Wszystkie pola: wolność pracy - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

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Tytuł:: Praca ludzka – wartość ekonomiczna czy etyczna?
Autorzy:: Liszcz, Teresa
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/611600.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:: work
commodity
remuneration
job market
freedom of work
right to work
praca
towar
płaca
rynek pracy
wolność pracy
prawo do pracy
Opis:: Most economists are of the opinion that work, or the ability to work, is a commodity, while remuneration for work is the price of this commodity, shaped through the law of supply and demand. They point out, however, that the job market is strongly rationed.The commodity view of paid work (capability to work) is shared by rather few specialists in labour law. They opine that the job contract is effectively a purchase-sale agreement of the labour force for the sum of the remuneration. In regarding work as a commodity, they underscore the peculiar nature of the commodity, resulting from the inalienable bond between work itself and the person who performs it. The bond must be protected, mainly through appropriately liberalised labour law.Along with most specialists in labour law, the author is against the commodity view of work as being in discord with the dignity of persons, for whom work is not only the most appropriate way of securing survival but the source of the development of human nature. People engage in work with all their personalities, not only with the mere ability to perform it. Because of the right to live and the obligation to protect it, public authorities should grant everyone the right to earn their own living, and in the cases of shortage of work, they should grant material help to the worker and his or her family.
Przeważająca większość ekonomistów uważa, że praca, czy też zdolność do pracy, jest towarem, a wynagrodzenie za pracę (płaca) – ceną tego towaru, którą, co do zasady, kształtuje rynkowe prawo popytu i podaży. Zwracają oni jednak uwagę, że „rynek pracy” jest silnie reglamentowany.Pogląd o towarowym charakterze pracy (zdolności do pracy) zarobkowej podzielają niektórzy, nieliczni raczej, przedstawiciele nauki prawa pracy. Według nich, umowa o pracę jest w istocie umową kupna – sprzedaży siły roboczej za cenę w postaci wynagrodzenia. Uznając pracę za towar, podkreślają oni jednak specyficzny charakter owego towaru, mianowicie nierozerwalny związek pracy z osobą pracownika, implikujący konieczność jego ochrony, głównie przy pomocy prawa pracy, ale odpowiednio zliberalizowanego.Autorka, tak jak większość specjalistów prawa pracy, opowiada się przeciwko towarowej koncepcji pracy. Jest ona bowiem niezgodna z osobową godnością człowieka, dla którego praca jest nie tylko najwłaściwszym sposobem zdobywania środków utrzymania, ale także źródłem rozwoju jego człowieczeństwa. Człowiek angażuje w pracę całą swoją osobę, a nie tylko zdolność do pracy. Ze względu na prawo do życia i obowiązek jego podtrzymywania, władze publiczne powinny zapewnić każdemu możliwość zarobkowania własną pracą, a w przypadku jej braku – świadczenia majątkowe na utrzymanie pracownika i jego rodziny.
Źródło:: Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury; 2016, 28
0860-8032
Pojawia się w:: Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Noszenie chusty islamskiej w miejscu pracy a prawa i wolności innych podmiotów prawa
Wearing an Islamic headscarf in the workplace vs. rights and freedoms of other entities
Autorzy:: Ożóg, Michał
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1043975.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017-12-29
Wydawca:: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:: Islamic headscarf
Islam
discrimination
workplace
religion
employee code of conduct
freedom of conscience and religion
religious freedom
Law on Religion
burqa
living together
social problem
niqab
Muslim veil
związek wyznaniowy
wolność sumienia i religii
wolność religijna
muzułmańskie nakrycie głowy
prawo wyznaniowe
religia
praca
prawo pracy
regulamin pracy
miejsce pracy
dyskryminacja
chusta islamska
Opis:: Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza wyroków Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej z dnia 17 marca 2017 r. w sprawach: Samira Achbita przeciwko G4S Secure Solutions (C-157/15) oraz Asma Bougnaoui przeciwko firmie Micropole (C-188/15) w kontekście realizacji wolności myśli, sumienia i wyznania w styczności z innymi podmiotami prawa. Rozważania przedstawiają problematykę noszenia chusty islamskiej w relacji do wolności przekonań klienta oraz zasady neutralności światopoglądowej przedsiębiorstwa. Tekst przedstawia krytyczne spojrzenie w zakresie braku uwzględnienia specyfiki wolności uzewnętrzniania przekonań religijnych. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono omówieniu pojęcia „religii”, jako zakazanego kryterium dyskryminacji w dyrektywie WE 2000/78, a także problematyce ekspresji przekonań religijnych, światopoglądowych i filozoficznych oraz prozelityzmowi w miejscu pracy.
