Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

English (EN)·Polski (PL)·Yкраїнський (UK)
Przejdź do strony domowej biblioteki Centralna Biblioteka Wojskowa Link otwiera się w nowym oknie Logo biblioteki Prolib Integro - strona głównaCentralna Biblioteka Wojskowa

Wyszukujesz frazę "Wielbark culture" wg kryterium: Temat

  Lista filtrów
Wyrównaj
    Wyświetlanie 1-11 z 11
    Tytuł:
    Znalezisko późnorzymskiej fibuli na wczesnośredniowiecznym grodzisku w Zbuczu koło Hajnówki – kontynuacja tradycji czy przypadkowa zguba?
    A Late Roman Fibula from the Early Medieval Hillfort in Zbucz near Hajnówka – Continuation of a Tradition or an Accidental Loss?
    Autorzy:
    Krasnodębski, Dariusz
    Mizerka, Jagoda
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/551151.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-01-28
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    kultura wielbarska
    grodzisko wczesnośredniowieczne
    fibula
    Roman Period
    Wielbark Culture
    medieval hillfort
    Opis:
    The basin of the Upper Narew River is home to one of the most interesting features connected with the early medieval Mazovian-Ruthenian borderland – the hillfort in Zbucz (site 3, AZP 45-89/4). It consists of an earthen embankment with a height of 1 to 2.5 m and average width of up to 10 m, surrounding a flat, 80-m-diameter courtyard entered from the south (Fig. 1, 2). During five excavation seasons, 10 trial trenches were explored and a non-invasive magnetic prospection was carried out (D. Krasnodębski, W. Małkowski 2018). The results obtained indicate two phases of construction of the fortifications. The main wood-and-earth rampart, reinforced from the outside with clay, was built in the 970s, then the fortifications were partially rebuilt no later than at the end of the 10th/beginning of the 11th century. Inside the hillfort, at the foot of the rampart, there was a shallow ditch in which small fragments of burnt human and animal bones were found. Moreover, several metal objects had been purposefully placed there: a bronze bracelet, a two-piece iron bit, an iron ‘horseshoe’, a C-shaped fire-steel, and two whole clay vessels (D. Krasnodębski, H. Olczak 2019, 95–96). This unusual collection of finds seems to indicate a special, perhaps cult/religious purpose for the ditch. On the outer side of the passageway leading to the hillfort, at a depth of about 0.7 m below the surface, a fragment of pavement (layer 234) formed by loosely distributed small stones embedded in clay was exposed directly on the virgin soil (Fig. 3–5). It is impossible to determine whether this pavement was located only within the gateway (meaning it would have to have been built during the construction of the rampart) or extended beyond it (thus being older than the hillfort). An incomplete fibula of group VI (Fig. 6), type A.161–162 (O. Almgren 1923, 77, pl. VII:161.162), with a narrow returned foot and a flat-convex section of the bow of 4.4 cm in length was found in this layer. Brooches type A.161–162 are found relatively frequently at Wielbark Culture sites in the Upper Narew and Middle Bug River basins. They are dated to the Late Roman Period – from phase C1a to C2 (K. Godłowski 1974, 29; R. Wołągiewicz 1974, 145; J. Jaskanis 1996, 111; J. Andrzejowski 2001, 257). This find is the only object from the Roman Period that has been discovered at the hillfort. Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that an older cemetery or settlement, heretofore unknown, existed within a short distance of the hillfort. It should also be taken into account that the layer of stones on which the fibula was found may be the remains of a sub-barrow pavement (cf. J. Jaskanis 2012, 210). However, the lack of human bones and other artefacts from the Roman Period speaks against this interpretation. It is also possible that the pavement with the brooch is a remnant of a destroyed cult enclosure, similar to the one discovered in the Białowieża Forest in 2017 (Forestry Wilczy Jar 2, AZP 45-91/28). It consists of a small hill dating from the middle of the 3rd to the beginning of the 5th century, measuring about 17 m in diameter, and surrounded by an earthen rampart faced with stones. A layer with loosely scattered stones and burnt debris, containing fragments of ceramics and small burnt animal bones, was found on its grounds. If we consider both described places to be similar, we can assume that the ceremonial and cult role of the hillfort in Zbucz in the early Middle Ages may date back to the late Roman times.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXX, 70; 219-224
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nowe materiały kultury wielbarskiej z Pojezierza Iławskiego – Jawty Wielkie, pow. iławski
    New materials of the Wielbark Culture in the Iława Lakeland - Jawty Wielkie, Iława County
    Autorzy:
    Baczewski, Marek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048962.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-20
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    kultura wielbarska
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    znaleziska luźne
    kurhany
    Wielbark Culture
    Roman Period
    stray finds
    burial mounds
    Opis:
    Stanowisko w Jawtach Wielkich zostało zlokalizowane w maju 2015 roku po przekazaniu informacji przez lokalnego mieszkańca do stowarzyszenia miłośników historii. Po przeprowadzeniu poszukiwań we wskazanym miejscu odnaleziono zabytki archeologiczne. Przekazany do Muzeum Warmii i Mazur zbiór liczył 51 przedmiotów wykonanych głównie ze stopu miedzi. Jedynym wyjątkiem była żelazna brzytwa. W skład zbioru wchodzi ponadto: 25 zapinek, 11 bransolet, 5 sprzączek, 2 okucia końca pasa oraz ostroga. Pozostałą część materiału stanowią przedmioty, które ze względu na stan lub fragmentaryczność zachowania nie mogą być jednoznacznie zinterpretowane. Zabytki zostały podjęte z niewielkiej głębokości, maksymalnie dochodzącej do kilkunastu centymetrów. Niektóre z nich noszą ślady przepalenia. Widoczne na powierzchni przedmiotów są również ślady intensywnie czarnej ziemi oraz węgli. Opisywane stanowisko należy łączyć z ludnością kultury wielbarskiej. Wskazuje na to spektrum pozyskanych zabytków, które wykonane są w zdecydowanej większości ze stopów miedzi i stanowią głównie ozdoby. Zabytki datowane są od okresu wpływów rzymskich do okresu wędrówek ludów. W tym czasie obszar Pojezierza Iławskiego zajęty był przez ludność wskazanego ugrupowania kulturowego. Stanowisko było wykorzystywane jako nekropola. Świadczyć o tym mogą, wspomniane wyżej, ślady spalenizny oraz pozostałości węgli na zabytkach. W tym aspekcie interesująca wydaje się także obecność w północnej części stanowiska grupy niewielkich wzniesień o dosyć regularnej, okrągłej podstawie, które swoim kształtem i wielkością mogą przypominać nasypy kurhanowe. Najstarszym zabytkiem w zbiorze jest fibula A.III.53 będąca wyznacznikiem fazy B1b. Zapinki tego typu do tej pory nie były znane z terenów Pojezierza Iławskiego, które jest częścią tzw. strefy D osadnictwa ludności kultury wielbarskiej. Według ustaleń R. Wołągiewicza obszar ten miał zostać zasiedlony w fazie B2b, jednak na podstawie wspomnianej zapinki oczkowatej serii głównej, a także niedawno opublikowanych odkryć z Bajd, Przezmarka i Zawady, wydaje się prawdopodobne, że sporadyczna penetracja tych ziem przez ludność kultury wielbarskiej zaczęła się wcześniej, w fazie B1. Na podstawie całego zbioru zabytków można również stwierdzić, że cmentarzysko było nieprzerwanie użytkowane do wczesnego okresu wędrówek ludów. Najmłodszym przedmiotem w kolekcji jest dziobowate okucie końca pasa. Interesująco przedstawia się kwestia nasypów ziemnych o okrągłych podstawach położonych na terenie, na którym zostały odkryte zabytki. Należy rozstrzygnąć czy grupa wspomnianych obiektów jest formą naturalną czy pochodzenia antropogenicznego. Przy przyjęciu drugiego założenia pojawia się również problem ustalenia bezpośredniej atrybucji kulturowej. Analiza wykazała, że konstrukcje te najbardziej przypominają kurhany znane z cmentarzysk wielbarskich. Nie można jednak wykluczyć, że konstrukcje te zostały wzniesione przez starsze kultury archeologiczne – grupę warmińsko-mazurską kultury łużyckiej lub kulturę kurhanów zachodniobałtyjskich. Rozstrzygnięcie tego problemu mogą przynieść wyłączne weryfikacyjne badania wykopaliskowe.
