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Tytuł:
Nowelizacje kodeksu karnego w zakresie zatarcia skazania
Autorzy:
Anna, Zientara,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902376.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
expungement
penal code
amendment
Opis:
The article discusses and evaluates changes in the institution of the expungement introduced by the Act of 20th February 2015 and Act of 11th March 2016. The most important change includes shortening the deadlines for expungement to a fine and restriction of liberty. Moreover nowadays all penal measures stated for life may be recognized executed. This solution allows erasing such conviction.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2016, 65; 189-202
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kodeks karny skarbowy a reżim odpowiedzialności administracyjnej
Tax penal code and administrative responsibility
Autorzy:
Sepioło-Jankowska, Iwona
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1040089.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-01-31
Wydawca:
Polskie Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne
Tematy:
kodeks karny skarbowy
odpowiedzialność
administracyjna
kodeks karny
tax penal code
administrative responsibility
penal code
Opis:
Celem badawczym artykułu jest ustalenie, czy model odpowiedzialności karnej skarbowej jest koniecznym uzupełnieniem dla odpowiedzialności administracyjnej oraz czy w ogóle sankcja prawno-finansowa musi zostać wzmocniona poprzez oddziaływanie będące wynikiem zaktualizowania się innych sankcji, np. sankcji karnych bądź karno-skarbowych. Ustawodawca, podejmując decyzję o zabezpieczeniu interesów finansowych sankcją karną skarbową, zdecydował się bowiem na wprowadzenie odpowiedzialności karnej w stosunku do dóbr, które podlegają już pewnej ochronie prawnej. Prawo karne skarbowe stanowi zatem kolejny szczebel sankcjonowania naruszeń prawa finansowego, które już pierwotnie wyposażone jest w instrumenty umożliwiające zrealizowanie określonych obowiązków nawet wbrew woli ich adresata, stwarzając przy tym możliwość wymierzenia dotkliwych sankcji ekonomicznych. W doktrynie prawa karnego skarbowego oraz w prawie administracyjnym trudno znaleźć powody do negowania takiego stanu rzeczy. Wręcz przeciwnie, na gruncie tej ostatniej uważa się, że odpowiedzialność administracyjna oparta jest na całkowicie innych zasadach, realizowana jest przez zupełnie inne organy i w całkiem innym trybie, dlatego też podatnik narażony na sankcję podatkową może dodatkowo ponosić także odpowiedzialność karną skarbową
The research objective of the article is to determine, whether the model of criminal and fiscal liability is an essential complement of the administrative liability and if legal and financial sanctions should be enhanced by the impact of the update of other sanctions i.e. criminal sanctions or criminal and fiscal sanctions. The legislator, to protect monetary interests by a criminal sanction, decided to introduce the criminal liability regarding legal interests, which already have legal protection. The fiscal law is an additional form to remedy the infringement of financial law, which has some instruments to penalize some actions, even against the recipient's will, creating the possibility of imposing grievous economic sanctions. In the criminal and fiscal law's doctrine and in administrative law's doctrine also, there is no reason to deny such a state of affairs. It is said, that administrative liability is based on different rules, implemented with another authorities and procedure, therefore taxpayer exposed to tax sanction, can also be subject to fiscal and penal liability.
