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Tytuł:
Obywatelskie kompetencje polityczne a wybrane motywy podejmowania decyzji wyborczych
Civil political competency and chosen reasons when taking electoral decisions
Autorzy:
Alberski, Robert
Plecka, Danuta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/514685.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Śląski. Wydział Nauk Społecznych
Tematy:
political competences
electoral behavior
electoral decisions
political parties
parliamentary elections
local elections
Opis:
Civil political competency, but especially public trust are the basis of development of the civil society. Level of civil political competency also influence the electoral behaviour. In a research made in the end of 2014 we asked about Polish people civil political competency and about chosen reasons when taking electoral decisions. The group who declares an absence in the election or not taking big care about their electoral decisions and also have lack of skills to determine on which place on the left-right line they are, give evidence of a very low level of civil political competencies. Less important for them are programs and future plans presented by the politicians and political parties and also how they realize them (or not). When taking an electoral decision on the local level, this group take a lesser degree of care then other voters about the local elections candidates (for mayors, council member etc.) memberships to the political parties.
Źródło:
Political Preferences; 2015, 10; 71-86
2449-9064
Pojawia się w:
Political Preferences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Level of Political Party Activity: Study of the Elections of Presidents in Cities with Poviat Rights of the Silesian Voivodeship in 2002-2018
Autorzy:
Kaczmarczyk, Karolina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2106285.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-09-19
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Śląski. Wydział Nauk Społecznych
Tematy:
local elections
local politics
political parties
Opis:
Since 2002 in Poland voters in the local government elections can directly elect the head of the rural municipality, mayor and city president. Local elections, in Polish conditions, are treated as an arena favourable for local committees, often non-party. However, it should be noted that many analyses show that the higher the level of self-government, the more important the committees of political parties are. The increase in the participation of political parties in the election competition is also noticeable in medium and large cities. The author decided to check whether the cities with poviat status of the Silesian Voivodeship favour party committees or rather a committee unrelated to any political parties. For this purpose, the participation and effectiveness of these committees in local elections of cities presidents with poviat rights of the Silesian Voivodeship in 2002-2018 was analysed. The study confirmed that the level of politicization in elections is increasing, however, the effectiveness of party committees in the election of city presidents is lower than the effectiveness of local committees. In addition, political parties are more active and influential in larger cities.
Źródło:
Political Preferences; 2022, 30, 1; 35-48
2449-9064
Pojawia się w:
Political Preferences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Electoral Corruption in the Reality of Unconsolidated Democracy
Autorzy:
Bil, Jacek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1836647.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego Apeiron w Krakowie
Tematy:
corruption
elections
crime
politics
political parties
Opis:
The article is devoted to the problem of corruption in politics. The author presents the risks of corruption for the democratic system of the state and describes the anticorruption legal regulations. Mechanisms of electoral corruption are presented and the involvement of the state and political parties in the anti-corruption programs is showed. It shows the necessity of anti-corruption education of society.
Źródło:
Security Dimensions; 2016, 20(20); 81-94
2353-7000
Pojawia się w:
Security Dimensions
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
WYBORY DO SAMORZĄDU TERYTORIALNEGO W SŁOWENII – KONIEC UPARTYJNIENIA SCENY LOKALNEJ?
LOCAL ELECTIONS IN SLOVENIA – THE END OF PARTY POLITICS AT THE LOCAL LEVEL?
Autorzy:
Radzik-Maruszak, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/513060.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
Slovenia
local government
elections
political parties
Opis:
The aim of the article is to present the theory and practice of elections to local government bodies in Slovenia: above all, the formal conditions of elections as well as the results of the voting carried out so far. The analysis is based on quantitative data retrieved from the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia and the State Election Commission, as well as qualitative research – interviews with councillors – conducted in selected Slovenian municipalities. The results of the research indicate a relatively high dynamics of changes in Slovenian local politics, including a systematic increase in support for candidates without party affiliation.