    The site at Jawty Wielkie, located in the Iława Lakeland in northern Poland (Fig. 1), was discovered in May 2015. A search carried out with the use of metal detectors yielded 50 copper-alloy artefacts (including 25 brooches, 11 bracelets, five belt buckles, two strap-ends and a spur) and an iron razor (Figs. 4–9). The finds were transferred to the collection of the Museum of Warmia and Masuria in Olsztyn. Some of the artefacts bear traces of burning; on several objects, traces of intensely black earth and charcoal have been preserved. These traces, as well as the structure of the discovered artefact assemblage, indicate that the site was used as a cemetery. The vast majority of the artefacts date to the Roman Period and the early phase of the Migration Period. At that time, the area of the Iława Lakeland belonged to the so-called zone D of the Wielbark Culture settlement. The oldest confidently dated artefact is a fibula of type A.III.53 (Fig. 4:1), which is a marker of phase B1b. What is interesting is that, until now, no brooches of this type were known from the area in question. Zone D was thought to not have been settled until stage B2b, however, the aforementioned brooch as well as the recently published, similarly dated finds from Bajdy, Przezmark and Zawada (A. Cieśliński 2020) indicate that the penetration of the Iława Lakeland by the people of the Wielbark Culture began earlier, in stage B1. The youngest artefact in the assemblage is a beak-shaped strap-end (Fig. 6:32), indicating that the cemetery was (continuously?) used until the early phase of the Migration Period. While the iron razor has analogies in the material of the Oksywie Culture from the Late Pre-Roman Period, no sites of this culture are known from the vicinity of Jawty Wielkie. In the northern part of the site, there is a group of small hills with a fairly regular, round bases, which resemble barrow mounds in shape and size (Fig. 10). Although the characteristics of these “tumuli” indicate that they are most similar to the mounds known from Wielbark culture cemeteries, it cannot be ruled out that they were built earlier – in the later phases of the Bronze Age or in the Early Iron Age. It is only possible to reject their later, early medieval provenance. The issue can only be resolved via archaeological excavations.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2021, LXXII, 72; 179-193
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Głos tradycji. Cmentarzysko z okresu wpływów rzymskich w Wyszomierzu Wielkim, pow. zambrowski
    The Voice of Tradition. A Cemetery from the Roman Period at Wyszomierz Wielki, Zambrów County
    Autorzy:
    Rakowski, Tomasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048857.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    kultura wielbarska
    cmentarzyska
    groby z bronią
    gry planszowe
    Roman Period
    Wielbark Culture
    cemeteries
    weapon graves
    board games
    Opis:
    The site at Wyszomierz Wielki, Zambrów County, is located on the border of the Northern Mazovian Lowland and North Podlasie Lowland in NE Poland. A cemetery from the Roman Period was situated at the edge of a vast wet meadow north-west of the village and south of a kame-moraine forming the characteristic landscape of this area – a cluster of longitudinal elevations called Czerwony Bór (Fig. 1). Rescue excavations at the site took place in 2015 during works preceding the expansion of the European route E67, the so-called Via Baltica (Fig. 2). The cemetery is interesting and unusual in many ways. It was located not on the top of the local elevation, which is common for Mazovian cemeteries from that period, but on a slope of a smaller nearby hill (Fig. 1, 3). It is also surprisingly small – 12 cremation graves, located on the NE-SW line, with a length of about 30 m, were discovered there. Some of the graves seem to be paired (features 138 and 139, 109A and 109B, 236 and 108, and 110 and 111) (Fig. 21:A). Eleven graves, including those with Almgren 41 type brooches (Fig. 4:1, 9:5.6, 10:5.6, 11:3.4, 13:1–4), one-layer combs of the Thomas AI type and antler pins (Fig. 4:3, 9:2, 10:1.9, 11:5), should be dated to phase B2/C1–C1a, i.e. the oldest horizon of the Wielbark Culture in Mazovia and Podlachia. The lack of inhumation burials is also characteristic of this initial phase, which corresponds to the historical migration of the Gothic tribes. The grave goods and results of anthropological bone analysis allow us to conclude that a man (feature 139) and women (features 109A, 111, 227 and 228, possibly also features 108 and 235) were probably buried there; feature 235 also contained the bones of a newborn, which may suggest the burial of a woman who died in childbirth. A several-year-old child was buried separately, in feature 229. The sex of the deceased from three graves (features 138, 109B and 236) cannot be determined (Fig. 21:B). The most interesting feature is the richly furnished grave of a warrior, who died at the age of about 40 (feature 110) (Fig. 5–8). Iron shield fittings, including a ritually destroyed boss with a blunt spike of type Jahn 7a and an iron grip with simple, undefined plates of type Jahn 9/Zieling V2 from the 5th and 6th group of armaments according to K. Godłowski and dated to phase B2/C1–C1a, were found in the grave. The most interesting elements of weaponry, with Scandinavian references, are a spearhead with the blade constricted in the middle, corresponding to spearheads of type 6 from a bog deposit from Illerup, Jutland, and a bent javelin head with large, asymmetrical barbs, whose curved ends point towards the socket, corresponding to type 8 of spearheads from Illerup, i.e. of the Scandinavian Simris type. In the areas north of the Baltic Sea, both of these types are dated to phase C1. Fragments of two rings made of deer antlers and delicate trough-shaped fittings made of copper alloy, probably from the edge of a decorative waist belt, are the only decorations and dress accessories found in the grave (Fig. 7:15–18). Two glass counters (Fig. 7:13.14, 15:8.9), and possibly traces of the third one (Fig. 7:10) are probably all that remains of a larger set, while a few iron fittings are most likely parts of a wooden folding game board. The ring and handle were probably used to open and close the board, while two corner fittings must have strengthened its edges (Fig. 7:7.10–12, 15:5). Similar objects, in addition to a full (?) set of counters, were found in the late Roman grave 41 from Simris in Scania, where a warrior was also buried (Fig. 16:1.2)62. Although no board hinges, as the ones known from the ‘Doctor’s grave’ from Stanway, SE England (Fig. 16:4–8), dating to the middle of the 1st century CE64, dating to the middle of the 1st century CE, were found in the grave from Wyszomierz Wielki, it seems that the two ornamental iron fittings attached with three rivets each could have fastened a leather belt that acted as such a hinge (Fig. 7:8.9, 15:4). This is supported by the shape and width of the fittings, and by the number of rivets, suggesting that they pressed against some not preserved element. Carefully bent nails of the handle, corner fittings and alleged hinges may indicate that the board formed a kind of a ‘container’ for counters when folded (Fig. 17). Fragments of an imported vessel of the terra sigillata type were also found in the grave (Fig. 8:19,15:6.7). The vessel that served as a cinerary urn (Fig. 8:20, 13:5) was wheel-made, i.e. made using a technique that was only just beginning to come into use in the lands north of the Carpathians in phase B2/C1–C1a93.95.96. The burial from feature 110 shows features characteristic of the Przeworsk Culture – primarily, the set of ritually destroyed weapons, although it should be noted that both spearheads are not typical of this culture 72.73.80. In phase B2/C1-C1a, only relicts of the settlement of the Przeworsk Culture, identified with the ‘Vandal’ peoples, were present in right-bank Mazovia, and the population of this culture had been replaced by the people of the Wielbark Culture, identified with the ‘Gothic’ tribes. It is then possible – as the other graves from this cemetery, undoubtedly attributed to the Wielbark Culture, seem to indicate – that it is a rare case of a burial with a weapon of a ‘Gothic’ warrior of this particular culture. Although Wielbark weaponry is very poorly known, it has Scandinavian references in the Late Roman Period123. The man buried in this grave, most likely a member of the local elite, must have been affiliated with an older cultural tradition. What is more, this tradition still had to be legible and acceptable for the people organising funerary rituals. Grave 110 from Wyszomierz Wielki is another of the burials from the end of the Early Roman/beginning of the Late Roman Period, combining features of the Przeworsk and Wielbark Cultures, that are being discovered more and more often in eastern Mazovia and Podlachia128–130 and constitute an important contribution to the study of the processes of cultural (and political) change that took place in Barbaricum during this turbulent period.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 319-353