Źródło:
Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego; 2020, 1; 8-12
0137-5490
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Type theft especially bold in the code criminal from 1969 and current – evaluation comparative
Autorzy:
Wilk, Leszek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/21963113.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-09-30
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej
Tematy:
theft
particular audacity
perpetrator
penal code
Opis:
In the code criminal case of 1969 appeared for the first time first new type theft specified statutory as theft "especially audacious." The concept is not left By at that time legislator defined, which meant that trouble interpretation he rested on doctrine and case law. Despite their efforts, this concept remained blurry, as a result what this guy theft NO appeared myself already in the code Criminal Code of 1997. Legislature he reminded about it in 2019 and again introduced it into the code, providing at the same time in a spacious way definition statutory. It could myself therefore seem that this Together type theft especially audacious as statutory defined fulfilled will be requirements warranty sufficient specificity recipe criminal. Answer on question - is it so ? It really is a task this studies.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej; 2023, 27, 3; 7-12
2543-9103
2543-411X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Criminal Legislation at the Time of Poland’s Regaining Independence
Autorzy:
Świerczewska-Gąsiorowska, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1374776.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
Tematy:
History of law
penal code
legislation
partitions
Opis:
The third partition of Poland, and thus the collapse of the Polish state, spontaneously forced a situation in which the legal orders of the partitioning states came into force almost immediately on Polish lands. In the lands divided between Prussia, Russia and Austria, legal acts of the partitioning states came into force with a strong influence of models derived from French legislation. The Polish lands which came under Austrian rule found themselves in the reality, in which the Austrian legislator conducted codification works on the new penal code, which resulted in the fact that in 1787 the penal code of Joseph II, called Josephine, became binding. As early as 1803, a penal code was introduced in Poland, which was under Austrian rule, under the name of the Book of Laws on Crimes and Serious Police Crimes called Franciscan. In the German annexation there was the Prussian Landrecht, which was characterized by a current far removed from the European science of law. On the territory of the former Duchy of Warsaw a Penal Code for the Kingdom of Poland was introduced. In Russia in 1903, the Tagantsev’s Code came into force, which in its systematics divided crimes according to their gravity into crimes and misdemeanours and clearly separated minor offences. The characteristics of criminal legislation until 1918 made it possible to show the enormity of the work of the Codification Commission, the aim of which, after Poland regained independence, was to create a uniform and coherent Polish legal system, not only in terms of social life standards, but also in the area of the catalogue of its areas.
Źródło:
Internal Security; 2018, Special Issue; 31-39
2080-5268
Pojawia się w:
Internal Security
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Orzecznictwo kary śmierci jako element polityki karnej w wybranych państwach świata na przełomie XIX i XX wieku
The caseplaw of the death penalty as a part of the penal policy in selected countries of the world in the 19th and 20th century
Autorzy:
Jurczyk, Marcin
Jędryszek-Geisler, Aleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1939789.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polski Uniwersytet na Obczyźnie w Londynie
Tematy:
capital punishment
social policy
penal code
execution
penal policy
Opis:
The paper presents the attitude of society towards capital punishment during dizerent historical periods and describes the development of philosophical and moral thought regarding the death penalty. It outlines the history of capital punishment in Poland based on various legal norms set out in penal codes of the time. ese are used to investigate the types of crime that carry the death penalty and their number which changed over the years due to signicantly dizerent penal codes applicable in dizerent years. e paper also discusses basic legal acts on the right to life. It presents countries that retain capital punishment, countries that have abolished it and countries where the death penalty is permitted only under military law.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe PUNO; 2019; 65-87
2052-319X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe PUNO
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polski kodeks karny w tłumaczeniach na język niemiecki – terminologia i strategie translatorskie
Autorzy:
Pietrzak, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/956433.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-08
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki w Bydgoszczy. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Tematy:
legal translations
translation strategies
penal code
criminal law
specialised terminology
Opis:
Globalisation, close economic relations and the vicinity of Germany and Poland, have resulted in the need for translations of economic and legal texts in the Polish-German language pair. The aim of this paper is to present the state of research on translations of Polish codes into German. The first results of a confrontational analysis of the terminology of the Polish Penal Code and its printed German translations, which is the subject of the doctoral dissertation project, will also be presented.
Źródło:
Heteroglossia- studia kulturoznawczo-filologiczne; 2020, 10; 133-143
2084-1302
Pojawia się w:
Heteroglossia- studia kulturoznawczo-filologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wprowadzenie do problematyki szpiegostwa we francuskim kodeksie karnym
Introduction to the issue of espionage in the French Penal Code
Autorzy:
Mariański, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/29519332.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-12
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Opolski
Tematy:
French law
espionage
penal code
prawo francuskie
szpiegostwo
kodeks karny
Opis:
The subject of the analysis in this article are the legal regulations contained in the French Penal code in the scope relating to the crime of espionage. As part of this study, which is only an initial stage and offers an impulse for further extended research in this matter, the author, apart from issues related to the crime of espionage, also presents the systematics and specificity of the French Penal code that can significantly improve understanding of the nature of the analyzed regulations. The importance of conducting comparative research in this area also results from the geopolitical situation that occurred after the Russian Federation launched its invasion of Ukraine in 2022, which has significantly increased the scale of threats to the security of European countries. The description and characteristics of legal regulations regarding the crime of espionage in French law, together with the latest French language literature on the subject, as an element of research on broadly understood state security, may be the first stage and an incentive to conduct further comparative research in this subject matter. This publication may also be an interesting auxiliary material for a broader assessment, as part of separate studies, of the state of Polish regulations in this area.
