko psychopatii – przy założeniu, że psychopatia ma podłoże ewolucyjne. Co więcej, istnieje ogromna różnica między karą a zemstą, którą łatwo zauważyć właśnie na gruncie teorii ewolucji. Kara nie jest atawizmem, nie stanowi prymitywnej zemsty i nie można powiedzieć, że jest zła moralnie, bo praktyka karania jest nie tylko zdeterminowana, ale i najlepsza z możliwych.
Punishment is an important communal matter. As far back in history we can go, philosophers have tried to explain and justify the practice of punishment. It is obvious, that humans always live in social groups and cooperative activities play a crucial role. In fact, every society creates institutions which can be used to protect the rules of cooperation. I show that punishment can be seen as a gift of evolution. It can be said, that according to evolutionary approach, punishment is a form of social reaction against those members of society who have natural (psychological or biological) predisposition to commit a crime. Because of the fact that ca 5 percent members of every society should be classified as psychopaths, we need some kind of the preventive mechanism. It is assumed that the phenomenon of psychopathy is the alternative strategy of evolution. It is said that on the ground of evolutionary approach punishment is treated as revenge. Last but not least, in the article will be shown that there are important differences between the practice of punishment and pure revenge.
Źródło:
Acta Iuris Stetinensis; 2015, 12, 4; 133-152
2083-4373
2545-3181
Pojawia się w:
Acta Iuris Stetinensis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przestępstwo i kara w filozoficznym ujęciu Johna Finnisa
Crime and punishment in the light of John Finnis’s natural-law philosophy
Autorzy:
Peno, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/476449.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
John Finnis
crime
punishment
criminal responsibility
retribution
przestępstwo
kara
odpowiedzialność karna
retrybucja
Opis:
The main aim of this article is to outline the concept of criminal responsibility emerging from John Finnis’s natural law philosophy. Finnis accepts the retrospective point of view of punishment (retribution), rejecting the idea of social reintegration (re-socialization, rehabilitation). Only aim of the punishment is to restore the so called social balance, violated by crime. The key to Finnis’s approach is that crime, responsibility, justice and punishment are understood in terms of the natural law tradition. Finnis’s concept of the criminal responsibility is treated as the starting point for reinterpretation of classical (or traditional) retributivism in the spirit of natural law. Moreover, the reinterpretation takes into account the critical comments formulated by scholars from the so called radical criminology, abolitionism, and penal minimalism.
Celem artykułu jest zarysowanie koncepcji odpowiedzialności karnej wyłaniającej się z prawnonaturalnej filozofii Johna Finnisa. Finnis przyjmuje retrybutywny punkt widzenia kary, odrzucając wszelkie idee resocjalizacji czy rehabilitacji społecznej. Kara ma przywracać równowagę społeczną zachwianą wskutek przestępstwa. Kluczowe dla ujęcia Finnisa jest jednak to, że zarówno przestępstwo, odpowiedzialność, jak i sprawiedliwość kary pojmuje on w kategoriach tradycji prawa natury. Koncepcja Finnisa stanowi punkt wyjścia do reinterpretacji retrybutywizmu w duchu prawnonaturalnym, uwzględniającej krytykę kierowaną przeciw klasycznym teoriom karania przez te wszystkie nurty w nauce prawa karnego, które dążą do radykalnych reform czy rewolucji tej gałęzi prawa (czy systemu prawa karnego).
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały; 2018, 1(22); 63-80
1689-8052
2451-0807
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
W kierunku konsensualizmu: kształt instytucji skazania bez rozprawy oraz dobrowolnego poddania się karze w świetle nowelizacji Kodeksu Postępowania Karnego z 2013 r
Towards the consensus: sentencing without a trial and a voluntary submission to a punishment before and after the amendments of the Criminal Procedure Code in 2013.
Autorzy:
Pisarski, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/478551.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Europejskie Stowarzyszenie Studentów Prawa ELSA Poland
Tematy:
consensualism
sentencing
trial
voluntarily
submission
punishment
amendment
code
criminal procedure
conclusion
proceeding
institution
Opis:
There are many ways to reach an agreement in Polish law in criminal proceedings,. These agreements are a way of consensual conclusion of proceeding . The most conventional forms of consensual conclusion of proceedings in Polish law system are “sentencing without trial” and “voluntary submission to punishment”. These institutions were introduced to the Polish legal system with the new Criminal Procedure Code in 1997 and amended in 2003. By implementing the demands of representatives of the Practice of law, Polish legislator by the amendment from 27 September 2013, expanded the possibility of application the consensual conclusion of proceedings. The purpose of this article is to show the shape and comparison of “voluntary submission to punishment” and “sentencing without trial” in form before and after amendment from 2013. This work also includes some opinions of Polish legal doctrine on this amendment and some comments on functioning of these institutions in practice. The last point of this thesis, besides the benefi ts arising from the use of such institutions, contains also a reference to certain risks associated with misuse or mismanagement of these institutions.
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawniczy Europejskiego Stowarzyszenia Studentów Prawa ELSA Poland; 2014, 2; 81-92
2299-8055
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawniczy Europejskiego Stowarzyszenia Studentów Prawa ELSA Poland
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pozytywna prewencja ogólna w nauce niemieckiej (wybrane koncepcje)
Positive General Prevention (Chosen Theories)
Autorzy:
Szamota-Saeki, Barbara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699300.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
pozytywna prewencja
Niemcy
prawo karne
polityka karna
kara
positive general prevention
Germany
criminal law
penal policy
punishment
Opis:
 The idea of socio-educating function of punishment is not recent. It appeared in XVIIIth century. Its renewal of XXth century is explained by the disappointment of the deterrent and re-socialising effectiveness of criminal punishment. It is also a reaction towards the abolitionary postulates’ questioning the sense of existence of the criminal punishment. There are many versions of this theory. It is widely popular in Germany where it is calted ‘positive general prevention’ or the ‘integrating prevention’.         The term ‘positive general prevention’ was constructed in Germany in opposition to the traditional term ‘general prevention’ understood solely as a general deterrence. It is meant to stress the turn away from the so understood ‘general prevention’ and a promoting of the positive function of criminal punishment. This ‘positive’ or ‘integrating’ function of punishment is, in most simple terms, based on strengthening the morality, supporting the desired attitudes and ways of behaving, strengthening the trust in law, in shaping the law awareness, and also encouraging norms recognition. The purpose of the punishment is preserving and strengthening the normative integration of society. It is realised not by creating fear but by using persuasion, by teaching about necessity and usefulness of the criminal law norms and by obeying them for the social order. It is also important to bring about a custom of law obedience.         The popularity of the positive general prevention is explained differently in the German studies. Most often, it is pointed out that, on the one hand, a return towards the absolutist theories is commonly rejected there, and on the other hand, that there is a popular disappointment with the efficiency of prevention and re-socialisation. The positive general prevention an opportunity for keeping a preventive character of theory of punishment with a simultaneous introduction of a retributive element in form of guilt rule. It thus creates a combination of rationality of prevention theories with a guaranteed character of the absolutist theories. It also has an advantage over the mixed theories of punishment as it is directed at a single goal.         Despite of a significant differentiation of the positive general prevention theories, it is relatively easy to define some of its characteristics: the addressee of an execution of the criminal law and punishment is society and not an individual person, where it is mostly about the influence on those members of society who do obey the law. the positive general prevention aims at long term, indirect activity and not at an immediate, short term effect on society. the persuasive nature of the criminal law is stressed, its ability to persuade, as well as the symbolic, expressive meaning of punishment as means of communicating. The content of that message in German conception is, in general, that criminal law norm is still valid. It exceptionally evokes to the moral condemnation of a deed as a subject of that message. the representatives of the theory of positive general prevention educe the purpose of the punishment from the entire penal law system. Penal law and the penalty itself come in those ideas on the very same grounds. Therefore it is not a theory of punishment but a theory of the penal law. these theories agree that the positive, integrating effect can be brought about only by a just punishment. a very typical feature of the German ideas is using the term of guilt in reference to functionality. It makes them vulnerable to a reproach that, in fact, they are veiled absolutist theories.        I analyse five ideas of the positive general prevention in this article. It was my aim to select those ideas which could indicate its diversity. Mayer's theory contributed to the rebirth of the socio-educational theory of punishment function in German studies. It belongs to the movement of the expressive punishment theories. According to Mayer penalty has an educational aspect for the society by strengthening or creating morality of the community.        Integrating prevention, as understood by H. Muller-Dietz, is an activity of punishment which is based on creating and strengthening the ways that law is perceived by the citizens. The integrating function is realised by the regulatory and court systems of justice.       The most popular in Germany is the theory of G. Jakobs. It clearly refers to the theory of systems by Niklas Luhmann. Jakobs stresses that punishment expresses a protest against breaking a norm paid by the offender. It shows that the norm broken with a deed is still valid and that it is determinant as an orientation example for social interactions.       A very strong feature of W. Hasserman’s idea is the emphasis of how the penal law system influences the entirety of social control processes. Streng refers to the psychoanalysis and psychology of the punishing society, in order to explain the general preventative activity of punishment. He mentions three unconscious, emotional sources of punishment.       In the conclusion I discuss the significance of the presented theories for the studies of criminal law and the practices of administration of criminal justice.  
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2004, XXVII; 43-66
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Stosowanie środków niepenalnych jako sposób reagowania na wykroczenia
The use of non-penal measures as a way of responding to offenses
Autorzy:
Tunia, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1368774.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-09-30
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
prawo
bezpieczeństwo i porządek publiczny
wykroczenie
kara
środek
karny
środek pozakarny (niepenalny)
law
security and public order
offense
punishment
criminal measure
non-criminal measure (non-penal)
Opis:
Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu są: problem dotyczący możliwości stosowania środków pozakarnych jako sposobu reagowania na wykroczenia oraz ocena skuteczności takich reakcji z punktu widzenia wdrożenia sprawców wykroczeń do przestrzegania ustalonego porządku prawnego i przyjętych zasad współżycia społecznego. W związku z zastosowaniem wobec sprawcy środka pozakarnego pojawia się jednak problem dotyczący zakończenia kwestii odpowiedzialności sprawcy wykroczenia. Stąd w artykule podjęte zostały rozważania dotyczące tego, czy zastosowanie takiego środka wobec sprawcy wykroczenia kończy sprawę, czy też nadal możliwe jest wszczęcie przeciw danej osobie postępowania sądowego i wymierzenie jej określonej kary, w tym nałożenie grzywny w formie mandatu karnego.
The subject of this article is the problem regarding the use of non-criminal measures as a response to offenses, as well as an assessment of the effectiveness of such responses from the point of view of the possibility of implementing offenders to comply with the established legal order and principles of social coexistence. In connection with the non-criminal measure being applied to the perpetrator, however, there is a problem regarding the final termination of the offender's liability. Hence, the article discusses whether the application of such a measure against the perpetrator of the offense gives the case - of its kind - "status of res judicata" or whether it is still possible to institute legal proceedings against a given person and impose a specific penalty, including imposing a fine in the form of a criminal mandate.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze KUL; 2020, 3; 335-354
1897-7146
2719-4264
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze KUL
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przestępczość i polityka karna w krajach postkomunistycznych: spojrzenie laika
Crime and Penal Policy in Post-Communist States: a Layman’s Perspective
Autorzy:
Siemaszko, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699122.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
przestępczość
polityka karna
państwa postkomunistyczne
kara
polityka kryminalna
badania wiktymizacyjne
crime
penal policy
post-communist states
punishment
criminal policy
victim study
Opis:
Can we seriously analyse penal policy trends in the post-communist states if we have no idea on the penal legislation in these countries, on trends in crime combat and prevention or the current shape of the penal policy, including in particular penal code reforms that are being developed or implemented? We would naturally say no. The author, however, attempts to prove that such an analysis is possible provided one has access to relevant statistical data. The data are contained mainly in three publications: European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics, Penological Information Bulletin and Atlas przestępczości w Polsce [Overview of Crime in Poland]. For the purposes of this paper, the data were significantly modified not to include some of the post-communist states. For various reasons, mainly due to the data credibility and completeness, the author focussed only on ten such states, i.e. Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Hungary. Some comparisons also include Bulgaria. Firstly, an analysis of the data shows that the common characteristics of the post-communist states under discussion are their high crime levels, both in terms of dynamics and prevalence. An exceptionally high level of crime risk is also displayed in the victimological research results. Secondly, a comparison of crime reporting levels clearly shows that the crime level in our region is actually much higher than police statistics might suggest. This is also confirmed by the results of nationwide Polish research held every four years within the International Crime Survey. We usually are one of the last countries in terms of crime reporting levels. It seems that people in our region are generally quite reluctant to report crime (due to our mistrust in police effectiveness), which makes our official crime statistics extremely unreliable. Therefore, while victimological research in the Western European countries may be treated as an interesting alternative to police statistics (and we actually could do without the latter), in our region, such research is a must. Thirdly, due to the extremely unreliable police statistics, it is essential to initiate victimological research in the countries of our region, and ideally to include them in the International Crime Survey. Without reliable victimological studies, we will have to rely on the police data that sometimes seem to be a tactless joke.  The author's analysis, although not aimed at establishing any general rules, but rather at clearly describing the facts, naturally brings some obvious conclusions. The first conclusion is that all the former Soviet bloc countries were characterised by high crime levels at the turn of the 21st century. And the times are not conducive to softening penal repressions, which makes it obvious that most states under discussion continued their rather harsh penal policy compared to the Western countries. Poland was an interesting exception with its new and extremely liberal penal legislation having been introduced in the period of an extremely sharp crime growth. However, the author underlines that these developments had fortunately little influence on the judicial practice, all the more so since the main legislative and judicial changes to ease penal repressions had been introduced earlier. In other words, already before 1997 when the new penal codification was adopted, we had reached a dead end in crime policy liberalisation and there was no space left for more such changes for fear of mass protests and riots. The fact that the new and much more liberal penal code did not bring significant changes in the judicial practice proves the advantage of the judicial opinion over penal code solutions. This means and is clearly confirmed in the Polish experience that the form of penal legislation is much less important (though not unimportant) than specific judicial practice. All the states under analysis still show a disastrous structure of the length of unsuspended prison sentences. On the one hand, the shortest terms (up to one year, or even six months) are used too rarely, and on the other, too seldom are also the relatively long terms of ten and more years of prison. That makes sentence diversification seem insufficient. In all the states under discussion, the dominating group of imprisonment sentences are those from one to three years, which is inefficient from the criminology perspective, quite costly, and leads to the overpopulation of prisons. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that all these countries have such high imprisonment rates per 100,000 inhabitants.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2006, XXVIII; 67-94
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sędziowski wymiar kary w badaniu prawno-socjologicznym 2012–2014
Judiciary Sentencing in Legal and Sociological Research in 2012-2014
Autorzy:
Królikowska, Jadwiga
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698774.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
kara
prawo karne
badania prawno-socjologiczne
sędziowie
punishment
criminal law
law and sociological research
judges
aggression
violence towards people
violence towards animals
perpetrator of violence
Opis:
This article presents selected results of a legal and sociological research project entitled“Penal cultures. Cultural context of criminal policy and criminal law reforms. Legal,penological, historical, sociological, and cultural (anthropological) analysis of criminallaw reforms in Poland against the background of European and world trends”, conductedin 2012-2014 on a sample of 160 Polish judges. The research was carried out usingthe questionnaire method supplemented with in-depth interviews with 12 judges.The questionnaire was sent by email to all the presidents of district, regional, andappellate courts in Poland with a request to pass it to their judges. The questionnaire wasaccompanied by a recommendation letter from the Vice-Rector for Scientific Researchat the University of Warsaw with the information about the research unit, that is aboutthe Professor G. Rejman Division of Culturally Integrated Legal and Social Studiesand the European Centre for Penological Studies at the University of Warsaw. Thequestionnaire was either sent back in bulk from individual courts, or the respondentssent it back individually by post or email to the university address provided.The punishment phenomenon was examined in a processual approach. Theresearchers adopted the hypothesis that criminal judges were the first link in thisprocess and knew more about punishment and punishing as social and legal phenomena than the general public. The presented research refers thematically to the studiescarried out by Bronisław Wróblewski and Witold Świda before World War II, reportedin their book Sędziowski wymiar kary w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Ankieta [The judiciarysentencing of punishment in the Republic of Poland. A Questionnaire], publishedin Vilnius in 1939. Similarly to those studies, the present research asks questions aboutthe determinants of the judiciary dimension of punishment, but it emphasises morestrongly the cultural, philosophical and moral dimensions of punishment attitudesdisplayed in sentencing.The statements of the respondents show a varied l evel of the judges’ knowledge aboutmatters concerning the socio-cultural and psychological aspects of punishment. Theyalso reveal a strong legal orientation of views and remain within the set of notions andtheories focused on law. Similarly to the Vilnius pre-war studies, the judges’ statementsshow a strong formative influence of lawyers’ education curricula implemented at alllevels of education.The results of the research carried out in 2012-2014 illuminate the judges’ viewson the goals and functions of punishment and punishing. They show the declaredhierarchy of the most important variables defining professional decisions regardingthe sentences imposed by the judges. They show the influence of systemic and culturalvariables on the professional attitudes and motives of the judges’ decisions in this matter.The judges’ statements on the effectiveness of penalties in individual and generalprevention are generally subdued. Although these factors are taken into account inthe process of sentencing, there is no deep conviction about their high impact. It issignificant that the research shows a clear distancing of the judges from the assumptionthat they may be subservient to influences from their superiors, scholarly authorities,public opinion or the decisions of colleagues in similar matters. Independence isdeclared by judges to be an important feature of their professional ethos and appliesto all sources of influence. On the other hand, what the judges indicate as variablesrelevant to their decisions on sentencing are the personal and family conditions ofthe perpetrator and their potential for rehabilitation, which may occur as a resultof criminal sentencing and end the state of impunity. The respondents also indicatethat the fairness of a sentence and the doing of justice to the offender is a significantaspect of the court’s action.Although the research procedure in this case was strongly grounded in empiricism,this was not its main distinguishing feature – it was the conducting of research inthe culture of methodological and theoretical integration of the empirical material.It makes it possible to deduce a complex structure of the researched process andto undertake an analysis explaining many more variables than would appear in thedisciplinary mono analysis.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2018, XL; 371-400
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 17

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