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Niepublikowane materiały z cmentarzyska w Żukczynie, powiat gdański (dawn. Suckschin, Kr. Danziger Höhe) w świetle archiwum Józefa Kostrzewskiego
    Unpublished Material from the Cemetery at Żukczyn, Gdańsk County (fmr. Suckschin, Kr. Danziger Höhe) in Light of Józef Kostrzewski’s Archive
    Autorzy:
    Strobin, Anna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048843.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Pomorze
    kultura oksywska
    kultura wielbarska
    cmentarzysko
    młodszy okres przedrzymski
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    Pomerania
    Oksywie Culture
    Wielbark Culture
    cemetery
    Late Pre-Roman Period
    Roman Period
    Opis:
    The scientific archive of Professor Józef Kostrzewski is kept in the collection of the C. Norwid Provincial and Municipal Public Library in Zielona Góra. Portfolio 13: Pomorze Gdańskie, okres lateński (Gdańsk Pomerania, La Tène Period) consists mostly of unpublished notes and sketches of artefacts, drawn by the researcher, related to archaeological discoveries at the cemeteries at Żukczyn (fmr. Gross Suckczin aka Suckschin), Gdańsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship (cards 568–604). The site at Żukczyn was mentioned in the literature several times. The first news about discoveries in the village comes from the end of the 19th century, when a sword and two spearheads from a cremation grave (Fig. 1) were presented to the Westpreußisches Provinzial-Museum. In 1901, further metal artefacts were collected from the surface of a field (Fig. 2, 3), and Dr. Paul Kumm, museum curator, carried out rescue excavations. As a result, 20 cremation graves were discovered (Fig. 4–11); grave goods, together with stray finds, were turned over to the museum in Gdańsk. In 1945, as a result of warfare, all artefacts from Żukczyn were destroyed or lost. The information from Kostrzewski’s archive indicates that 19 cremation graves and two pit burials (graves X and XI) were discovered at Żukczyn. A total of seven brooches, including types A, J, N (Fig. 4:b.c, 7:a–c) and presumably K (Fig. 4:d) came from graves and stray finds. Swords are represented by eight specimens: five double-edged with iron scabbards (Fig. 2:a.b.d, 3:a, 4:a.b) and three single-edged (Fig. 1, 2:a, 7:c). Two ring buckles (Fig. 3:c) and two hoops found with a sword and scabbard in grave II (Fig. 4:b) should be associated with a sword-belt. Parts of a shield – bosses and their rivets – came from two graves with weapons (Fig. 4:a.b); one boss was a stray find (Fig. 2:c). Spearheads were numerous (13 specimens) (Fig. 1, 2:b.c, 3:b, 4:b, 7:c, 8:b); some of them were decorated (Fig. 1, 2:c). In three cases, they were accompanied by butts (Fig. 3:c, 4:b, 7:c). Tools and utensils included knives (Fig. 4:a.b, 7:d), razors (Fig. 7:a, 8:b), scissors (Fig. 2:d) and pliers (Fig. 2:d). Pottery was discovered in all the graves. The vast majority are vessels of the Oksywie Culture (phases A2–A3); at least two vessels, from graves VI (Fig. 5:c) and XIV (Fig. 6:c), may come already from the Roman Period. The second stage of research at the cemetery at Żukczyn took place in the 1970s. At that time, 134 graves dating from phase A2 of the Late Pre-Roman Period to phase B2/C1 of the Roman Period were discovered. The entire material and documentation of these works are stored in the Archaeological Museum in Gdańsk. Unpublished information concerning the cemetery at Żukczyn, contained in Kostrzewski’s archive, is an important source that complements our knowledge about this necropolis. The inventory numbers of artefacts contained there are also important for attempts to restore former archaeological collections of the Museum in Gdańsk. Verification of sketches of artefacts drawn by Józef Kostrzewski with drawings included in Martin Jahn’s work, Herbert Jankuhn’s scientific archive (Fig. 11) as well as with photographs of artefacts from Żukczyn (cf. Fig. 10) yields positive results. This means that in his graphic documentation, Kostrzewski took into account characteristic and important features of artefacts, which further enhances the value of this source.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 269-287
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Produkcja późnych typów bransolet wężowatych na przykładzie znalezisk z cmentarzyska w Weklicach, stan. 7, pow. elbląski
    The Manufacture of Late Types of Shield-headed Bracelets on the Example of Finds from the Cemetery at Weklice, site 7, Elbląg County
    Autorzy:
    Natuniewicz-Sekuła, Magdalena
    Strobin, Jarosław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048814.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    kultura wielbarska
    cmentarzyska
    Weklice
    srebrne bransolety wężowate
    technologia
    Roman Period
    Wielbark Culture
    cemeteries
    silver shield-headed bracelets
    technology
    Opis:
    The subject of this study is the technology of manufacture of late forms of silver shield-headed bracelets. The analysis is based on the bracelets from the Wielbark Culture cemetery at Weklice, Elbląg County, in N Poland (Fig. 1–3). They correspond to Blume III or Wójcik IVB and V types, and appear in single- and double-spiral variants. They are dated to the beginning of the Late Roman Period. The majority of such bracelets come from cemeteries located along the shores of the former bay of the Vistula Lagoon, whose remnant is present-day Drużno Lake. In antiquity, richly ornamented snake-headed bracelets with regular, strap and multi-spiral bodies were a distinctive type of women’s accessories. They are known from the Hellenistic Period (Fig. 4). They were also manufactured in goldsmith’s workshops of the Roman Empire (Fig. 5–7). In Roman goldsmithing, they were in fashion in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE; interest declined at the beginning of the 3rd century. The technique used (forging), the similarity of shapes and the regularity of profiles indicate that matrices or dies (swages) were used in their manufacture. The best-known example of blacksmithing and goldsmithing tools used to make ornaments utilising this method is the deposit from Daorson (BIH), the former capital of Illyria (Z. Marić 1979). Similar technology was used to craft the Roman snake-bracelets and snake-rings from the jeweller’s hoard from Snettisham, Norfolk (GB), dating to the mid-2nd century CE (C. Johns 1997). It is assumed that barbarian goldsmith’s workshops used raw materials imported from the Roman Empire. So far, no traces of exploitation and processing of non-ferrous metal ores in the Roman period have been recorded in Poland, allowing a conclusion that local workshops melted down Roman imports. The share of silver in the denarii varied and generally decreased as a result of successive reforms introduced by ruling emperors. However, metallurgical analyses (Table 1) show that shield-headed bracelets were made from high-grade raw material containing about 92–97% Ag, which excludes the possibility that the alloys were created by melting coins with varied silver content, e.g. fourrées. No archaeological sources confirm that the ‘barbarians’ had the ability to refine precious metals. Therefore, the raw material probably came from scrap vessels made of alloys containing 92–97% Ag. Given the enormous practical knowledge of goldsmiths of that time, the metal they had available was probably selected with respect to alloy composition. Raw material could also have been obtained by importing bars containing 94–95% Ag; however, such finds (known mainly from the frontier areas of the Roman Empire) date only to the 3rd and 4th century (K. Painter 1981). The fragments of cups discovered at the cemetery of the Wielbark Culture in Czarnówko, Lębork County, are an indication that high-grade silver from Roman vessels was used in Pomerania in the Roman Period. Metallurgical analyses show that they were made of alloys containing 96–99% Ag (J. Schuster 2018). In recreating the technology of manufacture of the bracelets in question, we also used our own observations concerning the assessment of alloy quality. Raw material was forged into long strips (up to 25 cm in length in the case of single-spiral forms, and up to 50 cm in length in the case of double-spiral forms) on which delamination and chipping could occur. They were the result of both the heterogeneity of silver and errors made during forging and are often still visible on final products (Fig. 8). This was possible due to the reduced hardness and resulting ductility of high-grade silver alloys with only a few percent of copper added. A common way of making the basic form of metal objects, both in Roman and ‘barbarian’ craftsmanship, was forging. Dies were used to create ornaments of repetitive shapes. They were usually two-piece sets (Fig. 9), with a top and bottom swage. The technique involves placing a heated rod or strip between the parts of a die and forging while shifting it until a suitable profile is obtained. Dies were basic elements of a blacksmith’s shop (Fig. 10, 11); in goldsmith’s workshops, a simplified version consisting of only the bottom swage was used. The technological properties of the alloys required the ‘cold’ forging method, during which the material changed to a fine-crystalline structure and hardened. The workpiece was occasionally soaked to recrystallise and plasticise the alloy. The use of this technology in barbarian metalwork is confirmed by the find of an anvil with ‘nail headers’ from Vimose on the island of Funen (DK), with a negative impression of a profile for forging on its underside (Fig. 12, 13). The bows of the Weklice bracelets were also forged in the manner described. Based on precise measurements, it can even be assumed that almost identical forming swages, with a negative impression of the design of approx. 