Przedmiotem analizy w ramach niniejszego artykułu są regulacje prawne zawarte we francuskim kodeksie karnym w zakresie odnoszącym się do przestępstwa szpiegostwa. W ramach niniejszego opracowania, które stanowi jedynie wstępny etap i impuls dla dalszych, poszerzonych badań w tej materii, autor poza zagadnieniami dotyczącymi przestępstwa szpiegostwa przedstawia również systematykę i specyfikę francuskiego kodeksu karnego, co w sposób znaczny wpływa na lepsze zrozumienie charakteru analizowanych regulacji. Waga prowadzenia badań porównawczych w tym zakresie wynika również z sytuacji geopolitycznej, jaka nastąpiła po rozpoczęciu w 2022 roku przez Federację rosyjską inwazji na Ukrainę, która znacznie zwiększyła skalę zagrożeń dla bezpieczeństwa państw europejskich. Opis i charakterystyka aktualnych regulacji prawnych w zakresie przestępstwa szpiegostwa we Francji, wraz z uwzględnieniem najnowszej francuskojęzycznej literatury przedmiotu, jako element badań nad szeroko rozumianym bezpieczeństwem państwa, mogą być pierwszym etapem i impulsem dla dalszych badań o charakterze porównawczym w tej materii. Niniejsza publikacja może stanowić również interesujący materiał pomocniczy dla szerszej oceny, w ramach odrębnych opracowań, stanu polskich regulacji w tym zakresie.
Źródło:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne; 2023, 21, 2; 197-209
2658-1922
Pojawia się w:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
O polityce karnej z perspektywy retrospektywnej
On Criminal Policy in Retrospection
Autorzy:
Pływaczewski, Emil W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698744.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
polityka karna
kodeks karny
analiza retrospektywna
criminal policy
penal code
retrospection
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 617-628
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Instytucja warunkowego zawieszenia wykonania kary w świetle najnowszych zmian kodeksu karnego (z dnia 1 lipca 2015 r. oraz z dnia 15 kwietnia 2016 r.). Wybrane zagadnienia
Autorzy:
Katarzyna, Syroka-Marczewska,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902487.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
suspension of the execution of the penalty
probation measures
penal code
amendment
Opis:
The conditional suspension of the execution of the penalty is regulated in the Chapter VIII of the Polish Penal Code. This article presents the current regulation on the subject which came into force on 1 July 2015 and on 15 April 2016. Highlighting the significance of these changes and discussing the rules in force which pertain to submitting the offender to probation, the author additionally points out to the challenges and doubts of the new regulation.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2016, 65; 141-158
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Principles of juvenile criminal liability - selected aspects
Autorzy:
Guzik-Makaruk, Ewa M.
Wojewoda, Ewelina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1804059.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-11-30
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Policji w Szczytnie
Tematy:
minors
criminal law
liability rules
penal code
Act on juvenile delinquency proceedings
Opis:
The study concerns the principles of juvenile criminal liability. The model of dealing with minors is a rational one. The rules, manner and procedure of dealing with such persons differ signifi cantly from the principles of adult responsibility. Solutions applied to minors are aimed at ensuring their proper development. They are to counteract their stigmatisation and social exclusion. The criminal liability of young perpetrators has given rise to a number of practical and theoretical controversies for many years. First of all, it should be emphasised that one legal act will hold an adult liable, and another, a minor.