The aim of this article is to present an analysis of the EU Court of Justice’s rulings of March 17th 2017, in the Samira Achbita vs. G4S Secure Solutions case (C–157/15) and the Asma Bougnaoui vs. Micropole case (C–188/15), in the context of the exercise of the freedom of thought, conscience and religion in situations involving contact with other entities. The problem of wearing a headscarf is presented with reference to the client’s freedom of belief and the company’s policy of religious and ideological neutrality. The article provides a critical view of the ruling due to the court’s failing to take into account the specific character of the freedom to express one’s religious beliefs. Special attention was paid to the question of religion, as one of grounds of discrimination being prohibited by Directive 2000/78/EC, as well as to the expression of religious, ideological or philosophical beliefs, and the problem of proselytism in the workplace.
Źródło:: Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego; 2017, 20; 307-334
2081-8882
2544-3003
Pojawia się w:: Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Funkcjonowanie ustawy o postępowaniu wobec osób uchylających się od pracy - wyniki badań
Functioning of the act on the treatment of persons evading work
Autorzy:: Ostrihanska, Zofia
Rzeplińska, Irena
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699284.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1988
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: robocizna
uchylać się
praca
wolność
wyniki badań
leczenie
osoba
funkcjonowanie
pasożytnictwo społeczne
regulacja prawna
zatrudnienie
ustawa
nadużywania alkoholu
obowiązek
rejestracja
labour
avoid
work
liberty
findings
treatment
person
functioning
social parasitism
legal regulation
employment
law
alcohol abuse
responsibility
registration
Opis:: The Act on the treatment of persons evading work was passed on November 26, 1982 and entered into force on January 1, 1983. The passing of the Act was preceded by a period of heated discussions during which the need for this regulation or objections against it were justified by various social, economic, political legal as well as philosophical reasons. The Act bound all men aged 18-45 (with the exception of some clearly defined categories) who neither work nor learn for a period of at least 3 month and who are not registered in employment agencies as looking for a job to report at the local state administrative agencies and explain the reasons of this state of affairs. Such persons can be recognized as not working for justified reasons (in this case, they should get help if needed) or for unjustified reasons (to such persons the possibilities of taking the job should be pointed out; they should also get help if needed). Man who persistently evade work and whose sources of maintenance cannot be revealed or prove to be contradictory to the principles of social existence, are included in a list of persons who persistently evade work. The law provides for the following legal consequences towards persons who fall under its provisions: a failure in the duty to report is a transgression for which there is a penalty of limitation of liberty of up to three months; the same penalty is provided for the registered person’s failure to appear when summoned by the local administrative agency: a failure of a registered person in the duty to appear when summoned in order to make a statement concerning his sources of maintenances is an offence for which a penalty of limitation of liberty or a fine is provided; the persons who have been included in the list may be obligated to perform the work for public purposes in cases of force majeure or natural calamity that constitutes a serious threat for the normal conditions of the people’s existence; a failure in this duty is an offence for which a statutory penalty is that of limitation of liberty up two years or a fine. The Act deals with only one of the many and varied problems that result from the broad and multifarious issue of work: the situation of not being formally employed. Employment is connected with the actual policy in this respect, the labour market, and with many economic problems. The passing of the Act and the period of its functioning discussed in the present paper fell in Poland on the days of a profound socio-economic crisis which influences the problems related to employment. In our study, however, we have taken no account of the above broader issues, focusing on the functioning of the Act: the nation of ,,evasion of work’’ and ,,a person evading work’’ it introduced, the extent of the population that falls under the Act, characterization of the population mentioned the institutions and persons involved in realization of the Act, ways of dealing with the persons evading work, conformability of the conduct of the Act’s addresses with the model of conduct it includes, appraisal of the degree to which the aims of the Act, as set before it by the legislator have been reached, and the social