10.5 mm in width, were used. Slight differences in shape may result from the finishing treatment of an already forged bracelet (Fig. 14). Creation of a shield-headed bracelet was time-consuming work, requiring a lot of knowledge and skill. First, a silver bar was cast, which was then forged into a long strip. Forging a semi-finished product in a swage required the involvement of two people and excellent work organisation. The use of a metal stamp, shaped in the outline of the profile on the swage, made it possible to obtain a deep relief (Fig. 15). Observation of the undersides of bases and heads of snake bracelets indicates that they were formed slightly differently. The underside of the heads shows traces of irregular impacts (Fig. 16:1–3), which indicates that these parts were made using the free forging technique. Such a bracelet creation process was applied in the reconstruction presented here, with the body forged on a swage, and the heads hammered on a wooden and lead pad (Fig. 17, 18). Forged heads of the original Weklice bracelets are irregular in shape, and even the subsequent application of engraved and punched ornaments on the face did not fully mask this asymmetry. Free forging and die forging were the initial techniques that made it possible create a certain section of a decoration. Bracelets forged in this manner have uneven face surfaces. The next step was to even and refine the body by smoothing and grinding, first with a file and then with grindstones. To smooth the surface of ornaments made of soft alloys, a flat iron burin or a small chisel with a wide, hardened blade could also be used. Traces of such treatments in the form of scratched, parallel lines are visible on the analysed examples of Weklice bracelets. The edge of a polygonal file was used to divide the heads and collars and make grooves accentuating raised ridges (Fig. 19:1.2). An ornament in the form of two main motifs made with punches, i.e. incised lines imitating a twisted or beaded wire and an alternately stippled snake-zigzag (Fig. 19, 20), was later applied on the face surfaces of the bracelets. During these operations, washers were used to prevent damage to the thin sheet metal. A tool with flat blade, a type of small chisel, was commonly used (Fig. 19:3.4). Chasers with a curved undercut in the blade and pronounced, lateral teeth, which gave a clear semi-circular imprint, were rarely used. Usually, such a punch would leave a distinct mark of fangs on the sides (Fig. 19:5). Oblique, parallel lines imitating twisted wires were made with similar punches in imitation of beaded wires. In the case of the former, a better effect was achieved using a chisel with a semi-circular notch in the blade and thickened teeth on the sides. The stamped pattern had the shape of an oblique, slightly S-shaped line (Fig. 19:6). Another variant of this ornamentation consisted of incised ridges separated with an undecorated band (Fig. 19:7). The decorative snake (zigzag) motif was made by punching regular points on alternate sides of a raised ridge (Fig. 19:8.9). The final step was polishing, giving the decoration a shine. In ancient times, gold and silver jewellery was commonly polished with semi-precious stones. Polishers made of iron were also used, providing decorations made of silver, gold and even tin alloys with a perfect shine (Fig. 21). Another method of finishing ornaments was patination. In antiquity, blackening of silver products was fashionable and was probably also used by barbarian communities. In the case of the described shield-headed bracelets with flatly displayed patterns, it was even advisable to leave the blackened depressions in the stamped ornaments, as it intensified – against the background of the polished smooth surface – the impression of the ornament’s three-dimensionality (Fig. 22). The appearance of shield-headed bracelets in the Wielbark Culture was undoubtedly the effect of contacts between the local communities and the Roman Empire. The result of these contacts was a huge transfer of technical knowledge, crafting skills and aesthetic concepts, among others. The ancient, naturalistic snake motif, fashionable and common in the 1st and 2nd century CE, was adapted and stylistically transformed into its own ‘barbarian’ design. This phenomenon intensified in the second half of the 2nd century and the early 3rd century. The bracelets from Weklice described here were probably made in a local blacksmith/goldsmith workshop to the order of elites living in the settlement clusters of the Wielbark Culture, which stretched around the shores of the then bay of the Vistula Lagoon. These workshops based their manufacturing on their own technological tradition, preferring blacksmithing techniques, including the use of dies with elaborate profiles. This phenomenon can be observed not only in the metalwork of the Wielbark Culture, but also in other Germanic societies living in the south-western regions of the Baltic Sea coast.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 161-187
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Żołędziowate ogniwo wodzy łańcuchowych z Gulbi na Pojezierzu Iławskim
    ‘Acorn-shaped’ Chain Rein Link from Gulb in the Iława Lakeland
    Autorzy:
    Cieśliński, Adam
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/551146.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-01-28
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    kultura wielbarska
    rząd koński
    wodze łańcuchowe
    stanowiska wotywne
    Roman Period
    Wielbark Culture
    horse tack
    chain reins
    votive deposits
    Opis:
    In the collection of the Museum of Warmia and Masuria in Olsztyn, there is an oblong chain rein link in the shape of joined double acorns made of copper alloy (Fig. 1). The object was discovered about 500 m to the north-east of the main intersection in the village of Gulb, Iława County, in northern Poland. The link from Gulb corresponds to type Z4 acc. to S. Wilbers-Rost (1994), which is one of the main components of bridles of the Vimose I subtype. Vimose I bridles are found in vast areas of Barbaricum, with several more pronounced concentrations in Sambia and the Middle Danube basin (Moravia and Upper Austria), on the Main and Middle Rhine, and on the south-western shores of the Baltic Sea (Jutland, Skåne, Mecklenburg and Hither Pomerania). A few specimens are also known from Masuria and Mazovia (Fig. 3). The earliest assemblages with Vimose I bridles come from Sambia, from graves dating to phase B2b; they become more numerous in the subsequent phase B2/C1. The artefacts from the Middle Danube are stray finds either from settlements or without a known context of discovery, exceptionally from aquatic environments. A chronological analysis of the use of settlements in this region indicates that the components of the Vimose I bridles should be associated with phase B2/C1, i.e. the times of the Marcomannic Wars or the period immediately after them. The youngest examples of Vimose I bridles from phase C1b come from the only better-dated assemblage in the south-western Baltic zone, namely the votive deposit from the Thorsberg moor (Fig. 2) at the base of Jutland. The chronology of bridles of the Vimose I subtype indicates that the oblong linking piece from Gulb should be attributed to the people of the Wielbark Culture, who inhabited the Iława Lakeland from at least phase B2 to C3–D. Despite the stray nature of the find, this assessment is of paramount importance, as so far no elements of horse tacks with chain reins have been found in a context that would clearly indicate the Wielbark Culture. Only two water finds could possibly be linked to this cultural unit, although their cultural affiliation is not clear: the bridle of the Vimose I subtype fished out of the Bug near Kamieńczyk and the Illerup-type harness found in a swamp near Żabin, Drawsko Pomorskie County, in north-western Poland (Fig. 4). The uneven distribution model of horse tacks with chain reins in the eastern part of Barbaricum reflects the funerary customs of communities within particular cultural groups. In the West Balt Circle, components of horse tacks are typical elements of grave-goods and often occur in the burials of the horses themselves. However, the tradition of depositing horse tacks in graves and burying horses at cemeteries from the Roman Period is almost unknown in the Przeworsk and Wielbark Cultures. On the other hand, in the basins of the Oder and Vistula Rivers, horse tacks were votively deposited in aquatic environments. In this zone, metal elements of bridles should also be expected at settlements, as demonstrated by the example from the Przeworsk Culture settlement in Jakuszowice, Kazimierza Wielka County, in southern Poland, and also suggested by more numerous finds from the Danube Zone. Therefore, it seems more likely that the find from Gulb comes from a settlement or a votive deposit, although an unequivocal solution to this research problem seems unlikely due to incomplete information on the context of the discovery.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXX, 70; 239-245