Źródło:
Przegląd Policyjny; 2020, 139(3); 23-39
0867-5708
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Policyjny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Penalizacja i jej ograniczenia
Penalization and its limitations
Autorzy:
Gardocki, Lech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699198.pdf
Data publikacji:
1985
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
penalizacja
ograniczenia
prawo karne
kodeks karny
społeczeństwo
penalization
limitations
penal law
penal code
society
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1985, XII; 11-16
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Règles du droit pénal polonais dans la période de l’entre-deux-guerres
Polish Penal Law in the Interwar Period
Autorzy:
Małecki, Marian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/926213.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
penal law
penal code
history of penal law
Julian Makarewicz
capital punishment
codification of law
Opis:
After the rebirth of the Polish state in 1918 there were several post-partition criminal acts in force. Established in 1919, the Codifi cation Commission was to develop a uniform civil and criminal law. One of the tasks accomplished by the Commission was the substantive criminal law. The modern Code of 1932, developed among others by Julian Makarewicz, was one of the outstanding projects prepared by leading criminal law scholars of the interwar period. It comprehensively introduced the principle of nullum crimen sine lege. It included innovative solutions, including elements of the sociological school of criminal law, as well as a concisely regulated individual responsibility of the instigator and accomplice.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa; 2013, 6, 1; 45-50
2084-4115
2084-4131
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Granice nieletniości w polskim prawie karnym
The Statutory Age-Limits of Juvenile Delinquenta in Polish Penal Law
Autorzy:
Rdzanek-Piwowar, Grażyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698533.pdf
Data publikacji:
1993
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
nieletni przestępcy
nieletni
polskie prawo karne
kodeks karny
juvenile delinquents
juveniles
polish penal law
penal code
Opis:
The entering into force on 13 May l983 of the Act on the treatment of juveniles of 26 October 1982 ended the period of over fifty years of validity of provisions of the penal code of 1932 (Chapter XI) and code of criminal procedure of 1928 (Chapter II of Book XI) which regulated the principles of responsibility of juvenile perpetrators of “acts prohibited under penalty”. Authors of the pre-war legislation, at the first stage of its preparation in particular, intended to make it specific and educational in nature through omission in the treatment of juveniles of the elements of responsibility and punishment. The finally adopted solution was a compromise: responsibility of juveniles have been related to age, discernment, and type of measures applied. With respect to undiscerning juvenile perpetrators of acts prohibited under penalty under the age of 13, and also to those aged 13–17, only educational  measures could be applied (admonition; supervision by the parents, former guardians, or a probation officer; placement in an educational institution) Juveniles aged 13–17 who discerned the meaning of their act were to be placed in a correction al institution; educational measures were to be applied in their cases if the circumstances, the juvenile’s personality or his living conditions made such placement inexpedient. Thus the legislation concerning juveniles remained part of the system of penal law in spite of the special features it started to acquire. That was also the direction, after the war in particular, of interpretation of the legal provisions. As a result, the measures applied to juveniles were given an explicitly educational character. This was done through the relation of those imeasures  to the perpetrator’s personality and not to the act, and through abolition of the institution of discernment. Since discernment. Since mid–1950s, the juvenile courts followed instructions which  changed the legal status of a juvenile. The age limit of penal responsibility of juveniles was set initially at ten and then at 13 years; younger children were not to be brought before the courts unless the case concerned guardianship. Many changes in the post-war provisions were also introduced by means of statutes. They concerned organization and functioning of the system of treatment of juveniles  (strengthening of the role of judge, introduction of the so-called family courts, increased number of probation officers). This way, a socially desirable continuation of the legal tradition was secured by means of reforms which were evolutionary and dictated by the current needs, and without liquidation of the existing structures, tested in the practice of many decades. The new statute adopted many of those changes more or less directly. Setting the upper age limit of juveniles, the post-war penal code of 1969 preserved the principle according to which criminal responsibility is conditioned upon the offender’s age of at least 17 (Art. 9). At the same time, though, Art. 9 made it possible to apply to offenders aged 17 the measures normally designed for juveniles, and to sentence juveniles aged 16 guilty of the most serious crimes to the ordinary but extraordinarily mitigated penalties. The final shape of the Act on the treatment of juveniles of 26 October 1982 was influenced both by the intent to preserve the developed and tested solutions, and by the discussion that preceded its introduction when optional conceptions of the treatment of juveniles were submitted. The following stages of the thirty-two years’ period of legislative works can be distinguished: – the years 1950–1956; long works on a new penal code were in progress