Źródło:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo; 2019, 17, 4; 122-138(17)
1732-9639
Pojawia się w:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Positioning Strategies of Polish Political Parties in the 2014 European Parliament Election
Autorzy:
Cichosz, Marzena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/514385.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Śląski. Wydział Nauk Społecznych
Tematy:
positioning
political parties
elections
European Parliament
Opis:
The article concerns an analysis of the types of positioning an electoral agenda adopted by the Polish political parties during the political campaign before the elections to the European Parliament in 2014. Positioning the electoral offer has been treated as one of the main elements of the electoral strategies of political parties, as the way of defining their electoral goals and identifying their strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats. The scope of analysis assumes main Polish political parties represented in the Polish parliament in the years 2011 - 2014 and additionally the party that managed to cross the entry barrier into the parliamentary market in the EP election in 2014.
Źródło:
Political Preferences; 2014, 9; 167-179
2449-9064
Pojawia się w:
Political Preferences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Subcarpathian Voivodship on the Electoral Map of Poland (1989-2014)
Autorzy:
Szczepański, Dominik
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/514795.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Śląski. Wydział Nauk Społecznych
Tematy:
Subcarpathian Voivodeship
elections
electoral
political parties
Opis:
The aim of the article was to present electoral activities diversification as well as political preferences of the citizens of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship in years 1989-2014. The measure of the conducted analyses were the results of parliamentary and European Parliament elections, by means of which it was possible to indicate recurring cyclicality of right-wing political sympathies of the citizens of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, as well as noticable, with regards to the whole country, election turnout. The primary part of the conducted analysis was an attempt to answer the question of what determined the change of political preferences and if contemporary electoral activity and political sympathies reflect historical and cultural determinants.
Źródło:
Political Preferences; 2015, 11; 173-186
2449-9064
Pojawia się w:
Political Preferences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Factores de mediano y largo plazo para el análisis del proceso electoral de 2014 en Uruguay
Autorzy:
Buquet, Daniel
Piñeiro, Rafael
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/683220.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
elections
political parties
Uruguay
elecciones
partidos políticos
Opis:
This article analyzes the 2014 Uruguayan electoral process, based on the medium and long-term patterns of continuity and change observed in the Uruguayan party system. In the first place, the evolution of the party system in the last 40 years is discussed. This perspective allows to understand the changes and continuities in the distribution of votes among the parties, regarding the 2009 elections. Moreover, it explains which parameters can be associated with the little variations that the October 2014 elections have shown, in comparison to what occurred five years earlier. In the second place, primary party elections are examined in order to analyze the levels of electoral turnout and the difficulties to extrapolate these results to the national election, both between and within parties. Finally, the article explores the institutional factors that determine the characteristics of the legislative supply of the main internal fractions of parties.
Este artículo analiza el proceso electoral uruguayo de 2014 a partir de las pautas de continuidad y cambio – de mediano y largo plazo – que se observan en el sistema de partidos uruguayo. En primer lugar, se discute la evolución del sistema de partidos en los últimos 40 años. Desde esta perspectiva se puede entender dentro de qué márgenes se producen los cambios y continuidades en la distribución de votos entre los partidos respecto a las elecciones de 2009 y a qué parámetros se pueden asociar las variaciones mínimas de la elección de octubre de 2014 respecto a lo que ocurrió cinco años antes. En segundo lugar, se examinan las elecciones internas de los partidos, se analizan los niveles de participación electoral y las dificultades de extrapolación de esos resultados hacia la elección nacional, tanto entre como dentro de los partidos. Por último, se indaga en los factores institucionales que determinan las características de la oferta legislativa de las principales fracciones internas de los partidos.
Źródło:
Anuario Latinoamericano – Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales; 2015, 2
2449-8483
2392-0343
Pojawia się w:
Anuario Latinoamericano – Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Direction of Slovak Party System After the Parliamentary Elections in 2016
Autorzy:
Kováčová, Natália
Jankurová, Andrea
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1832644.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego Apeiron w Krakowie
Tematy:
voters
elections
coalition models
political parties
government
Opis:
The aim of this paper is in the context of the main specifics of the Slovak parliamentary elections in 2016 to highlight the party development in Slovakia and to predict its future direction. Parliamentary elections due to electoral instability and fluctuations determined the configuration of the parliamentary political scene. The proportion of new, nonsystem parties was increased and output was to create surprising ruling coalition which has dissolved the existing ideological and ethnic line. The ambition of the paper is tho highlight the political situation that followed the elections and significantly modified the distribution of political forces existed previously.