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Drobne przedmioty szklane – analiza archeologiczna żetonów do gry z okresu wpływów rzymskich z terenu Polski
    Small Glass Objects – Archaeological Analysis of Counters from the Roman Iron Age from Poland
    Autorzy:
    Krzyżanowska, Marta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048838.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    szklane żetony do gry
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    kultura przeworska
    kultura wielbarska
    kultura luboszycka
    szkło rzymskie
    lass counters
    Roman Iron Age
    Wielbark Culture
    Przeworsk Culture
    Luboszyce Culture
    Roman glass
    Opis:
    Roman glass counters found in Poland have not yet been studied in full. They are known from 44 or 45 archaeological sites (Table 1 – see: https://doi.org/10.36154/wa. 71.2020.06 [suppl. file]), mainly cemeteries. Most of them are concentrated in central Poland (Fig. 2). Glass counters are disks with plano-convex section and rounded edges. Their underside is usually flat, less often slightly concave, with a smooth or pitted surface (Fig. 1). Counters are analysed within several chronological ranges, i.e., phases B1–B2, B2/C1–C1a, C1b–C2, and C2/D–D1, and in the case of less well-dated finds – Late Roman Period or Roman Period; the former also includes counters from assemblages dated broadly to phase C1. Due to literature and museum query, it was possible to establish that there are 386 or 390 glass counters known from Poland. This imprecise number is a results from the inaccurate data in literature, concerning lost artefacts (131 specimens in total). The search also allowed verifying the actual number of counters against published information – some of the examples turned out to be melted beads or vessel fragments. Out of 386 counters, 277 were preserved in their entirety, 70 were fragmented; in 39 cases, it was impossible to determine their state of preservation and thus their shape (Table 1). 193 counters were found at Przeworsk Culture sites, 186 at Wielbark Culture sites and three at Luboszyce Culture sites; in the case of three counters, it was not possible to determine their cultural affiliation. Most counters come from phases C1b–C2. It has been assumed that a set consists of at least three counters found in one assemblage, regardless of whether they were made of glass or other material (clay, amber, bone, flint). Out of 59 grave finds with glass calculi, sets appeared in 29 features. The sets could be small (three to six counters) or large (seven or more counters). In the remaining cases, grave finds consisted of one or two specimens (Fig. 4). Glass counters can be analysed on three levels: colour, size and (possible) method of production. 174 counters were made of opaque glass (147 monochromatic and 27 mosaic) and 179 of translucent glass (155 monochromatic and 24 mosaic); for 33 counters, it was not possible to determine their colour and transparency. Black (125) and white (120) counters are the most numerous; the term black is used conventionally, as such counters are actually made of dark green, dark purple or dark brown glass, which, however, can only be seen in transmitted light and only in well-preserved copies finds. The counters from phases B1–B2 are the most diverse in terms of colour. For the other chronological ranges, this variety is no longer present – most colours do not appear at all or are only represented by a small number of counters (Table 2).The counters can be divided into two groups of small (with diameter of up to 14.5 mm) and large (with diameter measuring from 15 mm) specimens. The diameters of glass calculi found in Poland range from 10 to 36 mm; most of them are classified as large (Fig. 6). The method of manufacturing glass counters can be inferred from written sources and findings based on specialist analyses. In the case of counters from Poland, the (possible) production method could not be determined for as many as 184 specimens. The others were mostly made by placing a small bulb of molten glass. These are mainly monochromatic specimens, usually with an uneven, slightly pitted bottom surface. Only 34 counters were made by re-melting a piece of glass (also from broken glass vessels) (Fig. 8); most of them – as many as 24 – are mosaic specimens (Fig. 7). In archaeological literature glass counters are predominantly interpreted as game accessories. This was undoubtedly the basic function of counters, but we do not know to what extent they were actually adapted and their function adopted by the ‘barbarian’ communities. Only in eight (?) cases in total, glass counters occurred in assemblages together with other game accessories such as boards, dice or marbles.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 251-268
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nowe spojrzenie na materiały z cmentarzyska kultury oksywskiej i wielbarskiej w Drawsku Pomorskim
    New look at materials from the cemetery of the Oksywie and Wielbark culture at Drawsko Pomorskie
    Autorzy:
    Chrupek, Sebastian
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/440596.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-12-23
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie
    Tematy:
    młodszy okres przedrzymski
    kultura oksywska
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    kultura wielbarska
    Pomorze Zachodnie
    archeologia archiwalna
    late pre-Roman period
    Oksywie culture
    Roman period
    Wielbark culture
    Western Pomerania
    archive archeology
    Opis:
    The paper is a reanalysis of the materials from the Oksywie and Wielbark culture cemetery at Drawsko Pomorskie. All available archival sources concerning this site have been used to conduct the study, some of them for the first time.
    Źródło:
    Materiały Zachodniopomorskie; 2019, 15; 119-237
    0076-5236
    Pojawia się w:
    Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zbiór fibul z okresu wpływów rzymskich z okolic Ostrowa Lednickiego. Przyczynek do pełniejszego rozpoznania przemian kulturowych w pierwszych wiekach naszej ery w rejonie jeziora Lednica
    A collection of fibulae from the period of Roman influence from the area of Ostrów Lednicki. A contribution to a more complete recognition of cultural change in the first centuries A.D. in the area of Lake Lednica
    Autorzy:
    Wawrzyniak, Mateusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2044612.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
    Tematy:
    projekt badawczy
    prospekcja terenowa
    jezioro Lednica
    zapinki
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    kultura przeworska
    kultura wielbarska
    a research project
    surface prospection
    Lake Lednica
    pins
    a period of Roman influence
    the Przeworsk culture
    the Wielbark culture
    Opis:
    Trzy lata temu, za wiedzą i przy wsparciu służb konserwatorskich Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy, wspólnie ze Stowarzyszeniem Wielkopolska Grupa Eksploracyjno-Historyczna „GNIAZDO”, rozpoczęto powierzchniową penetrację obszarów położonych wokół jeziora Lednica w ramach Projektu Lednica. Dotychczasowe badania, przeprowadzone przy wykorzystaniu najnowszych technik teledetekcyjnych i pomiarowych, przyniosły rozliczne znaleziska zabytków metalowych o chronologii rozpiętej od epoki brązu po czasy współczesne, w tym dwadzieścia cztery fibule z okresu wpływów rzymskich. Ich analiza formalna stanowi treść niniejszego artykułu.
    Three years ago, with the knowledge and support of the restoration services of the Museum of the First Piasts at Lednica, together with the Wielkopolska Exploratory and Historical Group ‘GNIAZDO’ Association, surface penetration of the areas located around Lake Lednica began, within the Lednica project. So far, the research conducted with the use of the latest remote sensing and measurement techniques has yielded numerous finds of metal relics, with a chronology spanning from the Bronze Age to the present day. The finds include twenty four fibulae from the period of Roman influence. Their formal analysis is the subject of this article.