and attempts were made at aggravating the responsibility of juveniles through the introduction of penalties (according to a draft of 1950, penalties were to be imposed on juveniles starting from the age of 12); – the years 1956–1960; in 1956, it was decided to work on a separate statute on juvenil and not within the preparation of a new penal code; a special team of the Codification Commission failed to agree upon a draft of the statute; – the years 1961–65;  no legislative works were formally in progres but two different conceptions were discussed: of inclusion of prevention in the act (which would thus apply to the socially maladjusted juveniles as well) and of introduction of social courts; – the years 1966–1971; attempts were made at partly realizing those conceptions in a succession of draft statutes; – the years 1972–76; the works were conducted by the Ministry of Education which tried to include the problems of prevention of juvenile delinquency and treatment of juveniles in a broader statute called the young generation code; – the years 1977–82 when the works on a statute were again taken over by the Ministry of Justice and a succession of versions of the draft were prepared. The Act of 26 October 1982 on the treatment of juveniles changed the scope of the notion of “juvenile”. According to the statutory definition, juveniles are: 1) persons with respect to whom provisions of  the act apply in the sphere of prevention and control of demoralization; the upper age limit in this category is 18 years, and the lower limit is not specified; 2) persons with respect to whom provisions of the statute apply in the sphere of proceedings in cases of punishable acts; such proceedings can be instituted towards persons who have been aged over 13 but under 17 while committing a punishable act; 3) persons with respect to whom provisions of the statute apply in connection with the carrying out of educational or corrective measures; the upper age limit of this category is 21 years. Tlerefore, the statute goes beyond the sphere traditionally reserved for penal law. The aim at making the statute educational in nature is manifested above all by the principle that the commission by a juvenile of a punishable act is not the only condition of the institution of proceedings in the case of that juvenile. The statute sanctions the need for intervention in the early stage of social maladjustment not only in cases where that maladjustment manifests itself in a punishable act. If a juvenile does commit an act of this  kind, his offence is not examined in the categories of guilt and responsibility. This is manifested by the abolition of the criteria of discernment, by the term “punishable act” used to designate an  offence committed by a juvenile, and by the absence of the term “responsibility of juveniles” in the name and provisions of the statute discussed. The statute bases on the assumption of education; its basic notion is demoralization. In its first meaning in which it has been used by the legislator, “demoralization'” is treated as a prerequisite of initiation of proceedings. Were the educational assumptions adopted to the full, commission of a punishable act could and should be treated as one of the symptoms of demoralization, not different in any way from the other symptoms. Assumed in the statute, however, is a special treatment of the juveniles with respecr to whom provisions of the statute apply in the sphere of prevention of demoralization, and in the sphere of control of demoralization. With respect to the latter, provisions of  the statute on  proceedings in cases of punishable acts apply, and with respect to the former – provisions on civil proceedings. The differentiation introduced by the statute (which is not consistent for that matter) results from a specific compromise: a combination of the ideas of prevention and  education with the approach typical of penal law where the legal response is conditioned upon the gravity of the act.  A conflict of the tendencies which clash nowadays all over the world – to preserve the model of treatment of juveniles within the institutions of penal law on the one hand, and to give the statute an educational character on the other  hand – can be noticed in other provisions of the statute discussed as well. In the classical system, the age limits of juveniles were clear and had just as clearly defined functions – they marked out the age of the so-called conditional criminal responsibility, provided discernment could be ascertained. Today, the upper limit of the age of juveniles is usually also the limit of full criminal responsibility, although many legislations provide for an exceptional possibility of imposition of penalties upon the oldest juveniles who commit a crime or a serious offence. The problem of the lower limit is more entangled , the modern legislations adopting several age limits here which results usually from the need to determine different scopes of intervention of the legal provisions in the sphere of juvenile law. Therefore, what still remains an important issue  is for the juvenile law to define an age limit below which provisions of penal law never apply, not even as auxiliaries.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1993, XIX; 191-231
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
THE CRIME OF THEFT WITH BURGLARY
PRZESTĘPSTWO KRADZIEŻY Z WŁAMANIEM
Autorzy:
Janik, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/567768.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-06
Wydawca:
Międzynarodowy Instytut Innowacji Nauka – Edukacja – Rozwój w Warszawie
Tematy:
Kradzież
włamanie
kodeks karny
przestępstwa przeciwko mieniu
zabór rzeczy
Theft
burglary
penal code
crimes against property
Opis:
W artykule omówiono treść i zakres pojęcia włamania. Artykuł został wzbogacony, omówieniem przestępstwa włamania na przykładzie wybranych krajów Unii Europejskiej.
