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Tytuł:
Ofiara Eucharystii jako zobowiązanie do jedności i świętości w pismach św. Cypriana
Autorzy:
Drążek, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1623924.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
św. Cyprian
Eucharystia
ofiara krzyżowa
ofiara
prześladowania
Opis:
L'articolo, basato sugli scritti di san Cipriano di Cartagine, presenta una lettura del pensiero di questo vescovo e martire sull'Eucaristia. I testi, dove s. Cipriano affronta temi eucaristici, sono abbastanza numerosi. Dall'analisi dei testi risulta che secondo il suo pensiero l'Eucaristia rende presente il sacrificio di Gesu sulla croce. La partecipazione al Corpo e al Sangue di Cristo richiede percio la santita di vita e la piena communione con la Chiesa. Inoltre l'Eucaristia e un indispensabile aiuto per i cristiani minacciati dalie persecuzioni, l'unico aiuto capace di render li coraggiosi e disposti anche alla morte per il Nome di Gesu.
Źródło:
Verbum Vitae; 2005, 8; 151-162
1644-8561
2451-280X
Pojawia się w:
Verbum Vitae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Empatia a doświadczanie i stosowanie agresji wśród młodzieży
Empathy versus experience, and the use of violence among young people
Autorzy:
Lewicka-Zelent, Agnieszka
Huczuk, Sylwia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1371544.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-12-13
Wydawca:
Fundacja Pedagogium
Tematy:
empatia
agresja
agresywna ofiara
ofiara
empathy
aggression
aggressive victim
victim
Opis:
Young people are at risk from acts of aggression both at school, in the family and from their peers. Frequently, the victims themselves begin to manifest it as a result ofexperiencing it from other people. Another determinant of the level of aggression is mass media or negative role models (e.g. the use of humiliating and compromising images and words). Empathy is a skill which enables one to recognize another person’s inner states and processes when coming into contact with the person. Thanks to it, one is able to share the emotions of the other person, which reduces the risk of aggressive behavior. Therefore, it is vital that activities aiming at the development of empathy and reduction of aggression be included into working with adolescents. Such activities may include sensitizing training, aggression substitution training, relaxation training or psychoeducational workshops. The aim of the study was to determine the level of emotional and cognitive empathy of aggressive victims as compared to young people experiencing or using aggression.
Młodzież jest narażona na wszelkie akty agresji zarówno w środowisku szkolnym, rodzinnym jak i rówieśniczym. Często bywa tak, że ofiara agresji sama zaczyna ją przejawiać, wskutek jej doświadczania ze strony innych osób. Innym ważnym determinantem poziomu agresji jest przekaz medialny lub negatywny wzór do naśladowania (np. używanie upokarzających oraz kompromitujących obrazów i słów). Empatia zaś to umiejętność, która polega na rozpoznawaniu wewnętrznych stanów oraz procesów dotyczących człowieka, z którym wchodzi się w kontakt. Dzięki niej człowiek współodczuwa emocje drugiej osoby, co zmniejsza ryzyko występowania zachowania agresywnego. Dlatego tak ważne w pracy z młodzieżą jest prowadzenie zajęć rozwijających empatię lub obniżających poziom agresji, w tym: treningów uwrażliwiających, treningu zastępowania agresji, treningów relaksacyjnych, czy zajęć o charakterze psychoedukacyjnym. Celem badania własnego było ustalenie poziomu empatii emocjonalno-poznawczej agresywnych ofiar w porównaniu z młodzieżą doświadczającą agresji lub stosującą agresję.
Źródło:
Resocjalizacja Polska; 2016, 11; 117-132
2081-3767
2392-2656
Pojawia się w:
Resocjalizacja Polska
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ofiary przebłagalne: od rytuału do teologii (Kpł 4,1-35; Lb 15,22-31)
Autorzy:
Rosik, Mariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1623921.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
ofiara
ofiara przebłagalna
ofiara oczyszczenia
Księga Kapłańska
Księga Liczb
Kpł 4
1-35
Lb 15
22-31
Opis:
Sacrifices were the principal act in Israel's cult. The article treats about expiatory sacrifices in ancient lsrael. The purpose ofthese sacrifices is to re-establish the covenant with God. Autbor describes the circumstances when expiatory sacrifices should be offered and then explains difference between the sacrifice for sin (hattath) and the sacrifice of reparation (asham). He also gives the scheme of the ritual of expiatory sacrifices. Theological meaning o f these sacrifices is shortly presented in the conclusion.