    Źródło:
    Studia Lednickie; 2021, 20; 9-31
    0860-7893
    2353-7906
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Lednickie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kruchy luksus. Dwa niezwykłe rzymskie naczynia szklane z Czarnówka na Pomorzu Wschodnim
    Fragile Luxury. Two Extraordinary Roman Glass Vessels from Czarnówko in Eastern Pomerania
    Autorzy:
    Schuster, Jan
    Andrzejowski, Jacek Andrzejowski
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28328245.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Pomorze
    kultura wielbarska
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    Czarnówko
    naczynia szklane
    szklane ryby
    grupa bird and flower
    Pomerania
    Roman Iron Age
    Wielbark culture
    glass vessels
    glass fish
    bird and flower group
    Opis:
    W 2015 roku w Czarnówku na Pomorzu Wschodnim odkryto dwa wyjątkowe rzymskie naczynia szklane. Stanowisko – duże, liczące ponad 2000 grobów cmentarzysko z młodszego okresu przedrzymskiego i okresu wpływów rzymskich – położone jest na nadzalewowym tarasie rzeki Łeby w pobliżu Lęborka, ok. 25 km od dzisiejszego wybrzeża Bałtyku (Ryc. 1). <br></br> Obok przeciętnie lub ubogo wyposażonych grobów ciałopalnych i inhumacyjnych odkryto tam kilka obiektów kultury wielbarskiej, które ze względu na bogate wyposażenie określić można mianem „książęcych”. Należy do nich także obiekt 1793 – grób z pochówkiem inhumacyjnym złożonym w trumnie kłodowej. Bezpośrednio nad tym obiektem stał budynek, którego betonowa płyta fundamentowa nakrywała i, paradoksalnie, ochraniała sam grób, mimo iż podczas prac budowalnych zapewne zniszczono najwyższe warstwy jego wypełniska. Zachowany strop grobu odsłonięto na głębokości ok. 40‒50 cm poniżej dzisiejszego poziomu gruntu. Zorientowana po osi N-S jama grobowa naruszona została przez starożytny wkop wtórny, który niemal całkowicie zniszczył jej centralną i południową część. We wkopie znaleziono fragmenty ceramiki, zapinkę ze stopu miedzi, kilka paciorków szklanych i bursztynowych, przęślik gliniany i fragment igły/szpili ze stopu miedzi, a także niewielkie skupisko przepalonych kości ludzkich (być może kobiety); na dnie jamy, na krawędzi trumny kłodowej leżał trójwarstwowy grzebień z poroża i kolejny przęślik. Wkop zawalono trzema dużymi głazami i kilkunastoma mniejszymi kamieniami, które pierwotnie mogły zalegać w górnych warstwach wypełniska właściwej jamy grobowej (Ryc. 2:A–C). <br></br> Oba naczynia szklane ‒ puchar na nóżce i butla w kształcie ryby – odsłonięto w północnej, nienaruszonej części jamy grobowej. Obok nich stały dwa lepione ręcznie naczynia gliniane, na S od nich leżała srebrna zapinka oraz kilka paciorków szklanych i bursztynowych. Odkryte tu in situ ułamki szkliwa zębów wskazują, że zwłoki skierowane były głową na północ (Ryc. 2:D). <br></br> Naczynia z obiektu 1793 są znaleziskami wyjątkowymi, tak z uwagi na ich klasę i rzadkość występowania podobnych wyrobów, jak i fakt, iż są pierwszymi naczyniami swoich typów odkrytymi w środkowo- i północnoeuropejskim Barbaricum. <br></br> Szklany puchar na nóżce wzoru Isings 86 (Ryc. 3) wykonany jest w technice swobodnego dmuchania. Bezbarwne szkło, pierwotnie przejrzyste, zmętniało pod wpływem chemicznych procesów glebowych. Krawędź jest wychylona na zewnątrz a niemal cylindryczny korpus zwęża się ku dołowi. Pod wylewem korpus naczynia okala nitka z półprzejrzystego szkła niebieskiego. Główną dekorację stanowi fryz złożony z sześciu białych (nieprzezroczystych) i sześciu niebieskich (półprzezroczystych) aplikowanych aplikacji w kształcie ptaków wodnych, wykonanych ze spłaszczonych szklanych kęsów, ułożonych w ukośnych rzędach (na przemian niebieskich i białych). Ptaki zostały spłaszczone narzędziem o kratkowanej powierzchni. Pod tym fryzem znajduje się rząd czterech ornamentów z falistej nitki – trzech niebieskich i jednego białego. Wysokość naczynia wynosi 22,4 cm, średnica wylewu 9,0 cm, średnica stopki 7,3 cm; naczynie ma pojemność ok. 1,0–1,1 l. Drugie naczynie to butla w kształcie ryby wzoru Isings 95a (Ryc. 4), także wykonana w technice swobodnego dmuchania. Szkło jest jasnozielone, półprzezroczyste, miejscami z liniami małych pęcherzyków powietrza. Ogon ryby, wykonany poprzez spłaszczenie szkła szczypcami lub podobnym narzędziem, jest lekko wygięty ku górze. W okrągłym pyszczku znajduje się otwór; nieznaczny, pierwotny odprysk szkła w tym miejscu jest ‒ poza utratą czubka piątego ząbka płetwy grzbietowej ‒ jedynym uszkodzeniem naczynia. Białe faliste nitki z nieprzezroczystego szkła (trzy po lewej stronie, cztery po prawej) wyobrażają skrzela, z takiego samego szkła sporządzono długą płetwę grzbietową i małe płetwy: piersiową, brzuszną i odbytową, zaś oczy w postaci półkulistych guzków – ze spiralnie wymieszanego niebieskiego szkła przezroczystego i czerwonego nieprzezroczystego. Długość naczynia 22,3 cm, największa szerokość 5,8 cm, wysokość (bez płetw) 6,7 cm, waga 129 g; naczynie ma pojemność ok. 225 ml. <br></br> Oba naczynia zdobione są nakładanymi szklanymi nitkami, należą więc do dużej grupy tzw. snake-thread glass (Germ. Schlangenfadengläser). Na ziemiach polskich grupa ta najczęściej reprezentowana jest przez puchary typu Eggers 189. Przyjmuje się, że technika zdobienia nitkami wężowatymi wywodzi się ze Wschodu, skąd pod koniec II lub na początku III wieku CE zapożyczona została przez rzemieślników szklarskich działających w na Zachodzie. Naczynia szklane z wężowatymi nitkami z (południowo-) wschodniego regionu Morza Śródziemnego są w większości bezbarwne lub zielonkawe, a ich aplikacje nie odbiegają kolorem od szkła bazowego. Druga grupa snake-thread glasses pochodzi z prowincji Germania inferior, gdzie prześledzić można ich ewolucję od naczyń bezbarwnych z takimi samymi nitkami do naczyń bezbarwnych, ale dekorowanych nitkami kolorowymi; często nitki tych naczyń są karbowane. Trzeci zespół naczyń z nitkami wężowatymi tworzą szkła z Panonii (Ryc. 13). Szkło bazowe i aplikacje naczyń tej grupy są często bezbarwne lub zielonkawe, ale zdarzają się też nitki niebieskie i białe. Znaleziska z Panonii datowane są głównie na pierwszą połowę III wieku CE. <br></br> Właśnie w tej ostatniej grupie znaleźć można najlepsze odpowiedniki dla przedstawień ptaków na pucharze z Czarnówka, należącego do tzw. flower and bird group (Ryc. 8); także widoczny na tym naczyniu odcisk w kształcie szachownicy uważany jest za jedną z charakterystycznych cech panońskich szkieł grupy flower and bird. Fragmenty szkieł z bezbarwnymi ptakami z odciskami wzoru tzw. plastra miodu znamy z Carnuntum (Petronell-Carnuntum, Austria), fragmenty z jasnozielonego i białego szkła, w jednym wypadku z niebieskim ptakiem (wszystkie z motywem plastrów miodu) z Intercisa (Dunaújváros, Węgry), a fragment z bezbarwnego szkła z niebieskim, nieprzezroczystym ptakiem o płaskiej powierzchni z Brigetio (Komárom-Szőny, Węgry). Nota bene, właściwie jedynymi panońskimi naczyniami z przedstawieniami ptaków są właśnie puchary. I wreszcie z Panonii znana jest również dekoracja z niebieskich nitek, jak w dolnym fryzie na pucharku z Czarnówka. Przyjąć więc można za najbardziej prawdopodobne panońskie pochodzenie tego pucharka. <br></br> Butla ta jest jednym z najlepiej zachowanych naczyń w kształcie ryby na świecie. Podobne butle, różniące się kształtem i szczegółami, rozsiane są na całym terenie Imperium Rzymskiego, ale tylko jedna jest mniej lub bardziej dokładnie datowana (cmentarzysko przy Luxemburger Straße w Kolonii, grób 60), choć zwarty charakter tego zespołu wcale nie jest pewny. Z Kolonii pochodzą jeszcze dwa naczynia tego typu. W przeciwieństwie do ryby z Czarnówka naczynia kolońskie wykonano jednak w taki sposób, że mogą stać samodzielnie (Ryc. 11). Przyjmuje się, że są one flakonami na perfumy, i najpewniej taka właśnie była pierwotna funkcja naczynia z Czarnówka. Właśnie „ryby” kolońskie są jego najbliższymi stylistycznymi odpowiednikami, najprawdopodobniej więc i ono została wykonane w prowincji Germania inferior, w Kolonii lub w okolicy tego miasta. <br></br> Sądząc po rozmiarach śladów trumny kłodowej, lokalizacji okruchów zębów, składzie inwentarza grobowego oraz identyfikacji przepalonych kości z wypełniska wkopu w jamę grobową jako najpewniej kobiecych, możemy wnioskować, że w grobie z Czarnówka pochowano dziewczynę lub młodą kobietę o wysokim statusie społecznym. Analiza elementów tego inwentarza, przede wszystkim obu zapinek, pozwala na precyzyjne datowanie pochówku, a tym samym obu naczyń szklanych. Srebrna, zdobiona pozłacaną folią srebrną i srebrnym beaded wire zapinka z ma kolankowaty kabłąk, wydatny grzebyk na główce i wysoką pochewkę (Ryc. 6:6). Odpowiada ona typowi Almgren 132, choć z uwagi na jubilerski, jednostkowy charakter wyrobu nie znajduje bezpośrednich analogii morfologicznych. Niemniej z terenu kultury wielbarskiej znamy kilka podobnie bogato