The article discusses the content and scope of the concept of burglary. The article has been enriched, discussing burglary on the example of selected EU countries
Źródło:
International Journal of Legal Studies (IJOLS); 2017, 1(1); 51-77
2543-7097
2544-9478
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Legal Studies (IJOLS)
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przestępstwa uprowadzenia lub zatrzymania małoletniego lub osoby nieporadnej (art. 188 K.K.)
Abductons or Detention of Minor or a Helpless Person (Art. 188 of the Polish Penal Code)
Autorzy:
Kołakowska-Przełomiec, Helena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699146.pdf
Data publikacji:
1984
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
przestępstwa
uprowadzenie
zatrzymanie
małoletni
osoba nieporadna
kodeks karny
Polska
abductions
detention of minor
helpless person
Polska
penal code
Opis:
The present article contains a detailed description and results of analysis of cases of abduction and detention sentenced in Poland in 1979. The total of these cases was 9.       Abduction or detention, specified in Art. 188 of the Polish Penal Code, belongs to the group of offences against the family.      Art. 188 of the Penal Code provides, that "whoever contrary to the will of the person appointed to take care or to supervise, abducts or detains a minor or a person who is helpless by reason of this mental or physical condition, shall be subject to the penalty of deprivation of liberty for from 6 months to 5 years”.        Theoretical studies and commentaries to the Penal Code stress the fact that the subject of legal protection in Art. 188 of the Penal Code is the institution of care and supervision. Art. 188 is turned against lawless one-sided alterations in the relation, directly determined or adjudicated by court, of care or supervision of a person specified in this Article. It is also indicated that this Article aims at protecting the child from the lawlessness of this quarrelling parents or other persons. It is also characteristic that the commentaries stress the fact that the motives from which the perpetrator acted are unessential as regards the existence of an offence specified in Art. 188.      A small number of persons sentenced for abduction or detention does not mean that offences of this kind are of little social significance. The real extent of this phenomenon is much greater than indicated by the small number of sentenced persons. As the common knowledge shows, the cases of lawless taking away of the children by quarrelling parents or relatives are frequent. Thus it could have been expected that the cases of abduction or detention which had been investigated by court as offences might be particularly drastic of nature. Yet the analysis of all cases failed to confirm this supposition. Among the 9 cases, there were 4 cases of "abdcution" and 5 cases of "detention'' of minors. None of the cases concerned a helpless person. In as few as 2 cases the minors were strangers unrelated to the perpetrator. In four cases, the minors were sons of the perpetrators, in one  case the minor was the perpetrator's  daughter, in one case – granddaughter;  also in one case, the minor was the perpetrator’s cousion. Among the perpetrators of „abduction" or  „detention” there were six men and three women.       The analysis of all criminal cases specified in Art. 188 reveals two sides of this type of offence: a) the aspect of family, care, and education, b) the criminal aspect.  However, these two sides are not closely connected with one another.       The cases of "abduction and detention" as represented in the paper reveal the background on which it comes to various forms of behaviour of parents towards children and towards each other. In the majority of cases,  an intervention of guardianship authorities in the life of parents and children has already taken place and various provisions have been made. However, they failed to eliminate the existing conflicts, what is more,  they increased them. The further execution of these decisions lacks additional supervision which would ensure a free contact with the child for the parent with whom the child does, not reside permanently, and, on the other hand, which would limit the lawlessness of mothers who do not allow the fathers to contact the children they care for. Therefore, in the examined cases we  deal with "abduction'' or "detention'' of a child by his father who is faced with difficulties on the mother's  part when he wants to see his child. The analysed cases are not drastic in character as regards  the conduct of perpetrators and the circumstances of their offence. On the other hand,  they are generally most drastic as regards legal proceedings  in such cases  and sentences. The examined fathers, mother, grandmother, and cousin are treated as offenders: persecuted, charged, tried, and sentenced for acts which, even if they disturbed the institution of care, could be treated as family and care cases. Generally it seems that the criminal character of the analysed cases is independent and separate, so to say, from the entire aspect of family, care, and education of these cases. It may be assumed that this situation is to a certain degree conditioned by the dogmatic and formalistic approach in the proceedings and sentencing in these  cases, which is  based on the formulation found in commentaries, that the perpetrator’s  motives are unrelevant to the existence of the offence, and that the subject of legal protection in Art. 188 is the institution of care and supervision, not the interest of the abducted person.       In the final part of the present paper it is stressed that while protecting the institution of care, one should still take into consideration first of all the interest of the child for whom this institution is to function. It is also in the child's interest that his parents and close relations do not become criminals because of him. The cases of „abduction and detention of a minor” should be examined as cases of family and care, penal law proceedings instituted only in cases of actual abduction of a minor, first of all that committed by strangers.