Źródło:
Verbum Vitae; 2005, 8; 31-49
1644-8561
2451-280X
Pojawia się w:
Verbum Vitae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polska terminologia na oznaczenie hebrajskich nazw ofiar
Autorzy:
Łach, Stanisław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1163410.pdf
Data publikacji:
1970
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
terminologia
ofiara
terminology
offering
Opis:
Dans les livres de 1’Ancien Testament il y a trois espèces de noms pour désigner les sacrifices. Une espèce de ces noms comme qorbān (c. a d. offrande), qodāšîm (c. a. d. objets sacrés), ʼiššeh (offrande brûlée par le feu) ainsi que rēaḥ niḥôaḥ (c. a d. odeur apaisante [pour Jahvé] désigne tout sacrifice et constitue leur essence. La deuxième espèce de noms comme ʽōlāh et zebaḥ šelāmîm, ḥaṭṭā’t et ʼāšām désigne les différents genres de sacrifices. Les deux premiers noms ʽōlāh et zebaḥ šelāmîm devraient être exprimés le plus justement par cérémonie, dont l’un doit être considéré comme holocauste et l’autre comme un repas rituel; les deux autres termes ḥaṭṭā’t et ʼāšām doivent être compris comme noms d’un sacrifice expiatoire pour le péché ou pour une faute. Le troisième nom minḥāh signifiait d’abord tout sacrifice et plus tard fut restreint au seul sacrifice de farine.
Źródło:
The Biblical Annals; 1970, 17, 1; 5-11
2083-2222
2451-2168
Pojawia się w:
The Biblical Annals
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wybrane zagadnienia bezdomności w aspekcie kryminologicznym
Autorzy:
Daniel, Przygoda,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/952186.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-04-23
Wydawca:
Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej. Wydawnictwo APS
Tematy:
bezdomność
bezdomny
kryminologia
przestępczość
ofiara
Opis:
Artykuł prezentuje problem bezdomności w aspekcie kryminologicznym. Autor przedstawia związek między bezdomnością a przestępczością. Analiza wskazuje również czynniki przyczyniające się do bezdomności. Bezdomni popełniają przestępstwa, ale często są też ofiarami. Artykuł przedstawia także historyczną perspektywę wyjaśniającą mające zastosowanie rozwiązania prawne.
Źródło:
Praca Socjalna; 2020, 35(1); 154-167
0860-3480
Pojawia się w:
Praca Socjalna
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cierpienie znoszone w duchu zjednoczenia z Jezusowym „Pragnę” ad salvandas animas
Suffering endured in the spirit of unity with Jesus’ “I crave” ad salvandas animas
Autorzy:
Rybicki, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31340002.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
cierpienie
ofiara
ewangelizacja
suffering
offering
evangelization
Opis:
The article presents particular elements of the problem sketched in the title: first the very problem of suffering in the context of human existence is discussed; and then the mystery of Christ’s suffering is shown as well as His interpretation of “carrying the cross” and an analysis of His cry “I crave” in the context of the latest exegetic research. The article points to a necessity of unity with Jesus’ “I crave” for all the evangelizing work in the Church.
Źródło:
Roczniki Teologii Duchowości; 2013, 5; 65-75
2081-6146
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Teologii Duchowości
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Podatność wiktymizacyjna – przesłanki i formy przeciwdziałania wiktymizacji
Susceptibility to victimization – conditions and methods of fighting victimization
Autorzy:
Opar, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/565630.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Akademia Bialska Nauk Stosowanych im. Jana Pawła II w Białej Podlaskiej
Tematy:
ofiara
wiktymologia
przestępstwo
victim
victimology
crime
Opis:
Wiktymologia to, zależnie od podejścia teoretycznego, samodzielna dyscyplina naukowa badająca problematykę społecznego mechanizmu stawania się ofiarą, bądź dyscyplina naukowa, nastawiona na badanie mechanizmu wiktymizacji, tj. mechanizmu stawania się ofiarą przestępstw kryminalnych, a także wypracowująca metody zapobiegające wiktymizacji, albo przynajmniej osłabiającej podatność wiktymizacyjną. Ta ostatnia rozumiana jest jako czynnik szczególnie uprawdopodobniający możliwość stania się ofiarą. Wiktymologia nie jest bynajmniej nauką, mającą służyć usprawiedliwianiu przestępców (np. gwałcicieli prowokacyjnym ubiorem kobiet), ale poszerzaniu wiedzy o społecznych mechanizmach przestępczości, rozwijaniu społecznej świadomości tego, jak określone zachowania czy życiowe wybory sprzyjają przestępstwom, jak prowokują przestępców do zachowań przestępczych, innymi słowy, w jaki sposób ofiary przestępców bezwiednie stają się ich ofiarami. Jedną z kategorii wiktymologicznych jest właśnie podatność wiktymizacyjna. Wokół tej kategorii, w kontekście metod przeciwdziałania wiktymizacji, koncentrować się będzie niniejszy artykuł.