effects of the law. The study concerned the functioning of the Act in the capital city of Warsaw. The basic source of information were index cards of all man evading work that had been registered in this territory in the period from January 1, 1983, till April 30, 1984. Moreover, district constables of the police were interviewed about these men; data concerning their criminal records were obtained from the Central Criminal Register and information about their detention in the Warsaw sobering-up station was obtained from the station's files. Two years later, additional data were gathered in order to check which of the registered men worked for at least 6 month after having been registered; the course of work for public purposes done by the examined persons was also checked with enterprises that organized such work. In the period included in the study, 2,195 men evading work were registered in Warsaw. The size of this population seems susceptible of various interpretations, depending on the adepted point of view. This number however seems insignificant as compared with that of situations vacant reported at the employment agency which for instance exceeded 18 thousand jobs for men on December 31, 1983. As shown by the analysis of the course of registration in the entire examined period, and of the differences in the sizes of the registered populations in the separate Warsaw districts, the sizes in question vary greatly and depend on administrative steps that influence the revealing of men who answer the statutory definition. The term "person evading work" designates various persons whose various circumstances - whether socially accepted or not – justify their lack of permanent employment, and who find themselves in various situations. They are e.g. persons waiting to be called up, those who help their families with farming, alcoholics who find it impossible to keep any permanent job, men supported by their familes and looking after a family member, those who are preparing for examination to enter the university, those taking a rest after release from prison, and those who actually do work (there were about 1/4 of them): casually, seasonally or in private firms, but fail to settle their situation formally. According to the police data, as few as every tenth of the examined persons had among others, though not exclusively, illegal sources of maintenance such as offences or illicit trade. In general, the men registered as evading work did not differ from the entire population of men aged 18-45 who lived in Warsaw at that time as regards the age structure. There were among them relatively few married men. Their level of education was somewhat lower as compared with men employed at that time in Warsaw in the socialized economy; yet two-thirds of them were trained in some profession. According to the police inquiries, and to the information from index cards and from sobering-up station, three-fourth of the examined persons drank extensively; one-third of them were detained in the station, with the majority being detained repeatedly which arouses suspicion as to their dependence. 79 per cent of the registered persons were known to the police who had to intervene in their cases comparatively often and the company they kept was appraised negatively by the police 45 per cent had criminal records (with offences against property predominating) their effence however did not provide them money enough to replace employee’s wages. The first stage of introduction of the Act was to reveal persons liableto registration. The performance of the duty of registration met with most serious problems. Persons who reported themselves to be registered constituted less than a half of the total of those registered, this situation remaining unchanged even one year after the Act had entered into force. Even after that period, over a half of those newly registered were persons who had not been working for over a year and who thus should have been registered much earlier Some of those who reported themselves did it only because they needed a certificate of registration to settle some important personal matter A rather numerous category nearly one- third of the examined men consisted of those registered after having been punished by a transgresion board for failure in the duty of registration, and those reported by the police or public prosecutor' s office Therefore, the police were explicitly involved in the process of picking out persons evading work. Also the realization of the entire second stage of dealing with the above persons - that of classification - arouses serious doubts. Index cards of a great number of persons lacked information essential for the realization of the Act, i.e. concerning certain facts about the registered person and the history of this previous employment. Among the vital decisions taken in relation to the registered persons is the recognition of the reason of their unemployment as justified or unjustified. A tendency became pronounced in these decisions