zdobionych zapinek tego typu wykonanych ze stopów miedzi bądź – rzadziej – srebra i żelaza (Ryc. 12). Wszystkie pochodzą z zespołów z fazy B2/C1–C1a. Druga zapinka to „zwykła” fibula z wysoką pochewką ze stopu miedzi, najbliższa typom Almgren 193 i 202 (Ryc. 6:7). Podobne zapinki występują na terenie kultury wielbarskiej powszechnie także w fazie B2/C1–C1a. Nie wcześniej niż na tę fazę datować też trzeba paciorki: miniaturowe z pomarańczowego szkła opakowego typu TM53, rurkowate z przeźroczystego szkła bezbarwnego ze spiralnymi nitkami z opakowego szkła białego i czerwonego typu TM304z, mozaikowe typu TM366 i rurkowate o sześciobocznym przekroju z opakowego szkła niebieskiego typu Lind 16, a być może także duże kuliste z przeźroczystego szkła zielonego typu TM13 (Ryc. 7:8). „Czysto” późnorzymski jest wreszcie – na mocy definicji – trójwarstwowy grzebień z poroża (Ryc. 7:9). Pozostałe zabytki nie mają tak dobrych walorów datujących (paciorki szklane i bursztynowe typów TM 182, dwustożkowate grupy TM IV, beczułkowate paciorków bursztynowe typu TM392, gliniane miski typu XbA, pucharki typu XIIIB, wazki typu XIV; Ryc. 5, 7:8) bądź też nie mają ich w ogóle (igła/szpila ze stopu miedzi, przęśliki; Ryc. 7:10.11). Ostatecznie zatem uważamy, że pochówek z obiektu 1793 z Czarnówka można pewnie datować na stadium C1a młodszego okresu wpływów rzymskich, tj. na ostatnie dwie dekady II wieku lub na sam początek III wieku CE. <br></br> Nieliczne okazałe groby z tych czasów odkryte w basenie Morza Bałtyckiego, a zwłaszcza na Pomorzu, wydają się odzwierciedlać wydarzenia czasu wojen markomańskich i bezpośrednio po nich. Wydarzenia związane z tymi wojnami markomańskimi zmieniły w decydujący sposób polityczną topografię Germania magna. Powstały nowe ośrodki bogactwa i władzy, zaczęła się zmieniać struktura osadnicza, rozbudowano ponadregionalne sieci komunikacyjne elit, wyłoniły się nowe ponadplemienne koalicje. Z tych nowych warunków skorzystały m.in. społeczności północnej części Europy Środkowej i południowej Skandynawii, co odzwierciedla wzmożony napływ importów rzymskich na te tereny. Często docierały one z prowincji położonych nad środkowym Dunajem, przy czym starsze kontakty nie uległy zerwaniu, np. z Nadrenią. Oba te kierunki kontaktów zdają się znajdować swój indywidualny wyraz w naczyniach szklanych z obiektu 1793 w Czarnówku na Pomorzu Wschodnim.
    In 2015, two unique Roman glass vessels were discovered in Czarnówko, East Pomerania. The site – a large cemetery of more than 2,000 graves from the Late Pre-Roman Period and the Roman Period – is located on a fluvial terrace of the Łeba River near Lębork, about 25 km from the current Baltic Sea coast (Fig. 1). <br></br> In addition to averagely or poorly furnished cremation and inhumation graves, the site yielded several Wielbark culture features, which can be described as “princely” due to their rich grave goods. One of them is feature 1793 – a grave with an inhumation burial placed in a log coffin. The feature was located directly under a building whose concrete bedplate covered and, ironically, protected the grave itself, even though the uppermost layers of its fill were proba-bly destroyed during construction works. The preserved top level of the grave was uncovered at a depth of about 40−50 cm below the present-day ground level. Oriented along the N-S axis, the burial pit was disturbed by an ancient secondary cut, which almost completely destroyed its central and southern parts. Pottery fragments, a copper-alloy brooch, several glass and amber beads, a clay spindle whorl and a copper-alloy needle/pin fragment, as well as a small cluster of cremated human bones (possibly female) were found in the cut; at the bottom of the pit, a three-layer antler comb and another spindle whorl lay on the edge of a log coffin. The cut was piled with three large boulders and a dozen smaller stones, which may have originally been located in the upper layers of the fill of the grave pit proper (Fig. 2:A–C). <br></br> The two glass vessels – the footed beaker and the fish-shaped bottle – were uncovered in the intact northern part of the grave pit. Two hand-made clay ves-sels were standing nearby, while a silver brooch and several glass and amber beads were lying to the South. Fragments of tooth enamel discovered in situ indicate that the body was oriented with its head to the north (Fig. 2:D). <br></br> The vessels from feature 1793 are exceptional finds, not only because of their quality and the rarity of similar wares, but also due to the fact that they are the first vessels of their type discovered in central and northern European Barbaricum. <br></br> The footed glass beaker of Isings type 86 (Fig. 3) was made using the free-blowing technique. The colourless, originally transparent, glass has hazed as a re-sult of chemical soil processes. The edge is everted, and the nearly cylindrical body tapers downward. The body of the vessel is encircled under the rim by a thread of semi-transparent blue glass. The main decoration is a frieze of six white (opaque) and six blue (semi-transparent) applications in the shape of water birds, made of flattened glass pieces arranged in diagonal rows (blue and white by turns). The birds were flattened using a tool with chequered surface. Under the frieze, there is a row of four ornaments – three blue and one white – of wavy thread. The vessel measures 22.4 cm in height, 9.0 cm in rim diameter and 7.3 cm in foot diameter; it has a capacity of about 1.0−1.1 l. <br></br> The second vessel is a fish-shaped bottle of Isings type 95a (Fig. 4), also made using the free-blowing technique. The glass is light green, translucent, with lines of small air bubbles here and there. The tail of the fish, made by flattening the glass with tongs or a similar tool, is slightly curved upward. Slight primary chipping of the glass near the hole in the round fish mouth is, aside from the missing tip of the fifth tooth of the dorsal fin, the only damage sustained by the vessel. White wavy threads of opaque glass (three on the left, four on the right) represent gills. The same glass was used to make the long dorsal fin and small pectoral, ventral and anal fins, while the eyes in the form of hemispherical knobs were shaped from spirally mixed transparent blue glass and opaque red glass. The length of the vessel is 22.3 cm, the greatest width is 5.8 cm, the height (without fins) is 6.7 cm. The artefact weighs 129 g and has a capacity of about 225 ml. <br></br> Both vessels are decorated with overlayed glass threads, which attributes them to the large group of so-called snake-thread glass (Germ. Schlangenfadengläser). In Poland, this group is most often represented by cups of Eggers type 189. It is assumed that the technique of snake-thread decoration originated in the East, from where it was borrowed in the late 2nd or early 3rd century CE by glassmakers operating in the West. Snake-thread glass vessels from the (south-)eastern Mediterranean region are usually colourless or greenish, with applied elements of the same colour as the base glass. The second group of snake-thread glasses comes from the province of Germania inferior, where they evolved from colourless vessels decorated with likewise colourless threads to colourless vessels adorned with coloured threads; the threads were often notched. The third group of snake-thread vessels consists of glasses from Pannonia (Fig. 13). The base glass and applied decorations of vessels from this group are often colourless or greenish, however, blue and white threads can also occur. Finds from Pannonia are mainly dated to the first half of the 3rd century CE. <br></br> It is this last group that yields the best counterparts of the depictions of birds on the Czarnówko beaker, which belongs to the so-called flower and bird group (Fig. 8). Likewise, the chequerboard-shaped imprint visible on the vessel in question is considered to be one of the characteristic features of Pannonian glassware of the flower and bird group. Fragments of glass with colourless birds with imprints of the so-called honeycomb pattern are known from Carnun-tum (Petronell-Carnuntum, Austria); fragments of light green and white glass, in one case with a blue bird (all with a honeycomb motif), come from Intercisa (Dunaújváros, Hungary), and a fragment of colourless glass with an opaque blue bird with a flat surface was found in Brigetio (Komárom-Szőny, Hungary). Nota bene, beakers are in fact the only Pannonian vessels featuring depictions of birds. Finally, decoration of blue threads, such as the one on the lower frieze of the Czarnówko beaker, is also known from Pannonia. Thus, we can assume that this vessel is most likely of Pannonian provenance. <br></br> The bottle described above is one of the best-preserved fish-shaped vessels in the world. Similar bottles, varying in shape and detail, are scattered