Depending on a theoretical approach, victimology is considered to be an independent scientific discipline analysing the problems of social mechanisms that lead to someone becoming a victim, or a scientific discipline focused on the mechanisms of victimization; that is, the process of becoming a victim of criminal offences, and working out the methods of preventing victimisation or, at least, diminishing the susceptibility to this phenomenon. The latter is understood as a factor that especially facilitates becoming a probable victim. Victimology is not by any means a science serving the justification of criminals’ deeds (e.g. rapists accusing women of provocative clothing) but it aims at expanding one’s knowledge of social mechanisms of crime, developing social awareness of the way certain behaviours or life choices favour crimes, provoking criminals into committing crimes. In other words, the article presents how one may become a victim unknowingly. One of the categories of victimology is susceptibility to victimisation. This article is focused on this particular area in the context of the methods preventing victimisation.
Źródło:
Rozprawy Społeczne; 2016, 10, 2; 24-30
2081-6081
Pojawia się w:
Rozprawy Społeczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
„Godzina” Jezusa – Ofiara zbawczej męki, śmierci i zmartwychwstania
Autorzy:
Witczyk, Henryk
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1623920.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Eucharystia
ofiara
Ostatnia Wieczerza
umycie nóg
przymierze
Opis:
Gesu durante la sua vita terrena si rivela come colui che va incontro all'uomo. Ai malati porta la salute, ai peccatori il perdono, agli indemoniati la liberta, ai morti ridona la vita. In Lui si avvicina il Regno di Dio. lncomincia il tempo della salvezza escatologica. Crea attorno a se una comunita d'amore composta dalie persone che vengono da Lui o attirate dalia sua bonta. Le parole di Gesu e le sue opere rivelano la sua pro-esistenza salvifica. La salvezza anticipata nellia terrestre pro-esistenza di Gesu - raggiunge la sua pienezza nella sua Pasqua. In questo momento l'opera delia salvezza raggiunge ił suo apice: Gesu offre agli uomini se stesso. La croce di Cristo - vissuta come sacrificio pasquale - espia i peccati e permette ad ogni uomo di entrare nella nuova alleanza con Dio. La croce di Cristo e stata anticipata nell'evento dell'Ultima Cena. Fra questi due eventi esiste inscindibile connessione. L'avvenimento dell'Ultima Cena consiste nel fatto che Gesu distribuisce il suo Corpo e il suo Sangue, ossia la sua esistenza terrena, dando se stesso. La morte violenta di Gesu, vissuta nell'obbedienza filiale e nell'amore, viene trasformata in un sacrificio volontario, in quest'atto d'amore che e la redenzione del mondo. In modo esplicito l'amore infinito di Cristo - testimoniato sulla Croce - viene rivelato nelle parole dell'Ultima Cena. L'Eucaristia e presenza del Sacrificio di Cristo che consiste nel sommo atto di donazione, dell'amore "sino alla fine". Gesu, nelle parole dell'istituzione dell'Eucaristia che provengono dalla terminologia sacrificale dell'Antico Testamento trasformata in linguaggio personale, esprime la verita salvifica che egli e il Sacrificio reale e definitivo. Dio non ha bisogno di tori e vitelli. Dio aspetta quell'amore infinito, che e l'unica vera conciliazione fra cielo e terra. Questo stesso amore donato nell'Eucaristia agli uomini espia i loro peccati, crea la nuova alleanza e porta loro nel regno di Dio.