to treat illness and prolonged formal transactions related to future work as valid excuses for not working and out to excuse working without formal employment. It appeared also that officials deciding in these matters enjoyed a certain degree of discretion when appraising the reasons of unemployment. The actions taken toward the registered persons assumed first of all the character unemploying: they consisted in obligating these persons to report again and inform about employment, or in referring them; therefore these actions failed to bring about any considerable effects; had the persons in question reported directly at the employment agency, the effects would have been identical. One-forth of the registered persons were directed to do work for public purposes. As many as two- thirds of them never even appeared to get the adress of the enterprise which such organized work, and 15 per cent reported at the workplace but failed to fulfil their duties. Thus directing to work for public purposes was of a trifle importance only; out of proportion with the effort put in the organizing of such work. Thoroughout the period included in the study, the names of 152 (7 per cent) of the registered men were entered in the list of persons who persistently evaded work. Punishment for infringement of the disscused Act was moved for in one third of cases. As shown by the picture of realization of the Act, the officials who apply it often face the registered men's most complex life problems, that are difficult to appraise explicitly and to decide upon beyond dispute; besides, methods of successful circumvention or evasion of the provisions of the Act appear to have emerged. The appraisal of the functioning of the discussed Act has been done on two planes: both the realization of the legislator's intentions and the social effects of its introduction other than intended have been analyzed. The legislator's intentions are defined as coming to the assistance of those out of work and out of school who want work, and inducing to work those who fail to express this wish. In the statements of the Minister of Justice and of the deputy reporter during the parliamentary discussion, also such aims were formulated as: drawing up a record of persons evading work and thus getting knowledge as to the extent of this phenomenon; providing hands in cases of their shortage; and soothing the indignant public opinion which demanded radical measures to fight the phenomenon of the so-called social parasitism. The above intentions have been realized but to a slight degree. Cases of getting help from administrative agency were extremely rare, the agency playing but the role of an agent who directs clients on to the employment or medical agencies. After registration 44.5 per cent of the examined persons took a job and 37.6 per cent continued to work incessanuy for 6 months which is the condition of their names being stroken off from the register. The latter group proved to be "better" as regards selected social traits. According to our appraisal, these persons had greater chances and possibilities of and performing a job as compared with the remaining group; what's more "inducing" them to work was frequently absolutely unnecessary. Registration failed to provide knowledge as to the size of the phenomenon of evasion of work, inconstancy being among its characteristics. The examined persons are often temporarily unemployed, this situation far from being permanent. Registration failed to improve the situation in the labour market: not only the number of those who found a job but also the total of those registered was too small as compared with the needs. Whether the public opinion has been soothed and satisfied by the introduction of the Act, we do not know. What we do know, is that among those registered there were hardly any persons whose unemployment particularly irritated the public opinion (e.g. black market and foreign currency dealers). A number of persons "evad.ing work" can always be" found, and the reasons for which some of them fail to take a job would hardly meet with social desapproval. Apart from the intended effects of any legal regulation, there are also those unintended which in the case of the discussed Act can be found in the following spheres: 1) the legal system: in the labour law (limitation of the principle of freedom of work), and in the penal law (the range of penalized acts has been broadened to include transgressions and offences provided in the Act; moreover, a penal law sanction was used as an instrument to solve a problem that belongs to the sphere of social an economic policy exclusively; 2) the sphere of political an social activities: an additional bureaucratic cell in labour exchange has been created in the case of alcoholics, intervention of the Act is but a seeming action, leaving the essence of the problem out of account; in the case of ex-convicts, the Act doubles the activity of other institutions (such person can obtain help in employment agencies