Źródło:
Security Dimensions; 2017, 22(22); 152-164
2353-7000
Pojawia się w:
Security Dimensions
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Realizacja systemu kwotowego w kontekście miejsc kobiet na listach wyborczych. Wybory do Sejmiku Województwa Zachodniopomorskiego
Implementation of the quota system in the context of women’s places on electoral lists. Elections to the Regional Council of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Внедрение системы квот в контексте мест женщин в избирательных списках. Выборы в Сеймик Западно-Поморского воеводства
Autorzy:
Tomczak, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/568337.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
local government elections
quota systems
women in elections
political parties
местные выборы
системы квот
женщины на выборах
политические партии
Opis:
The article discusses the problem of implementing a quota system in placing gender representatives on electoral lists in local government elections. The research covers elections to the Regional Council (Sejmik) of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in years 2010, 2014 and 2018. The following research questions were posed: Was the number of women on the lists of individual committees greater than the statutory requirements? What places did women take on these lists? Which places on the lists allowed women to win tickets? The research focus concerns electoral committees that participated in the distribution of seats. After the introduction of quotas, the number of women on electoral lists has increased. The percentage of women on the lists was higher than the assumed amount. The representation of women was delivered in accordance with the requirements of the ordinance, but no attempt was made to provide such representation within particular places. The percentage of women taking the first places on the lists was actually smaller than the accepted amount. The increase in number and proportion of women present on electoral lists has not contributed to the increase of representation of women in the Regional Council. In the elections using the quota system, the number of elected women has been lower than expected.
В статье рассматривается проблема внедрения системы квот для включения представителей пола в избирательные списки на выборах в местные органы власти. Исследование охватывает выборы в Сеймик Западно-Поморского воеводства в 2010, 2014 и 2018 годах. Были заданы следующие вопросы исследования: было ли количество женщин в списках отдельных комитетов больше, чем предписанные законом требования? Какие места заняли женщины в списках? Из каких мест в списке женщины выиграли мандаты? Основное внимание было уделено избирательным комитетам, которые участвовали в распределении мест. После введения квот число женщин в избирательных списках увеличилось. Процент женщин в списках был выше, чем предполагаемая квота. Представительство женщин было обеспечено в соответствии с требованиями закона, однако не были предприняты никакие попытки обеспечить такое представительство в определенных местах. Во-первых, процент женщин в списках был меньше принятой квоты. На первых местах процент женщин в списках был меньше принятой квоты. Увеличение числа и процента женщин в избирательных списках не способствовало увеличению представительства женщин в Сеймике. На выборах с использованием системы квот число избранных женщин было меньше.
Źródło:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia; 2019, 2(21); 58-71
2084-3291
Pojawia się w:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Implementation of the Quota System in the Regional Assembly Elections: the Analysis of Electoral Results in the Context of Women’s Epresentation on Electoral Lists
Autorzy:
Cichosz, Marzena
Tomczak, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/616934.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
women
quota system
elections
regional assemblies
political parties
Opis:
The following article concerns selected aspects of the implementation of the quota system in elections to the regional assemblies (Sejmik wojewódzki) in Poland. This comparative analysis concerns two elections: in 2010 (before the quota system was introduced) and in 2014 (after its introduction). The key questions the authors would like to address involve the number of women represented on the electoral lists in 2010 and 2014 respectively, and the number of mandates in regional assemblies awarded to women before and after the quota system was introduced, as well as the relationship between the position on the electoral list and mandates awarded to female candidates. The authors also focus on the personnel policies of political parties. Out of all regional elections, the regional assembly elections were characterized by the highest level of party dependency. Introducing the quota system resulted in an increase in the number of women represented on electoral lists, yet it did not help increase the number of mandates awarded to female candidates. One of the reasons for this situation was the strategy adopted when the positions on the electoral lists were awarded by the parties with the largest political support. The representation of women on the upper positions of the electoral lists is smaller than the quota of female representatives imposed by the electoral law, and the larger number of women on the positions further below on the electoral lists translates into smaller chances of these candidates gaining a mandate. The source data for this research analysis comes from the National Electoral Commission.