Źródło:
Verbum Vitae; 2005, 8; 117-136
1644-8561
2451-280X
Pojawia się w:
Verbum Vitae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bystander czy (pasywny) świadek? Kilka uwag nad konsekwencjami wyboru terminologii w badaniach nad Zagładą lub Holocaustem
A Bystander or a (Passive) Witness? A Few Remarks on the Consequences of the Choice of Terminology in Shoah or Holocaust Studies
Autorzy:
Karwowska, Bożena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1879726.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
bystander
Zagłada
świadek
ofiara
Shoah
witness
sacrifice
Opis:
Artykuł jest próbą analizy przydatności w najnowszych badaniach nad Zagładą i Holocaustem robiącego dzisiaj dużą karierę w naukach społecznych pojęcia bystander. Autorka zwraca uwagę na obiektywne zależności terminologiczne, ale uwzględnia również różnice doświadczenia historycznego i kulturowego, które inaczej każą postrzegać rolę świadków w dyskursie anglojęzycznym, a inaczej ze wschodnioeuropejskiej, szczególnie zaś polskiej perspektywy. 
The article is an attempt at an analysis of usefulness of the concept of “bystander” that is increasingly popular in social sciences, in modern studies of Shoah and Holocaust. The author points to objective terminological dependencies, but she also takes into consideration the differences in the historical and cultural experience that require different perceptions of the role of witnesses in the English language discourse and in the East European, and especially Polish perspective.
Źródło:
Roczniki Humanistyczne; 2016, 64, 1; 91-98
0035-7707
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Humanistyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ofiara w pismach s. Wandy Boniszewskiej CSA
Sacrifice in the Writings of Sr. Wanda Boniszewska CSA
Autorzy:
Damazyn, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/558700.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Gdańskie Seminarium Duchowne
Tematy:
Boniszewska
stygmatyczka
mistyka
ofiara
stigmatic
mysticism
sacrifice
Opis:
Osoba i życie duchowe siostry Wandy Boniszewskiej CSA budzi rosnące zainteresowanie wśród wiernych. Osią duchowości tej polskiej mistyczki XX wieku jest „ofiara” składana Chrystusowi jako wynagrodzenie za grzechy innych, w tym przede wszystkim kapłanów i osób konsekrowanych. Tekst stanowi analizę notatek jej „Dziennika duszy” pod tym właśnie kątem, ukazując wolę Jezusa względem tej zakonnicy i podporządkowanie się jej woli Bożej oraz formy i intencje składanych przez nią ofiar. Autor tekstu nie analizuje źródeł i nie rozstrzyga o nadprzyrodzoności darów duchowych opisywanych przez Boniszewską.
The person and spiritual life of sister Wanda Boniszewska CSA have raised a growing interest among the faithful. The essence of this Polish mystic’s spirituality is the sacrifice offered to Jesus Christ as reparation for the sins of others, above all of priests and religious. This article is an analysis of Wanda Boniszewska’s “Dziennik duszy” (The Diary of a Soul). The entries reveal Jesus’ will towards the nun, her submission to the will of God as well as the forms and intentions of her sacrifices. The article does not analyse sources and does not discuss the question of the supernaturality of the spiritual charisms described by Boniszewska.
Źródło:
Studia Gdańskie; 2017, 40; 45-57
0137-4338
Pojawia się w:
Studia Gdańskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Poświęcić swoje życie dla innych. Ofiara Edyty Stein, Laury Vicuñi i nazaretanek z Nowogródka
Autorzy:
Durma, Izabela
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/669241.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawła II w Krakowie
Tematy:
sacrifice
prayer
heroism
ofiara
modlitwa
heroizm
poświęcenie
Opis:
The aim of the article was to present three stories of women, who had died while sacrificing their lives to others. However, attention was paid not only to the victim himself, but to his readiness. The patriarch Abraham was undoubtedly the model of this attitude. Blessed Laura, St. Edyta and Bl. Sisters of Nazarene in their care for their loved ones, asked for prayer, so that they could suffer suffering for certain intentions without knowing how it would look. But when it came time to fulfill the promise, each confirmed it by act.
Celem artykułu było przedstawienie trzech historii wyniesionych na ołtarze kobiet, które poniosły śmierć, ofiarowując swoje życie za innych. Zwrócono jednakże uwagę nie tyle na samą ofiarę, ile jej gotowość. Wzorem takiej postawy niewątpliwie był patriarcha Abraham. Błogosławiona Laura, Święta Edyta i Błogosławione Nazaretanki w trosce o swoich bliskich prosiły na modlitwie o to, aby mogły ponieść cierpienia w określonych intencjach, nie wiedząc, jak miałoby to wyglądać. Kiedy jednak przyszedł czas na wypełnienie obietnicy, wszystkie potwierdziły je czynem.