or from their probation officers, and they are ,,induced" to take a job by their life situation or by the conditions on which they have been released from prison); 3) the sphere of social attitudes towards the law: failure to collect subpoenas and to appear when summoned could be observed among the registered persons which means that mechanisms of circumventing the Act emerged. In our opinion, the Act on the treatment of persons evading work is unnecessary. A separate and independent problem of persons who evade work does not exist. Instead, there is a number of various, partly overlapping problems: demand for labour, social frustrations of the crisis period, as well as alcoholism, delinquency disturbed socialization of the youth, failure to insure employes without setting the required formalities, problem of employment of the disabled. Also favourable phenomena and traits can be found here such e.g. the energy and initiative of those who want to work more effectively and to be paid better As shown by our study, ,,social parasitism ,, i.e. the actual staying out of work and living at the expense of others, can be found in a tiny percentage of registered persons.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1988, XV; 95-152
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Możliwość rezygnacji z pracy jako gwarancja ochrony wolności religijnej pracownika? Specyfika wyroku Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka w sprawie Eweida i inni przeciwko Zjednoczonemu Królestwu na tle dotychczasowego orzecznictwa strasburskiego
The possibility of leaving job as a guarantee of the protection of employee’s religious freedom? The specificity of the judgment of European Court of Human Rights on Eweida and others against the United Kingdom in the light of the established case law
Autorzy:: Szubtarski, Grzegorz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1043944.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016-12-15
Wydawca:: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:: freedom of conscience and religion
religious freedom
Eweida and others
work
European Court of Human Rights
Law on Religion
wolność sumienia i wyznania
wolność religijna
Eweida i inni
praca
Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka
prawo wyznaniowe
Opis:: W artykule omówiono tematykę związaną z manifestowaniem przekonań religijnych w miejscu pracy na podstawie orzecznictwa Europejskiej Komisji Praw Człowieka i Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka. Wskazano przy tym na specyfikę wyroku w sprawie Eweida i inni przeciwko Zjednoczonemu Królestwu na tle dotychczasowego orzecznictwa organów strasburskich. We wcześniejszym orzecznictwie strasburskim przyjmowano zasadę, w świetle której możliwość rezygnacji z pracy stanowi wystarczającą ochronę wolności religijnej pracownika, a tym samym nie narusza praw gwarantowanych w art. 9 Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka. W ten sposób orzecznictwo Trybunału w niewystarczający sposób chroniło wolność religijną pracownika. W wyroku w sprawie Eweida i inni przeciwko Zjednoczonemu Królestwu Trybunał oznajmił, że nie można dalej stosować tej zasady, która odtąd zostanie zastąpiona tzw. testem proporcjonalności. Zgodnie z nim, nałożone na pracownika ograniczenia powinny być analizowane w kontekście pytania o uzasadniony cel danych ograniczeń i proporcjonalność środków, stosowanych dla jego osiągnięcia. Dalsze stosowanie tej zasady oraz znaczenie omawianego wyroku będą widoczne w świetle przyszłego orzecznictwa.
The article discusses the issues related to the manifestation of religious beliefs in the workplace on the basis of the case law of the European Commission of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights. It highlights the specificity of the judgment in Eweida and others against the United Kingdom in the light of the previous jurisprudence of the Strasbourg authorities. In an earlier case law, the Court accepted the principle according to which the ability to opt out of work is sufficient protection for employee’s religious freedom and therefore there is no violation of the rights guaranteed by Article. 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Therefore the Court's case law does not adequately protected employee’s religious freedom. In the judgment in Eweida and others against the United Kingdom, the Court stated that it can not continue applying this principle and replaced it with a test of proportionality, according to which will analyze limitations imposed on the employee's in the context of the legitimate aim of the restrictions and the proportionality of the measures used for its achievements. Further application of this principle and the importance of this judgment will be seen in the light of future case law.
Źródło:: Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego; 2016, 19; 159-174
2081-8882
2544-3003
Pojawia się w:: Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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