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    Wyświetlanie 1-2 z 2
    Tytuł:
    „Trochę za późno i za mało ale coś jest”. Polacy w Galicji wobec Aktu 5 listopada 1916 r.
    “A bit too late and too little, but at least it’s something”. Poles in Galicia’s attitudes towards the Act of 5th November 1916
    Autorzy:
    Szymczak, Damian
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2164442.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017-06-30
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    pierwsza wojna światowa
    Austro-Węgry
    kwestia polska
    Galicja
    World War I
    Austria-Hungary
    the Polish cause
    Galicia (Eastern Europe)
    Opis:
    The outbreak of WWI offered hope to Poles from Eastern Europe’s Galicia that the so-called Austria-Poland solution would ensue. In the face of military and political weakness of Austria-Hungary, the idea failed to take root. The proclamation of the Act of 5th November 1916 indicated that the Polish state would be reconstructed under the auspices of the Second Reich. This arouse resentment among Poles living in Galicia who had hoped to be united with their compatriots in the Kingdom of Poland. During the outbreak of WWI, a majority of Poles in Galicia were in favour of the Austria-Poland solution. They hoped that once the Kingdom of Poland was taken away from Russia, Franz Joseph I would become the king of Poland. As a result, a new and powerful state would emerge: Austria-Hungary-Poland. In order to pursue this idea, Poles established the Supreme National Committee and the Polish Legions, a military force. Austria’s military defeats and general weakness of the monarchy put an end to these plans as the politicians in Vienna failed to be equally willing to pursue the solution. The initiative regarding the Polish cause was taken over by Germans and the Act of 5th November was proclaimed. This indicated that the reconstruction of the Polish state would be modelled by the Reich rather than the Habsburg monarchy. On the one hand, the proclamation of the Act of 5th November was welcomed in Galicia: it was the first document taking the Polish cause to the international arena. On the other hand, the end of the Austria-Poland idea led to resentment. Poles in Galicia were afraid that they would be left outside the new Polish state.
    Źródło:
    Historia Slavorum Occidentis; 2017, 2 (13); 85-101
    2084-1213
    Pojawia się w:
    Historia Slavorum Occidentis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Akt 5 listopada a umiędzynarodowienie sprawy polskiej podczas Wielkiej Wojny. Uwagi historyka dyplomacji
    The Act of 5th November and the international nature of the Polish cause during World War I. Comments provided by a diplomacy historian
    Autorzy:
    Kornat, Marek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2164423.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017-06-30
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    Manifest dwóch cesarzy z 5 listopada 1916 r.
    sprawa polska
    pierwsza wojna światowa
    Rewolucja Lutowa w Rosji
    A declaration of two emperors of 5th November 1916
    the Polish cause
    World War I
    the February Revolution in Russia
    Opis:
    The author engages in polemics with the thesis that the Act of 5th November was a breakthrough in Poland’s efforts to regain its statehood. However, this declaration of establishment of the Polish state made by the governments in Berlin and Vienna and the Western powers (France and Great Britain) were not able to force Russia to acknowledge Poland’s independence. There was no such need as the other countries wanted Russia to forge an alliance as part of the Triple Entente. The author analyses the international importance of the Act of 5th November from the point of view of the future of Poland in the post-WWI international deal. The declaration of two emperors represented an “important step towards Poland’s reconstruction” (as Szymon Askenazy, a Polish historian, observed). However, the declaration failed to ultimately internationalize the Polish cause and determined itself the existence of the Polish state. The document was a product of special circumstances resulting from the fact that Germany was running out of human resources indispensable to continue the war. It was also possible because of the abortive attempts at securing peace with Russia on the basis of a territorial status quo. The declaration represented Berlin’s grand-scale political move, connecting with the history of the German political thought with assumptions originated by Bismarck and general Waldersee and revolving around the idea of establishing a small Polish state when it is necessary in the course of a war with Russia. Despite the proclaimed establishment of the Polish state by the governments in Berlin and Vienna, the Western powers (France and Great Britain) were not able to force Russia to acknowledge Poland’s independence. They assigned the government in Petrograd the right to deal with the Polish cause at its discretion i.e. to delineate the Western border of the empire according to its will once the acts of war were over. The historian therefore concludes that it was not before the February Revolution in Russia when actual possibilities opened up for the Western powers to support the Polish cause. In their policies, they did not include willingness to make the world a better place by principles of international justice but rather, they intended to maintain Russia as an allied force in the anti-German coalition at all cost.
    Źródło:
    Historia Slavorum Occidentis; 2017, 2 (13); 11-28
    2084-1213
    Pojawia się w:
    Historia Slavorum Occidentis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-2 z 2

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