Źródło:
Tarnowskie Studia Teologiczne; 2017, 36, 2
2391-6826
0239-4472
Pojawia się w:
Tarnowskie Studia Teologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kościół jako Ciało Chrystusa w ujęciu Józefa Ratzingera
Autorzy:
Bachanek, Grzegorz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1623919.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Eucharystia
ofiara
wspólnota
Kościół
Józef Ratzinger
Eklezjologia
sakramenty
Opis:
Die Kirche als Leib Christi ist eine der wichtigsten Auffassungen der Ekklesiologie von J. Ratzinger. Sie beinhaltet unter anderem sakramentliche, gemeinschaftliche und hierarchische Aspekte. Sie zeigt den Zusammenhang zwischen Eucharistie und der Gemeinschaft. In der Auffassung Ratzingers ist die Eucharistie das Opfer, dass die Gemeinschaft also den Leib Christi erbaut. In der Betrachtung Ratzingers sehen wir eine Art theologischen Denkens, welches die christliche Wahrheit nicht reduziert sondern in ihr Reichtum hineinbringt.
Źródło:
Verbum Vitae; 2005, 8; 163-185
1644-8561
2451-280X
Pojawia się w:
Verbum Vitae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Teoretyczne podstawy mediacji między ofiarą a sprawcą przestępstwa
The Theoretical Foundations of Mediation Between the Victim and Offender
Autorzy:
Czarnecka-Dzialuk, Beata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698941.pdf
Data publikacji:
2000
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
mediacja
ofiara
konflikt
przestępca
victim
offender
mediation
conflict
Opis:
Mediation as a method of conflict resolution also applicable to conflict resulting from an offences is the alternative of legal solution of disputes, a technique shared by various models that promote the use in practice of consensus. This novel plocedure fot conflict resolution (which is however derived from the traditions of the oldest societies) - a consensual one, based on agreement between parties - has been developing most dynamically over the recent decades, and pervaded all branches of the law in most legal systems (H. Jung, T. Marshall). In the specific context of criminal justice, mediation does not necessarily aim at conflict resolution. For this reason, it is defined as a process, where parties to proceedings are offered the possibility to actively participate in resolving issues that result from the offence, and are assisted in so doing by an impartial third person or mediator. Mediation may take a variety of forms (direct or indirect); it may be conducted by professional or lay mediators, under auspices of the law enforcement agencies or by an independent social organization, and the parties to it may include not only the victim and the offender but also their relatives and other supporters as well as representatives of the criminal justice system. As has already been mentioned, the origins of mediation between the offender and his victim date back to the oldest past when all issues related to harm involved in acts that are today treated as offences were adjusted in the course of negotiations by those directly concerned assisted by their families and clans. The offences was seen as a conflict between the victim and the perpetrator, with due consideration to the social context. Once the function of reacting to crime was taken over by the state, the reactions initially resembled the modern rules of civil law. Later on, when crime was interpreted as violation of the order established by the ruler, penal sanctions aimed not only at compensating the victim but also at supporting the authority of the state. Although Nils Christie's picture of the state stealing the conflict is a convincing illustration of this situation, the fact should be borne in mind that the state's taking over of the function of punishing was an immense cultural achievement of its time, especially for those members of the conmunity who were too weak to vindicate their claims (B.-D. Meier). Solutions that provide for specific forms of consensus can also be found in modern legal systems. In the area of mediation between the victim and offender, the practice outpaced theory. It was inspired, among other things, by examples of "community justice'' of non-Western cultures; by the movement on behalf of victims, the progress of victimology, the diversion conception, and abolitionism; by the theory of social peace and conflict resolution and by the conception of reparatory justice. This latter conception deals with most problems posed by the other ones. It is, however, difficult to define, and its essence is difficult to explain, especially if we try to embrace threads important for all the trends on which it bases. Thus in the end, a simpler definition suggested by T. Marshall won general acceptance: "reparatory justice is an approach to crime, oriented on solving the problem, which engages perionally all parties involved in it as well as the community, in active relation to the public sector institutions. It is not a specific activity but a set of ruled that may set the direction of the bulk of actions of all institutions or groups related to crime. Reparatory justice is a process in which all parties involved in a specific offence meet to reach a joint solution of the issue of effects of crime and conclusions for the future". This definition was subsequently modified somewhat by other authors. In particular, it was accepted by an international body - the International Research Network on Reparatory Juvenile Justice in its Leuven Declaration of May 1997 concerning advisability of promoting the reparatory approach to juvenile delinquency. Reparatory