Źródło:
Przegląd Politologiczny; 2018, 4; 25-37
1426-8876
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Politologiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Eurosceptycy – nowe wyzwanie dla niemieckiej sceny politycznej?
Eurosceptics: a New Challenge to German Politics?
Autorzy:
Moroska-Bonkiewicz, Aleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2140893.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-12-27
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Szkoły Wyższej
Tematy:
eurosceptycy
partie polityczne
wybory
Eurosceptics
political parties
elections
Opis:
Sukcesy wyborcze eurosceptycznej Alternatywy dla Niemiec w 2013 i 2014 r. zrodziły pytanie, czy i jaki wpływ wywiera ona na niemiecką scenę polityczną. W rozważaniach uwaga zwrócona została w szczególności na liczbę relewantnych partii, uczestniczących w rywalizacji politycznej na poziomie federalnym, krajów związkowych oraz na zachowania partii politycznych, zasady rywalizacji i współpracy międzypartyjnej na arenie wyborczej oraz gabinetowej. Analiza pozwoliła na konkluzję, że partia wpłynęła na układ sił na niemieckiej scenie politycznej, przyczyniła się bowiem do osłabienia pozycji większości ugrupowań politycznych zarówno na poziomie federalnym, jak i związkowym, przyczyniła się do zniknięcia liberalnejFDP z Bundestagu oraz wschodnich parlamentów krajów związkowych, a także – w przypadku landu Saksonia – również skrajnie prawicowej NPD. Pośrednio sukcesy AfD wpłynęły na proces przeformułowania strategii działania innych ugrupowań politycznych, szczególnie chadecji, zarówno w zakresie oferty programowej, jak i porozumień koalicyjnych.
The successful run of the Eurosceptic Alternative for Germany (AfD) in the elections of 2013 and 2014 has prompted questions about whether and how it affects the German political scene. The paper addresses such issues as the number of relevant parties which participate in political rivalries on the federal and federal-state levels and the practices of political parties – principles underpinning their rivalry and inter-party collaboration in electoral and cabinet settings. It is argued that AfD has influenced the composition and distribution of power in German politics by undercutting the position of most political organisations both on the federal level and within particular states and by contributing to the ousting of the liberal FDP from the Bundestag and parliaments of the Eastern states as well as of the far-right NPD from Saxony’s parliament. Indirectly, the AfD success has induced other political organisations, in particular the Christian Democrats, to re-define their strategies, programmes and coalition policies.
Źródło:
Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego; 2015, 9, 1; 105-121
1896-8848
2450-3436
Pojawia się w:
Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wybory do sejmiku województwa zachodniopomorskiego
Elections to the Regional Council of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Autorzy:
Tomczak, Łukasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1831635.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-02-21
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
wybory samorządowe
partie polityczne
local government elections
political parties
Opis:
Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań dotyczących rywalizacji w wyborach samorządowych na poziomie regionu. Analiza odnosi się do wyników głosowania i wyborów do sejmiku województwa zachodniopomorskiego w sześciu kolejnych elekcjach. Badaniami objęto między innymi frekwencję, zmiany poparcia dla komitetów wyborczych i podział mandatów. Skupiono się na partiach, które albo samodzielnie, albo w koalicjach uzyskiwały mandaty w sejmiku. W badanym okresie najwyższe poparcie wyborcze osiągał do roku 2006 Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej,a w kolejnych wyborach Platforma Obywatelska RP. Województwo charakteryzowało się niższą frekwencją od średniej krajowej. W wyborach większe poparcie niż średnie w kraju uzyskiwały ugrupowania lewicy oraz Platforma Obywatelska RP.
The article presents the research of the effects of rivalry in local government elections at the regional level. The analysis concerns the results of voting and elections to the Regional Council of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in six subsequent elections. The study includes factors such as: attendance, changes in support for electoral committees and the distribution of seats. The main focus was put on the parties that obtained seats in the Regional Council – either independently or within coalitions. In the analysed period, the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) obtained the highest electoral support until 2006, but in the following elections the highest support belonged to the Civic Platform (PO). The West Pomeranian Voivodship noted lower turnout than the national average attendance. Leftist parties and the Civic Platform gained above average support in West Pomerania than on the country level.
