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    Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4
    Tytuł:
    Investigation on the course of complex processes carried out in vortex impinging jet reactors
    Autorzy:
    Wojtas, K.
    Rybałtowska, A.
    Witkowski, D.
    Makowski, Ł.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/115849.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Fundacja na Rzecz Młodych Naukowców
    Tematy:
    jet reactor
    mixing
    chemical reaction
    precipitation
    numerical simulation
    reaktor strumieniowy
    mieszanie
    reakcja chemiczna
    osad
    symulacja numeryczna
    Opis:
    The paper presents an application of CFD simulations to predict a course of complex processes carried out in jet reactors. In this work the simulations results were verified with PIV and PLIF techniques and validated by comparing model predictions with experimental data for fast parallel chemical test reactions. Experimental results of BaSO4 precipitation in jet reactors are also discussed.
    Źródło:
    Challenges of Modern Technology; 2015, 6, 4; 31-35
    2082-2863
    2353-4419
    Pojawia się w:
    Challenges of Modern Technology
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Fluorki w środowisku wodnym – zagrożenia i metody usuwania
    Fluorine in the water environment - hazards and removal methods
    Autorzy:
    Bodzek, M.
    Konieczny, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/297154.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Częstochowska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Częstochowskiej
    Tematy:
    water treatment
    fluoride removal
    coagulation
    precipitation
    adsorption
    membrane processes
    uzdatnianie wody
    usuwanie fluorków
    koagulacja
    wytrącanie
    adsorpcja
    procesy membranowe
    Opis:
    High fluorine concentrations in aquatic environment, even above 30 mg/L, are often detected in many parts of the world. Due to fluorine effects on health, World Health Organization (WHO) as well as national health authorities have established its maximum permissible concentration in drinking water at the level of 1.5 mg/L. This review article aims to provide detail information on researchers’ efforts in the field of fluorides removal during potable water production. The contaminant elimination methods have been broadly divided in three sections, i.e. coagulation/precipitation, adsorption and membrane techniques. Both, precipitation with the use of calcium salts or coagulation with aluminum sulphate and ferric salts followed by sedimentation are used for fluorine removal. In electrocoagulation, a coagulant is generated in situ by means of oxidation of anode usually made of aluminum or iron. The removal of fluorides from water and wastewater can be performed with the use of many different types of adsorbents, which are either applied already at industrial scale or still tested in the laboratory or pilot scale. The adsorption on activated aluminum oxide is already a common technology of fluorine removal from water and wastewater, and it is also indicated as the one of the best available technique (BAT) in this field. However, the adsorbent price is relatively high, while its efficiency mostly depends on pH and co-ions presence. Recently, a lot of effort has been devoted to develop an effective method of aluminum oxide modification with the use of metals’ oxides impregnation, which reveal significant defluoridation efficiency. The applicability of carbon based sorbents is less efficient than of aluminum compounds, hence a number of studies on modification of carbon based materials towards defluoridation improvement are carried out. The special attention is dedicated to carbon nanotubes. Among many natural materials, which are usable to fluorine adsorption, many different types of clays and minerals have been tested. Biosorbents, especially modified chitosan, also offer promising results in fluorine removal process. Additionally, a group of waste materials, which contain metal oxides, have also been examined to fluorides concentration decrease in contaminated aqueous streams, and those can be considered as alternative cheap sorbents. Synthetic layered double hydroxides (LDHs), hydrocalcite like compounds and nanosorbents have also gained a lot of attention as potential fluorine adsorbent, as they reveal high affinity toward the contaminant. Among membrane techniques reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration in integrated systems, electrodialysis and Donnan dialysis have been discussed. The most important benefits offered by membrane processes are very high removal efficiency (up to 98%), single stage treatment, simultaneous water disinfection and low requirement for additional chemicals. However, the removal of other anions present in treated water is a serious disadvantage of those techniques, as it results in the need of water remineralization to assure the proper quality of finally produced potable water. Additionally, membrane processes are quite expensive due to relatively high initial concentrated solution containing fluorine may become a significant problem.
    Występowanie fluorków (F-) w wodach naturalnych jest związane z ich obecnością w skorupie ziemskiej, jak również aktywnością przemysłową człowieka. O ile obecność jonów F- w wodzie do picia w ilości 0,5÷0,7 mg/l zabezpiecza przed próchnicą zębów, o tyle ich nadmiar jest uważany za poważny problem zdrowotny. Regularne spożywanie wysoce fluorowanej wody, zawierającej 1,5÷4 mg F/l, wywołuje wiele chorób związanych z tkanką kostną (fluoroza, artretyzm i osteoporoza), chorobę Alzheimera, utratę pamięci i inne neurologiczne dolegliwości. Według World Health Organization, a także polskich przepisów, maksymalne stężenie fluorków w wodzie do picia nie może przekraczać 1,5 mg/l, a rekomendowany jest zakres 0,5÷1 mg/l. Opracowano szereg metod usuwania fluorków, które można podzielić na trzy grupy procesów: koagulacja i wytrącanie, membranowe techniki separacji oraz adsorpcja/wymiana jonowa.
    Źródło:
    Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska; 2018, 21, 2; 113-141
    1505-3695
    2391-7253
    Pojawia się w:
    Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Skuteczność usuwania fluorków z roztworów wodnych metodami konwencjonalnymi i technikami membranowymi
    Conventional and membrane techniques of fluoride removal from aqueous environment
    Autorzy:
    Majewska-Nowak, K.
    Grzegorzek, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/237868.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Zrzeszenie Inżynierów i Techników Sanitarnych
    Tematy:
    oczyszczanie wody
    fluorki
    koagulacja
    wymiana jonowa
    adsorpcja
    strącanie
    procesy membranowe
    water treatment
    fluorides
    coagulation
    ion-exchange
    adsorption
    precipitation
    membrane processes
    Opis:
    Zanieczyszczenie wód powierzchniowych i podziemnych związkami fluoru jest problemem występującym w wielu regionach świata. Związki te mogą pochodzić zarówno ze źródeł antropogenicznych, jak i naturalnych. Niewielkie ilości fluorków działają korzystnie na rozwój kości i zębów, jednakże ich większe ilości w spożywanej wodzie wpływają szkodliwe na zdrowie człowieka. Zgodnie z wytycznymi WHO oraz polskimi przepisami, zawartość fluorków w wodzie przeznaczonej do spożycia nie może przekraczać 1,5 gF–/m3. Z tego powodu poszukuje się coraz skuteczniejszych i bardziej ekonomicznych metod defluoryzacji wody. Fluorki mogą być usunięte ze środowiska wodnego różnymi metodami fizyczno-chemicznymi, takimi jak adsorpcja, koagulacja, strącanie, wymiana jonowa, a także w procesach membranowych. W pracy omówiono przykłady procesów i technologii eliminacji flourków, z uwzględnieniem ich ograniczeń wpływających na skuteczność usuwania jonów fluorkowych z roztworów wodnych. Wykazano, że stopień usunięcia fluorków w różnych procesach technologicznych zależy przede wszystkim od takich czynników, jak pH roztworu, początkowa zawartość jonów F–, obecność jonów współtowarzyszących, rodzaj adsorbentu czy też właściwości membrany. Wyniki badań wskazują, że realizacja procesu defluoryzacji wody w optymalnych warunkach może zapewnić skuteczność usuwania fluorków przekraczającą 90%.
    Fluoride contamination of surface and groundwaters is frequently observed around the world. Fluorides may originate from both anthropogenic and the natural sources. In small amounts, they are beneficial for bone and teeth development. However, higher concentrations in drinking water are harmful to human health. According to WHO guidelines, the fluoride content in drinking water cannot exceed 1.5 gF–/m3. Therefore, more effective and economic defluoridation methods are sought. Fluorides can be removed from water environment by various physico-chemical methods such as adsorption, coagulation, precipitation, ion-exchange as well as the membrane processes. Examples of fluoride elimination processes and techniques are discussed, taking account of their limitations affecting the efficacy of fluoride removal from water solutions. It was demonstrated that the extent of fluoride removal in different technological processes primarily depends on solution pH, the initial F– ion concentration, presence of coexisting ions, adsorbent type and membrane properties. The study results indicate that under optimal operational conditions the fluoride removal efficacy may exceed 90%.
    Źródło:
    Ochrona Środowiska; 2016, 38, 1; 29-37
    1230-6169
    Pojawia się w:
    Ochrona Środowiska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Sekularne i ekstremalne procesy erozji wodnej gleb na Pojezierzu Drawskim
    Secular and extreme soil erosion processes in the Drawskie Lakeland
    Autorzy:
    Majewski, Mikołaj
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/295194.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Stowarzyszenie Geomorfologów Polskich
    Tematy:
    gleba
    erozja wodna
    proces sekularny
    proces ekstremalny
    Pojezierze Drawskie
    warunki meteorologiczne
    rzeźba terenu
    litologia
    temperatura powietrza
    opady atmosferyczne
    klimat
    pokrywa śnieżna
    przemarznięcie gruntu
    soil
    water erosion
    secular process
    extreme process
    Drawskie Lakeland
    meteorological conditions
    relief of the terrain
    lithology
    air temperature
    precipitation
    climate
    ice sheets
    Opis:
    Soil erosion by water is one of the most important factors affecting contemporary landscape changes within the lowland geoecosystems in Central Europe. Soil erosion by water mainly depends on: rainfalls (especially its intensity and erosivity), length of slope and its inclination, type of cultivation and usage of land, anti-erosion treatments and susceptibility of soils to erosion. The aim of conducted research was to evaluate conditioning and magnitude of secular and extreme soil erosion processes in the Drawsko Lakeland with special considering of rainfall erosivity index (EI30). The main goal was realised through several research tasks. The first task involved examination of surface runoff and slope wash conditionings, course and quantity in the testing plot located within the Chwalimski Potok catchment. The second task was related to evaluate rainfall impact to soil erosion by water processes. It was realised by computation rainfall characteristics: intensity, kinetic energy and erosivity. In order to assess secular and extreme soil erosion impact to land relief changes, research were provided with additional details by conducting three field experiments with simulated rainfall. Stationary observation and quantitative researches of soil erosion (at testing plots) have been conducting within the Chwalimski Brook catchment for three hydrological years (2012–2014). The slope with the test area is located within the 1st order catchment being a subsystem of the Młynski Brook catchment and then followed by the upper Parsęta catchment. This area covers 4.8 hectares and is characterised by short slopes with small height variances up to 10 meters. Historically, the area was covered with agricultural crops, currently they cover about 10% of the area. The slope is covered with gleyic retisols and its average inclination is about 4 degrees with its south-east exposure. The measuring system of soil erosion covered 5 testing plots with different agricultural use (bare fallow, meadow, potatoes, spring and winter crops). Plots are 42 metres long and 4 metres width. In the bottom edge of each plot catchers with volume of 800 dm3 were installed. In this research, only data from black fallow were considered. Such tillage is recognised as a standard in soil erosion studies. Two experiments have been conducted in this testing plot. The third one has been conducted on slope located within an area of undulated morainic plateau in the Kłuda catchment. The slope is characterised by greater height variances than in Chwalimski Brook catchment. The slope, where the experiment has been conducted, is situated within local closed depression and is covered by sands underlain by boulder clay. Its average slope is about 10° with its southwest exposure. Although annual precipitation in the three-year measurement period was comparable with mean value from multi-year period (1987–2014), its intensity and erosivity were distinguishably lower. Such rainfall conditions are not favourable for extreme soil erosion by water processes, thus any relief forms from such geomorphological processes were not observed in the Drawsko Lakeland. Due to lack of that kind of forms, in 2013 and 2014, three field experiments were conducted. The main aim of experiments was to evaluate the impact of high intensity rainfall on soil surface. The first experiment consisted of 5, the second and the third of 4 rainfall simulations. The rainfall was created by using a purpose-built rain simulator, consisting of 3 and 6 sprinklers placed around the testing plot. Despite the slope inclination in the Kłuda catchment was 2.5 times steeper than Chwalimski Potok’s slope, surface runoff attained smaller volume, because of remarkably higher infiltration rate. In 2012–2014, surface runoff and soil loss has occurred 8 times each year. The maximal monthly surface runoff volume was registered in February 2012, and it equalled 10.1 dm3 m−2 and the maximal soil loss value was registered in May 2013 and equalled 3,198 kg ha−1. Annual runoff volumes were between 31.2 dm3 m−2 in 2012 and 38.8 dm3 m−2 in 2013, whereas annual soil loss values ranged from 740 kg ha−1 in 2012 to 5,700 kg ha−1 in 2013. Soil erosion values caused by simulated rainfall during field experiments were similar or significantly higher than annual values. Surface runoff was between 31.2 dm3 m−2 in the first experiment and 34.2 dm3 m−2 in the second one, whilst soil loss was between 4,632 kg ha−1 and 8,637 kg ha−1. The achieved experiment results have been compared with soil erosion rate achieved from stationary observations. The results show that runoff and soil loss considerably increase during rainfalls with high amount, intensity and erosivity. Furthermore, individual extreme erosive events may exceed annual (secular) soil erosion processes. Conducted stationary research indicates that annual soil erosion primarily depends on individual rainfall and erosive events, which considerably exceed mean values. In order to evaluate the soil susceptibility to erosion by water in the Drawsko Lakeland, high resolution potential and actual soil erosion risk maps were prepared. The qualitative assessment of soil erosion risk was based on geoinformation technologies. The model considers following conditions affecting the size of soil erosion: slope steepness and aspect, topographic factor LS (unit upslope contributing area), lithology, rainfall erosivity (Modified Fournier Index calculated from monthly and annual precipitation data) and land use and land cover from Corine Land Cover 2006. To prepare the map of potential soil erosion risk, land use from Corine Land Cover was not considered. Thematic maps have been reclassified into a 4-degree division. The results of the soil erosion risk assessment in the Drawsko Lakeland reveal the fact that a majority of its area is characterized by moderate or low erosion risk levels. Areas with high erosion risk are mostly located in the northern part of the Lakeland. The achieved results from stationary observations and field experiments may indicate that the soil loss magnitude significantly increases during rainfall with higher intensity, greater totals and accumulated in time rainfall events. This may confirm the high potential of soil erosion by water processes of above- -average magnitude and intensity in the discharge of material from agricultural used slopes.
    Źródło:
    Landform Analysis; 2020, 39; 1-106
    1429-799X
    Pojawia się w:
    Landform Analysis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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