justice is discussed as a specific trend, approach, philosophy or even idea; according to most authors, however, it has not yet developed into a consistent theory, although incessant efforts are made towards this aim. The term "reparatory justice'' is attributed to R. Barnett; H. Zehr's contribution is the first general model of that justice as an "alternative paradigm of justice" whose main principles are opposed to those of the traditional retributive justice. Also J. Braithwaite's idea of "reintegrating confusion'' was of importance for the development of the reparatory justice conception. It is associated e.g. with Hirschi's theory of control, Matza's neutralization theory, Luhmann's systemic theory, and also with the traditional penal law theories under which evil has to be compensated by punishment, but compensation involving suffering prohibits a better arrangement of social relartions. Instead, reparatory justice balances the harm involved in crime through action aimed at compensation and “doing good” (Ch. Pelikan, B.D. Meier). M. Wright stresses that this conception largely tallies with the common-sense ideas as to how society should react to crime, supported by appropriate actions, analysis, and studies. Mediation and other restorative reactions are sometimes shown as responses that function instead, parallel or within the traditional justice system. Much speaks, however, for integration of reparatory justice with the criminal justice system. The approach that isolates mediation altogether from criminal justice pays insufficient attention to the danger of inequality of the parties to mediation in the area of efficient execution of their conflicting interests. Thus public interest requires that the course and results of mediation proceedings be supervised. The manner in which reparatory justice may replace repressive one depends first and foremost on the seriousness of crime. It is not in all cases that a purely reparatory reaction should be recommended as sufficient. This is among the frequent arguments of critics of reparatory justice (although even its supporters accept the existence of limits to its application). Skeptics also stress that reparatory justice violates a number of generally accepted rules of procedure, especially that of equality before the law (which, however, could be disputed) and the offender’s procedural rights due to him in criminal proceedings (which is in fact a weakness of reparatory justice, but collisions might be solved by appropriate rules and standards of the reparatory process or e.g. by judicial review of negotiated solutions). The conception of reparatory justice is often explicated through opposition of the basic models of reaction to crime (although faulty in some respects, this method well illustrates the most fundamental features). Reparatory justice is sometimes called the "third path'', an alternative to the (neo-) retributive penal law and the rehabilitation model which proves ineffective, and a fully mature self-standing model (L. Walgrave, I. Aertsen). M. Wright stressed two spccial ideas that distinguish reparatory justice from the traditional criminal justice system. The first of them is that the process itself constitutes an essential element of the reaction, that it is constructive and may even have a therapeutic importance. The other idea is compensation interpreted in a much broader sense - from symbolic actions such as work to those reducing the risk of the offender relapsing into crime. The justification and legitimization of mediation in criminal cases bases not only on new theorietical conceptions. Such justification can also be found in the assumptions of the traditional justice system. This is what B.D. Meier did assuming as his point of departure the penal law system's public function, including in particular that of restoring public order that has been violated through crime, and also that of preventing repeated violations. The traditional systems have always provided for two or three different models of reaction to crime. Prevalent is punishment imposed on the person who has been found guilty. The second model involves imposition of special measures irrespective of the offender's liability (security and preventive measures). The third model, of crucial importance for legitimization of mediation in the criminal justice system, consists in renouncing formal proceedings, e.g. in view of slight social harmfulness of the act, the fact that no public interest is involved in the imposition of penalty, or reasons of general and special prevention. According to T. Marshall, justifications of reparatory justice (fulfilled i.a. through mediation) should be sought in the community nature of the offence and its effects. Explaining the theoretical foundations of mediation between the victim and the offender is a complex task because of the multitude of its sources as well as theories and conceptions quoted, and particularly because of the lack of agreement as to the essence of the usually quoted conception of reparatory justice and as to its treatment as "competitive'' with fespect to traditional justice or (for which interpretation I would like to declare) as that system's highly profitable logical supplementation, improvement and expansion. Also in Poland, the practice of actions involving mediation have outpaced the theory: for several years now, there has been quite a rapid growth in its application in practice. In both spheres, there are many problems and challenges worth taking up. At the same time, expanding the theory is of importance for the practice. Explanation of the ideas, aims and foundations of mediation and of its position with respect to traditional justice is paramount for the institution's reasonable development, evaluation and shaping towards its meeting the expectations.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2000, XXV; 9-28
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
PRACA SOCJALNA W KONTEKŚCIE CYBERPRZEMOCY W ODNIESIENIU DO SŁOWACJI
Autorzy:
Miroslav, Gejdoš,
Silvia, Kováčiková,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/567870.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-07-14
Wydawca:
Międzynarodowy Instytut Innowacji Nauka – Edukacja – Rozwój w Warszawie
Tematy:
praca socjalna
pracownik socjalny
cyberprzemoc
agresor
ofiara
zapobieganie
Opis:
Celem podjętego tematu jest analiza zjawiska cyberprzemocy w kontekście pracy socjalnej, problemów wiktymologicznych oraz analizy procesu nękania poprzez sieć Internet. Autorzy przedstawiają problem cyberprzemocy definicyjnie oraz z punktu widzenia międzynarodowych badaczy tej problematyki aby uwypuklić możliwość dyskusji na temat tworzenia zawodu pracownika socjalnego w środowisku szkolnym na Słowacji. Autorzy identyfikują uczestników cyberprzemocy, tj. agresora i ofiarę cyberprzemocy z perspektywy pracy socjalnej. W artykule ukazano negatywne konsekwencje cyberprzemocy na rozwój dzieci i młodzieży oraz sposoby społecznego zapobiegania cyberprzemocy. Obecnie posiadanie komputera i stałe połączenie z Internetem nie jest przywilejem. Każdy może korzystać z komputera, od dzieci, studentów i dorosłych po seniorów. Komputery są prawie wszędzie. Możliwości korzystania z Internetu stale się zwiększają. Dla wielu osób komputery stają się niezastąpione, niektóre osoby pracują przez Internet. Ostatnio sieci społecznościowe stają się coraz bardziej popularne, ludzie spotykają się w różnych wirtualnych grupach i dzielą się informacjami o sobie. Zwiększa to jednak ryzyko niewłaściwego wykorzystania powierzonych informacji, co może tworzyć różnego rodzaje niepożądane zjawiska, zwane cyberprzemocą. praca socjalna, pracownik socjalny, cyberprzemoc, agresor, ofiara, zapobieganie
Źródło:
International Journal of Legal Studies (IJOLS); 2020, 7(1); 303-316
2543-7097
2544-9478
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Legal Studies (IJOLS)
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ofiary włamań mieszkaniowych (wyniki międzynarodowych badań porównawczych)
Victims of Burglary (Findings of an international comparative survey)
Autorzy:
Ostrihanska, Zofia
Wójcik, Dobrochna
Mawby, Rob J.
Walklate, Sandra
Görgenyi, Ilona
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698698.pdf
Data publikacji:
1998
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
ofiara
włamanie
badanie międzynarodowe
victim
burglary
international survey
Opis:
Burglary is a serious offense which particularly affects the victim. It often has more one victim, and its effects react on ihe entire family and broader community. For the victim, its important element is not only the loss of and possibly damage to property, but also violation of privacy and of the related feeling of safety. The survey discussed in the paper was conducted in 6 cities in the following countries: Germany - Monchengladbach; Poland - Warsaw and Lublin; Hungary - Miskolc; and United Kingdom - Plynouth and Salford. Discussed here will be mainly the findings obtained in Warsaw and Lublin, and data from the rest of the sample will be referred to on some issues only. The survey focused on the following issuess: 1/ circumstances of the offense and losses suffered by the victims; 2/ respondents’ attitudes to the police and appraisal of police work in their case; 3/ assistance received, self-organization, steps undertaken by the victims to prevent further burglaries; 4/ respondents’ feelings, their reactions to the offense and persistence of those reactions. The survey based on data from interviews with victims of burglary and on information obtained from the police (the questionnaire was developed by the designer and head of the project, Prof. R.I. Mawby and contained some questions from the British Crime Survey Questionnaire of 1984, 1988, and l992). Sampled in each city selected for the project were 400 reported cases of burglary; interviews were conducted in a half of those cases (200 burglaries) on two occassions, that is at least 6 to 8 weeks and 16 to 18 weeks after the date burglary was reported. As was shown by comparison of data on the socio-demographic situation of victims of burglary in different countries, variables such as age, structure of family, or material or housing situation significantly differentiate individual national samples (e.g. persons living alone were much fewer in Poland as compared to Hungary and the United Kingdom). The circumstances of burglary, losses suffered and anti-burglary protection measures shape differently in different countries. In the United Kingdom, the number of burglaries committed during the night while the victims were at home and asleep was twice as big as in Poland and Germany. On some points, however, no differences were found. About a half of respondents in all countries said that some of the objects stolen during the burglary were to them of sentimental value. Besides, property stolen most often throughout the sample was electronic equipment. Polish respondents were below the average as regards special protective measures. For example, a slight proportion only had alarm devices installed, and a mere one-third had taken out an insuranie