Źródło:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych; 2019, 47, 1; 79-92
0137-4176
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Development of the Polish Party System: a Perspective of the Parliamentary Elections Results
Autorzy:
Jaskiernia, Jerzy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594729.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Polska
elections
political parties
Law and Justice
Civic Platform
Opis:
The author analyses the dynamics of the Polish party system in the light of the outcomes of the parliamentary elections in the Third Republic of Poland (since 1989). He exposes especially the last element of that evolution – the 2015 parliamentary election. It resulted in the victory of Law and Justice (PiS) party. For the first time in the history of democratic Poland, the victor was able to create a government without having to negotiate with coalition partners. The success of PiS seems to be a result of the combination of several factors. It would be mistaken to portray an emerging situation as a simple rightist win. PiS to some extent represents a social attitude, typical for the socialist (social-democratic) parties, with some part of the program including a populist message, but with the combination of a conservative approach to several issues and nationalistic stand on a perception of patriotic mood. The important meaning has a support of PiS by the Catholic Church, especially at the grass-roots level. The victory of PiS and forming of the majority government have an important meaning for the functioning of the political parties’ system in Poland. For the first time since 1989, there were not balancing of power situation which the coalition governments have brought about. The political parties, creating the opposition in parliament, must offer a new strategy of behaviour in such circumstances, especially dealing with challenging the PiS policy to compromise a democratic system based on the 1997 Constitution, e.g. division of power, position of the Constitutional Tribunal and functioning of the judiciary.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2017, 2 (46); 227-246
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
INSTYTUCJONALIZACJA FORM RYWALIZACJI POLITYCZNEJ W WYBORACH DO PARLAMENTU EUROPEJSKIEGO W WOJEWÓDZTWIE PODKARPACKIM W 2014 ROKU
THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE FORM OF POLITICAL COMPETITION IN THE 2014 ELECTION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT IN THE SUBCARPATHIAN VOIVODESHIP
Autorzy:
Szczepański, Dominik
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/513697.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
political competition
European Parliament
elections
political parties
Subcarpathian Voivodeship
Opis:
The purpose of the article is to present institutional forms of political competition treated as arbitrational issue of the authorities based on the election. The analysis was conducted on the basis of the three forms of political competition; namely conflict, public order and the configuration between the ruling party and the opposition. The direct background to the above-mentioned forms was the election to the Euro-pean Parliament in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship in 2014. Analysis was also carried out taking into consideration specifics of this Voivodeship, when treated as a specific region on the electoral map of Poland.
Źródło:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo; 2015, 13, 1; 46-57 (12)
1732-9639
Pojawia się w:
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Transformations in second-order campaigning: A German-Finnish comparison of campaign professionalism in the 2004 and 2009 European parliamentary elections
Autorzy:
Tenscher, Jens
Mykkänen, Juri
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/471145.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Komunikacji Społecznej
Tematy:
professionalization
election campaigns
European parliamentary elections
political parties
Germany
Finland
Opis:
In this article, we address the problem of measuring professionalism of political cam- paigns in European parliamentary elections. We use a comparative research design with party-level campaign data from two fairly similar EU member states, Germany and Finland, and two elections, 2004 and 2009. Th eoretically, our analysis is based on the so-called party-centred theory of profes- sionalism, which puts an emphasis on party characteristics in explaining the variance of campaign professionalism. We hypothesize that besides observing increasing party-level campaign professional- ism in time and higher levels of professional campaigning in Germany, professionalism is positively associated with a party’s size, its right-wing orientation and recent change of leadership. We found support for the time-eff ect and party size, whereas evidence in country comparison, ideological orien- tation and change of leadership was inconclusive, suggesting signifi cant diff erences among countries and elections. It also seems that the political left harbours the most professional parties. Th is calls for a re-evaluation of the party-centred theory of campaign professionalism.
Źródło:
Central European Journal of Communication; 2013, 6, 2 (11); 171-187
1899-5101
Pojawia się w:
Central European Journal of Communication
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 40

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