      The present article contains a detailed description and results of analysis of cases of abduction and detention sentenced in Poland in 1979. The total of these cases was 9.       Abduction or detention, specified in Art. 188 of the Polish Penal Code, belongs to the group of offences against the family.      Art. 188 of the Penal Code provides, that "whoever contrary to the will of the person appointed to take care or to supervise, abducts or detains a minor or a person who is helpless by reason of this mental or physical condition, shall be subject to the penalty of deprivation of liberty for from 6 months to 5 years”.        Theoretical studies and commentaries to the Penal Code stress the fact that the subject of legal protection in Art. 188 of the Penal Code is the institution of care and supervision. Art. 188 is turned against lawless one-sided alterations in the relation, directly determined or adjudicated by court, of care or supervision of a person specified in this Article. It is also indicated that this Article aims at protecting the child from the lawlessness of this quarrelling parents or other persons. It is also characteristic that the commentaries stress the fact that the motives from which the perpetrator acted are unessential as regards the existence of an offence specified in Art. 188.      A small number of persons sentenced for abduction or detention does not mean that offences of this kind are of little social significance. The real extent of this phenomenon is much greater than indicated by the small number of sentenced persons. As the common knowledge shows, the cases of lawless taking away of the children by quarrelling parents or relatives are frequent. Thus it could have been expected that the cases of abduction or detention which had been investigated by court as offences might be particularly drastic of nature. Yet the analysis of all cases failed to confirm this supposition. Among the 9 cases, there were 4 cases of "abdcution" and 5 cases of "detention'' of minors. None of the cases concerned a helpless person. In as few as 2 cases the minors were strangers unrelated to the perpetrator. In four cases, the minors were sons of the perpetrators, in one  case the minor was the perpetrator's  daughter, in one case – granddaughter;  also in one case, the minor was the perpetrator’s cousion. Among the perpetrators of „abduction" or  „detention” there were six men and three women.       The analysis of all criminal cases specified in Art. 188 reveals two sides of this type of offence: a) the aspect of family, care, and education, b) the criminal aspect.  However, these two sides are not closely connected with one another.       The cases of "abduction and detention" as represented in the paper reveal the background on which it comes to various forms of behaviour of parents towards children and towards each other. In the majority of cases,  an intervention of guardianship authorities in the life of parents and children has already taken place and various provisions have been made. However, they failed to eliminate the existing conflicts, what is more,  they increased them. The further execution of these decisions lacks additional supervision which would ensure a free contact with the child for the parent with whom the child does, not reside permanently, and, on the other hand, which would limit the lawlessness of mothers who do not allow the fathers to contact the children they care for. Therefore, in the examined cases we  deal with "abduction'' or "detention'' of a child by his father who is faced with difficulties on the mother's  part when he wants to see his child. The analysed cases are not drastic in character as regards  the conduct of perpetrators and the circumstances of their offence. On the other hand,  they are generally most drastic as regards legal proceedings  in such cases  and sentences. The examined fathers, mother, grandmother, and cousin are treated as offenders: persecuted, charged, tried, and sentenced for acts which, even if they disturbed the institution of care, could be treated as family and care cases. Generally it seems that the criminal character of the analysed cases is independent and separate, so to say, from the entire aspect of family, care, and education of these cases. It may be assumed that this situation is to a certain degree conditioned by the dogmatic and formalistic approach in the proceedings and sentencing in these  cases, which is  based on the formulation found in commentaries, that the perpetrator’s  motives are unrelevant to the existence of the offence, and that the subject of legal protection in Art. 188 is the institution of care and supervision, not the interest of the abducted person.       In the final part of the present paper it is stressed that while protecting the institution of care, one should still take into consideration first of all the interest of the child for whom this institution is to function. It is also in the child's interest that his parents and close relations do not become criminals because of him. The cases of „abduction and detention of a minor” should be examined as cases of family and care, penal law proceedings instituted only in cases of actual abduction of a minor, first of all that committed by strangers.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1984, XI; 227-244
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 25

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