policy. Due to high costs of insurance in Poland, the insurance sum was low as a rule and seldom corresponded with the actual value of equipment. As a result, Polish respondents could not get compensation from the insurance company; when compensation was paid, the loss actually suffered was hardly made up for. Interestingly, though, the taking out of insurance was related neither to respondent's level of education nor to his self-appraised material situation. Polish respondents' attitude to the police and opinion on police work tended to be more critical compared to the rest of the sample. Criticized were many aspects of police work in cases of burglary. Polish respondents stated more often that the police had arrived too late, ignored their suggestions as to possibly identity of the burglars, and failed to interrogate persons they indicated. A vast majority of Polish respondents believe that the police failed to inform them properly about the state of investigation. Fewer Polish victims of burglary are also satisfied with the way in which the police conducted the investigation in their case (about 20% compared to about 75% of British and Hungarian respondents). Policemen enjoy a lower prestige among Polish victims. Social perception of the police depends on their treatment of the victim but also on the national tradition, previous experiences with police forces being used by the authorities to perform political tasks, the image of the force created by the media etc. In view of the more critical opinion on the police found among Polish respondents, it is inieresting to find out whether such opinion has any objective grounds, that is whether the proportion of offenders detected in Polish cases was lower compared to the rest of the sample. The answer is no. In cases of burglary, detectability rate was low throughout the sample and Poland was by no means inferior in this respect. Polish victims' tendency to be the most critical of all towards police work may have a number of reasons. It may be related to actually greater shortages of the force (e.g. inferior equipment); to a greater pain involved in losses suffered by Polish victims; or to society’s critical attitude towards the police fixed under the past regime. On the grounds of our data, it would be difficult to select any of the above three explanations. Considering the reasons of Polish respondents' critical attitude towards the police, one can hardly ignore the fact that with a growth in both crime and thę social sense of threat in the country, also society's expectations and demands of the police have gone up. As we know, burglary causes not only material losses but also psychological effects which tend to persist for a long time in many victims. Inquired about in the survey were respondents' first reactions to burglary; the persistence of those reactions; reactions of their family members; and the aspect the victims considered the worst of all in their experience of burglary. As follows from the findings, the psychological effects of burglary suffered by the victims are similar in all countries in the sample. Most respondents felt depressed, and this frame of mind persisted in onefourth of the sample. The worst experience mentioned most often was material loss (which frequently amounted a loss of possessions that had taken a person's lifetime to amass); worsening of the living conditions; and in many cases the accompanying sense of harm and injustice. Another worst experience mentioned was invasion of privacy, a loss of trust in one's fellow men, and helplessness. Persons who consider themselves the most ,,affected” by burglary among Polish respondents are those calling themselves not too well-off, the not insured, and women rather than men. Compared to the rest of the sample, British respondents feel less affected by burglary; however, burglary was found to affect victims in a similar way irrespective of the country. Interestingly, the frequency of victims' psychological reactions followed the same pattern throughout the sample. Anger ranked first, followed by shock, anxiety, sleep disorders, and crying. Burglaries examined within the Polish sample affected a greater number of persons compared to those committed in the remaining countries: Polish households that were burgled were bigger. We also strove to find out whether respondents felt threatened with crime. Such sense of threat was more intense in Polish compared to Hungarian and British respondents. The system of assistance to victims was the best in terms of organization and functioning in United Kingdom followed by Germany, Hungary and Poland. The situation of Polish victims of burglary proved the most unfavorable as regards the possibility of getting both compensation for material losses and assistance from competent institutions. As opposed to the rest of the sample, Polish respondents were less often satisfied with the way in which the police handled their case and much more critical towards police work. The findings show that, in Poland in particular, the insurance system has to be reconsidered and differently regulated, and there is an urgent need for a systemic and coordinated program of comprehensive assistance to victims. The more critical opinion on police work found in Polish respondents also suggests that the treatment of victims by the police in Poland requires a thorough analysis.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1998, XXIII-XXIV; 75-113
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 125

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