through-out the Roman Empire, but only one is more or less accurately dated (from the cemetery by Luxemburger Straße in Cologne, grave 60), although the closed nature of that assemblage is not at all certain. Two more vessels of the same type come from Cologne. Unlike the Czarnówko fish, however, the Cologne ves-sels were made in such a way that they could stand on their own (Fig. 11). It is assumed that they are perfume bottles, and most likely this was also the original function of the Czarnówko vessel. With the Cologne “fish” as its closest stylistic counterparts, the artefact in question was most likely also made in the province of Germania inferior, in or around Cologne. <br></br> Judging by the size of the marks left by the log coffin, the location of the tooth fragments, the composition of the grave goods, and the identification of the cremated bones from the fill of the burial pit as most likely female, we can conclude that a girl or young woman of high social status was buried in the Czar-nówko grave. An analysis of the grave contents, the two brooches in particular, makes it possible to precisely date the burial and thus the two glass vessels. The silver brooch, decorated with gilded silver foil and silver beaded wire, has a knee-shaped bow, a prominent crest on the head and a high catch-plate (Fig. 6:6). It corresponds to Almgren type 132, although, due to its unique nature, this jewellery piece does not find direct morphological analogies. Nevertheless, sever-al similarly richly decorated brooches of this type, made of copper alloys or, less frequently, silver and iron, are known from the Wielbark Culture area (Fig. 12). They all come from assemblages from phase B2/C1−C1a. The second brooch is a “plain” copper-alloy fibula with a high catch-plate, most resembling Almgren types 193 and 202 (Fig. 6:7). Similar brooches are also commonly found in the Wielbark Culture area during phase B2/C1−C1a. The miniature beads of opaque orange glass of type TM53, tubular beads of transparent colourless glass with spiral threads of opaque white and red glass of type TM304z, mosaic beads of type TM366, tubular beads with a hexagonal cross-section of opaque blue glass of type Lind 16 and, possibly, large spherical beads of transparent green glass of type TM13 (Fig. 7:8) should also be dated to the phase in question at the earliest. Finally, the three-layer antler comb (Fig. 7:9) is, by definition, of “purely” late Roman provenance. The remaining artefacts have features of either poor chronological value (glass and amber beads of type TM 182, biconi-cal beads of type TM IV, barrel-shaped amber beads of type TM392, clay bowls of type XbA, beakers of type XIIIB, small vases of type XIV; Fig. 5, 7:8) or no such value at all (copper-alloy needle/pin, spindle whorls; Fig. 7:10.11).Therefore, we ultimately believe that the burial from Czarnówko feature 1793 can be confidently dated to stage C1a of the Late Roman Period, i.e., the last two decades of the 2nd century or the very beginning of the 3rd century CE. The few similarly dated stately graves discovered in the Baltic Sea basin, especially in Pomerania, seem to be a reflection of the events of the Marcomanni wars and the period immediately after them. As a result of these happenings, the political topography of Germania magna underwent a decisive transfor-mation, with the rise of new centres of wealth and power, changes to the settlement structure, expansion of supra-regional elite communication networks and emergence of new supra-tribal coalitions. Among others, these new conditions benefited the communities of northern Central Europe and southern Scandi-navia, as reflected in the increased influx of Roman imports to these areas. The items often arrived from the provinces along the Middle Danube River. At the same time, older contacts, such as with the Rhineland, remained intact. Both these directions of contact seem to find their individual expression in the glass vessels from feature 1793 at Czarnówko, East Pomerania.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2022, LXXIII, 73; 131-156
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ostrogi krzesłowate w okresie wpływów rzymskich – stan i potrzeby badań
    Chair-shaped Spurs in the Roman Iron Age – The State and Prospects of Research
    Autorzy:
    Smółka-Antkowiak, Emilia
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/682027.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    młodszy okres przedrzymski
    ostrogi
    ostrogi krzesłowate
    Celtowie
    Trewerowie
    Germanie nadłabscy
    kultura wielbarska
    kultura przeworska
    ostrogi kabłąkowe
    Roman Iron Age
    early Pre-Roman Iron Age
    spurs
    chair-shaped spurs
    Celts
    Treveri
    Elbe Germanic
    Wielbark culture
    Przeworsk culture
    bow-shaped spurs
    Opis:
    In the Roman Iron Age can be observed the development of spurs production by the barbarian communities in Central Europe. Spurs were disseminated by Celts, then were gladly used and modified by local people. Their initial form were certainly bow-shaped spurs. But there were also chair-shaped spurs, which were derived from bow-shaped form. Through the work of numerous researchers we have more and vaster, but still incomplete knowledge about these monuments. With a high degree of certainty we can talk about development of forms of these monuments. Their development from bow-shaped forms perfectly shows spurs with three circular plates, so called Dreikreisplattensporen. First items of this type come from the fifth / fourth decade of the first century BC, which makes them the oldest form of rivet spurs. Their genetic zone is connected with area occupied by the Celtic tribe of Treveri. They are therefore not, as previously thought, germanic, but celtic product. However, thanks to the Elbe Germanic these spurs disseminated in the area covered by the settlement of tribes belonging to the Germanic circle of civilization. However, must be noted that in Treveri area at the same time we have to deal with three wholly distinct communities – Terveri (Celts), Suebi (Germans) and Romans. So it is not obvious who had the idea to initiate production of rivet spurs. Detailed analysis of these early forms of spurs, could bring measurable effects for our understanding of real origin of this monuments. It could also help to point trails which these monuments were further redistributed into the Germanic zone, and thus also the areas of the Polish lands. From the land occupied by the Przeworsk culture, there are two specimens of so called Dreikreisplattensporen, from Korytnica, grave 4 and Zakrzewo, grave 14. They can be classified as a Geoblingen-Thür type by Bockius. They are found mainly in Treveri area, but similar also occur in the area of the Grossromstedt culture. Here are considered as the imitation rather than Celtic import. The issue of provenience of these spurs is still unresolved. In the Roman Iron Age significantly increased the number and diversity of chairshaped spurs produced in the Germania Magna. Their development during this period is no doubt related to the germanic communities, which inhabited the area extending along an axis running from the Jutland Peninsula to the Elbe River basin, where these monuments are the most common. An interesting phenomenon is the presence of imitation parts of chair-shaped spurs observed in the bow-shaped spurs. Such similarity is visible between the chair-shaped spurs with highly separate prick and bow-shaped spurs of Wielbark culture. In conclusion, currently, despite the existence of several separate classifications of chair-shaped spurs, using them is significantly hampered. These difficulties are due to e.g. no longer current findings. This is caused by increase of data base or deficiencies such as the presentation of incomplete catalog. Difficulties in classifying stem not only from restrictions on the use of existing typologies, but also from a large variety of chairshaped spurs. Correct classification of these monuments, the ability to precisely determine their chronology and the creation of their full catalog is the basis for comprehensive research, covering the entire area of distribution of chair-shaped spurs. They would give the opportunity to lead the direction of the distribution of spurs; trails, which reach among others on the Polish lands. This research would show the directions of interregional contacts. Next step would be thinking of which social processes led to the dissemination of this type of findings on the Elbe and southern Scandinavia areas and further spreading of such spurs in the East. 
    -
    Źródło:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica; 2016, 31
    0208-6034
    2449-8300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-11 z 11

      Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies